scholarly journals Ethical guidelines for the use of artificial intelligence and the challenges from value conflicts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Søbirk Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Ethical Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Value Conflict ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Value Conflicts ◽  
Life Decision

The aim of this article is to articulate and critically discuss different answers to the following question: How should decision-makers deal with conflicts that arise when the values usually entailed in ethical guidelines – such as accuracy, privacy, non-discrimination and transparency – for the use of Artificial Intelligence (e.g. algorithm-based sentencing) clash with one another? To begin with, I focus on clarifying some of the general advantages of using such guidelines in an ethical analysis of the use of AI. Some disadvantages will also be presented and critically discussed. Second, I will show that we need to distinguish between three kinds of conflict that can exist for ethical guidelines used in the moral assessment of AI. This section will be followed by a critical discussion of different answers to the question of how to handle what we shall call internal and external values conflicts. Finally, I will wrap up with a critical discussion of three different strategies to resolve what is called a ‘genuine value conflict’. These strategies are: the ‘accepting the existence of irresolvable conflict’ view, the ranking view, and value monism. This article defends the ‘accepting the existence of irresolvable conflict’ view. It also argues that even though the ranking view and value monism, from a merely theoretical (or philosophical) point of view, are better equipped to solve genuine value conflicts among values in ethical guidelines for artificial intelligence, this is not the case in real-life decision-making. Keywords: AI; ethical guidelines; algorithm-based sentencing; value conflicts

scholarly journals The Discursive Constructions in School: A Qualitative Assessment of Value Conflicts Between School Ethos and Everyday Life

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Afia Misri ◽  
Muhammad Bilal
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Education System ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Value Conflict ◽  
Value Conflicts ◽  
Medium Education ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
School Socialization

The debate of quality education in Pakistan revolves around three basic systems of education – Elite English Medium Education System, State Urdu Medium Education System and Madrassa Education System. However, the history and discourse of educational planning and development in Pakistan demonstrate that role of school socialization has largely been ignored when addressing the development issues of children. While focussing on the psychological and cultural incongruences in the socialization experiences of children, this paper asks that what are the major realms where school going children experience conflicts between the school ethos and real-life practices? The ethnographic study was conducted in Chakwal city, located in Punjab Province, involving participant observation in private and public schools. In-depth interviews were also conducted to acquire a holistic understanding of emerging trends of school ethos among students. The sample was selected through purposive sampling which includes students, parents and teachers belonging to different educational levels and diverse socio-economic backgrounds. The findings suggest that discordance between school socialization and what children experience in wider society engenders conflicting worldviews eventually creating everyday value-conflicts and identity crisis among children.Keywords: school ethos, socialization, value-conflict, identity, Pakistan

Multi-Level Service Infrastructure for Geovisual Analytics in the Context of Territorial Management

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Conti ◽  
Raffaele De Amicis ◽  
Stefano Piffer ◽  
Bruno Simões
Keyword(s):  
System Approach ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Service Oriented Architectures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Service Oriented

The management of a territory is a complex process, involving a number of different operators, administrators and decision makers. Territory management requires accessing and processing a wide range of heterogeneous and multi-dimensional GI (GI). Within a typical scenario, the process involves departments at public administrations responsible for urban planning, environmental control, infrastructure planning and maintenance. Additionally units such as civil protection, fire brigades also play a vital role when dealing with emergencies. Data to be managed range from alphanumerical information, stored within enterprise-level databases, to satellite imagery, vector data and information coming from on-site sensors. It is acknowledged that creating an infrastructure capable to provide access to such a range of information requires, an integrated system approach, both from a technological and from a procedural point of view. This article illustrates the benefit of adopting a system approach which makes use of Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA) and 3D geobrowsers to provide an answer to the aforementioned shortcomings. To do so the article presents the client-server platform designed to support decision makers and experts from local or regional administrations in the process of managing their territory. The infrastructure developed allows a large number of concurrent applications to access geographical data in a fully interactive way, within a 3D environment, thus providing support to territorial and environmental management tasks. The work illustrates also the results of the application of the infrastructure within a real-life scenario, thus providing the chance to discuss of implications of adopting such an approach.

