scholarly journals Effects of Policy and Market on Relative Income Deprivation of Agricultural Labour

2017 ◽  
pp. 53-70
Author(s):  
Bazyli Czyżewski ◽  
Agnieszka Poczta-Wajda
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Relative Income ◽  
Member States ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
Agricultural Community ◽  
Panel Data Regression ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Eu

Average incomes in the agricultural sector are still much lower than average wages in non-agricultural sectors in the most of the EU Member States, which is contrary to one of the CAP’s initial objectives of “ensuring a fair standard of living for the agricultural community”. The main aim of this paper is to verify whether EU membership and the use of CAP funds helped reduce relative income gap of farmers. The second aim is to analyse which factors influence this income gap and how. Our study is based on EAA data for EU-27 for the period 1995–2015 and makes use of three panel data regression models estimated for all EU Member States, the “old” ones (EU-15) and the “new” ones (EU-12). Our results show that the social goals of the CAP support have not been achieved in the EU-15; however, they have been achieved under the SAPS in the EU-12.

scholarly journals THE EU COMMISSION'S PROPOSAL TO REVISE THE BRUSSELS IIa REGULATION: SHORTCOMINGS OF THE “OVERRIDING RULE”

TEME ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 901
Author(s):  
Sanja Marjanovic
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Best Interest ◽  
Member States ◽  
Child Abduction ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Eu

As the procedure for the revision of the Brussels IIa Regulation is currently pending in the European Union, this paper focuses on the two issues which are correlated through the so-called “overriding rule” mechanism. The first problem concerns the proceeding on the return of the wrongfully removed or retained child involving two EU Member States – the State of refuge and the State where the child was habitually resident immediately before the abduction. The second one tackles the proceeding, currently regulated in the Brussels IIa, on the rights of custody (parental responsibility) when the return of the child was refused in the EU State on the grounds of Art. 13 of the Hague Child Abduction Convention. The proposals for the revision of the Brussels IIa Regulation heavily involve these issues. In that respect, the author indicates certain shortcomings and inconsistencies of the amendments proposed by the European Commission in the Proposal to Revise the Brussels IIa Regulation (2016) and the latest compromise solutions suggested by the Presidency to the Council in the General Approach to the Recast of Brussels IIa (2018). At the same time, the paper suggests two possible ways in which the balance between the principle of mutual trust between the EU Member States and the principle of the child's best interest could be better balanced. From the perspective of Private International Law of the Republic of Serbia, the revision of the Brussels IIa Regulation is important in view of Serbia’s candidate status for EU membership and the need to keep an eye on changes to the secondary EU legislation.

scholarly journals The Main Problems in the Relations Between the European Union and Turkey

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-169
Author(s):  
Guranda Chelidze ◽  
◽  
Elisabed Machitidze ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Regional Security ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Economic Developments ◽  
The Eu

This paper depicts the dynamics of the EU-Turkey relations beginning from the signing of the association agreement, i.e. the Ankara contract, to date. In addition, it aims to specify the factors preventing the bilateral collaboration and achievement of EU membership as aspired to by Ankara. The paper focuses on both the internal and international problems arising on Turkey’s path to EU membership, namely, the westernisation trend originating from Kemal Ataturk times, recent developments in Turkey, the democratisation of political institutions, the rule of law and protection of human rights, regional security, Turkey’s part in the refugee crisis, visafree travel, Greek-Turkey relationships, Ankara’s stance towards Cyprus, the Kurdish problem, and the Turkey-US and Turkey-Russia relationships. The authors discuss the EU Member States’ attitude towards the political and socio-economic developments in Turkey and the way Ankara looks at the requirements put forward by those Member States. We suggest several methods of rapprochement and brighter bilateral prospects.

scholarly journals Investment in Research and Development - A Factor of Adjustment of Montenegro to the EU Economy

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-164
Author(s):  
Marko Tomljanović ◽  
Zoran Grubišić
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Structural Reforms ◽  
Member States ◽  
Educational Structure ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Montenegro and other Western Balkan countries are characterized by historical mortgages, political instability, commenced but uncompleted structural reforms and unfavourable economic situation, which all contributed to their lagging behind other EU member states. In addition to this, these countries have been faced with a low level of investment in research and development, unfavourable educational structure, low level of innovation and a lack of awareness about the importance of research and development in modern economies. The economic and political situation led to their determination to become a full EU member, which requires the fulfilment of specified criteria, implementation of structural reforms and “catching up” with other EU member states. Investment into research and development are found to be the key factor for fulfilling their objective – EU membership.

scholarly journals Accession impact and outlook for Croatian and EU crop and livestock markets

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. e0103
Author(s):  
David Kranjac ◽  
Krunoslav Zmaic ◽  
Ivo Grgic ◽  
Petra Salamon ◽  
Emil Erjavec
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Future Market ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

Aim of study: To investigate the impact of Croatia’s accession to the EU on its agricultural sector, its market outlook and the EU’s key agricultural products up to 2030.Area of study: Croatia and European Union member statesMaterial and methods: Comparative approach was used in order to identify similarities of the changes that took place when other Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC) acceded to the EU (results of previously conducted research) with the changes that happened in Croatia (historical data between 2010 and 2016). The second approach involved the AGMEMOD partial equilibrium model, which has been used as a comprehensive tool to model the complex outlook of Croatian agricultural markets. The results of the Croatian outlook were compared to the EU’s AGMEMOD outlook results in order to identify future trends in key agricultural market development (production, yield and net trade) and whether these newly established trends were comparable with EU trends.Main results: The changes that took place in the Croatian agricultural sector during and after the EU accession period are not significantly different from the trends and changes observed in other Central and Eastern EU member states. Similarities can especially be found in neighbouring CEEC countries (Hungary and Slovenia), which kept their producer prices close to EU levels prior to accession. Furthermore, the results indicate a similarity with CEEC trends in terms of the strengthening of crop production compared to livestock.Research highlights: Positive effects of EU integration on the Croatian agricultural sector took place after a few years of adjustment. Simulations of future market developments indicate many similarities between Croatia and EU 13 member states.

scholarly journals I NAZIONALISMI E L’UNITÀ EUROPEA

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Martinelli
Keyword(s):  
European Identity ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Social ◽  
Globalized World ◽  
Supranational Institutions ◽  
Supranational Level ◽  
The Eu

The essay starts with a critical analysis of the most relevant theories of nationalism in the social sciences and addresses questions such as the emergence of the nation and its ideology-nationalism-that is framed into the broader process of modernization; the intersections between the concepts of nationalism, nation and state; the ambivalent relation between nationalism and democracy; the dual historical root of European nationalism and its transformations in to-day globalized world. Then the focus of the analysis is shifted on the present state of the European Union, and more specifically on the two basic contradictions of European political integration: first, the building of a supranational, multicultural union that makes use of nation states as its bulding blocs, but pretends to get free from the connected nationalisms; second, the transfer by member states to the supranational level of growing portions of their national sovereignty without an equivalent transfer of loyalty and committment by their citizens to the supranational institutions. Finally, the author argues for an effective strategy to build a real supranational union-that is seen as the best way to face the challenges of the contemporay world- through bold reforms of the EU political architecture and the strenghtening of a European identity, a strategy that can also block the resurgence of aggressive nationalism in several EU member states.

scholarly journals The EU Charter of Rights and Brexit Effect on the Implementation of Economic and Social Rights among EU Member States

Laws ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Nirmala Pillay
Keyword(s):  
Social Consequences ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Social ◽  
Civil And Political Rights ◽  
The Eu

This article examines the extent to which the inclusion of the European Union (EU) Charter of Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in the Treaty of Lisbon which gives legal force to socio-economic rights as well as civil and political rights,conomic will succeed in helping EU member states meet international treaty obligations to implement socio-economic rights. Will the EU’s renewed commitment to developing the social sphere, post-Brexit, be more successful and will British citizens lose out on socio-economic rights in the long term if the EU succeeds in creating a better social or public dimension? Member states of the EU that have ratified the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) have obligations to progressively realise economic, social and cultural (ESC) rights. Progress on this has been slow and potentially made more difficult by the economic direction adopted by the EU since the 1980s. Although the EU, from the beginning, saw itself as a “social market” it struggled to embed the “social” to the same extent that it embedded the “market”. Critics argue that the economic policies of the EU and key judgements of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) successfully dis-embedded the market from its social context. Additionally, the regulatory regime of the EU developed in a direction that limited the capacity of nation states to ameliorate the consequences of market-led policies for the least advantaged. However, the Charter of Rights, which places socio-economic rights on an equal footing with civil and political rights, is a novel and bold initiative. It has stimulated debate on whether the Charter could rebalance the EU’s economic agenda by paying attention to the social consequences of predominantly market-led policies. This paper examines the potential impact of the EU Charter, in the context of member states international human rights obligations, to create an environment where member states of the EU have fewer obstacles to the “progressive realization” of ESC rights.

scholarly journals Slovak agriculture heading for the EU membership

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 120-127
Author(s):  
G. Blaas
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
The Future ◽  
Direct Payments ◽  
The Eu

The paper analyses the economic and policy gap between the agriculture in Slovakia and the EU member states from the perspective of the future accession of this country to the Union. As it concludes, the deterioration of terms of trade during the transition period creates also problems for the accession negotiations, because this fact seems to legitimate the equitable implementation of the CAP in all member countries after the East-enlargement of the Union. The paper is arguing, on the basis of income simulation, that that the Commission proposal on reduced direct payments for the newly admitted countries would, in case of Slovakia, generate an improvement of the sectoral income only if they are topped by rural development measures.

scholarly journals Social Security Coverage for Workers in Selected EU Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (334) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Piechota
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Specific Work ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Social Risks ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Eu

A worker is someone who does specific work for another person and is paid for it. In 2014, the employment rate in the EU member states was 64.9%. This means that a large percentage of people are exposed to the so‑called social risks, such as death, old age, accidents (including at work) or sickness (including occupational diseases). These risks are not only a concern for workers, who might lose their ability to work, partially or completely, but also affect other household members, such as spouses, children or parents, who might lose their breadwinner. There is no common mechanism in the EU member states to protect workers from any of those risks materialising. The purpose of this article is to identify the funding sources of social security coverage for workers, the kinds of risks covered, and the benefits offered. To do that, a comparison was drawn of various social security schemes in selected EU member states, based on the available literature and materials. The comparison shows that there is no common mechanism in the EU member states to protect workers should any of the social risks materialise, and that social security contributions are a common source of funding benefit payments.

scholarly journals Developments in the income situation of the agricultural sector in selected the EU member states

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 232-248
Author(s):  
Sándor Zsarnóczai ◽  
József Popp ◽  
Jaroslav Belás ◽  
Sándor Kovács
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Eu

BIOECONOMY DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL BASED ON MORE EFFICIENT LAND USE IN THE EU

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina PILVERE ◽  
Aleksejs NIPERS ◽  
Bartosz MICKIEWICZ
Keyword(s):  
Green Growth ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
Europe 2020 ◽  
Europe 2020 Strategy ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Key Industries ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Production Resource

Europe 2020 Strategy highlights bioeconomy as a key element for smart and green growth in Europe. Bioeconomy in this case includes agriculture, forestry, fisheries, food and pulp and paper production, parts of chemical, biotechnological and energy industries and plays an important role in the EU’s economy. The growth of key industries of bioeconomy – agriculture and forestry – highly depends on an efficient and productive use of land as a production resource. The overall aim of this paper is to evaluate opportunities for development of the main sectors of bioeconomy (agriculture and forestry) in the EU based on the available resources of land. To achieve this aim, several methods were used – monographic, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, statistical analysis methods. The findings show that it is possible to improve the use of land in the EU Member States. If all the Member States reached the average EU level, agricultural products worth EUR 77 bln would be annually additionally produced, which is 19 % more than in 2014, and an extra 5 billion m3 volume of forest growing stock would be gained, which is 20 % more than in 2010.

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