Battle over NatSteel: Undervaluation or Inimitable Foresight?

2004 ◽  
Vol 08 (02) ◽  
pp. 133-172
Author(s):  
Ghee Soon Lim
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Senior Managers ◽  
Corporate World ◽  
Corporate History ◽  
Finance Law ◽  
Corporate Takeover ◽  
Management Buyout ◽  
The Many ◽  
Life Decision

On June 3, 2002, Singapore's longest corporate takeover battle broke out at NatSteel Ltd when its president Ang Kong Hua, together with his senior managers, launched a management buyout offer to acquire the only steel miller in Singapore. The management buyout offer for a government-linked company was unprecedented in terms of size. In the ensuing months, numerous twists and turns related to the saga emerged, making the takeover battle one of the most memorable and reported events in Singapore's corporate history. The long and winding case can be approached from three perspectives, namely, corporate finance, law, and strategic management. Readers would gain a lot of insight by looking at the case from all three perspectives instead of only one or two of them. A rich understanding of the dynamics of this case should help students understand and appreciate the many thorny and agonizing issues which real-life decision makers in the corporate world must face and address.

Multi-Level Service Infrastructure for Geovisual Analytics in the Context of Territorial Management

2012 ◽  
pp. 154-166
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Conti ◽  
Raffaele De Amicis ◽  
Stefano Piffer ◽  
Bruno Simões
Keyword(s):  
System Approach ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Service Oriented Architectures ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Service Oriented

The management of a territory is a complex process, involving a number of different operators, administrators and decision makers. Territory management requires accessing and processing a wide range of heterogeneous and multi-dimensional GI (GI). Within a typical scenario, the process involves departments at public administrations responsible for urban planning, environmental control, infrastructure planning and maintenance. Additionally units such as civil protection, fire brigades also play a vital role when dealing with emergencies. Data to be managed range from alphanumerical information, stored within enterprise-level databases, to satellite imagery, vector data and information coming from on-site sensors. It is acknowledged that creating an infrastructure capable to provide access to such a range of information requires, an integrated system approach, both from a technological and from a procedural point of view. This article illustrates the benefit of adopting a system approach which makes use of Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA) and 3D geobrowsers to provide an answer to the aforementioned shortcomings. To do so the article presents the client-server platform designed to support decision makers and experts from local or regional administrations in the process of managing their territory. The infrastructure developed allows a large number of concurrent applications to access geographical data in a fully interactive way, within a 3D environment, thus providing support to territorial and environmental management tasks. The work illustrates also the results of the application of the infrastructure within a real-life scenario, thus providing the chance to discuss of implications of adopting such an approach.

scholarly journals Attribute np control charts using resampling systems for monitoring non-conforming items under exponentiated half logistic distribution

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ammara Tanveer ◽  
Muhammad Azam ◽  
Muhammad Aslam ◽  
Muhammad Shujaat Navaz
Keyword(s):  
Control Charts ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Logistic Distribution ◽  
Triangular Fuzzy Numbers ◽  
Rank Ordering ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Weighting Methods ◽  
Life Decision

Weight elicitation is an important part of multi-criteria decision analysis. In real-life decision-making problems precise information is seldom available, and providing weights is often cognitively demanding as well as very time- and effort-consuming. The judgment of decision-makers (DMs) de-pends on their knowledge, skills, experience, personality, and available information. One of the weights determination approaches is ranking the criteria and converting the resulting ranking into numerical values. The best known and most widely used are rank sum, rank reciprocal and centroid weights techniques. The goal of this paper is to extend rank ordering criteria weighting methods for imprecise data, especially fuzzy data. Since human judgments, including preferences, are often vague and cannot be expressed by exact numerical values, the application of fuzzy concepts in elicitation weights is deemed relevant. The methods built on the ideas of rank order techniques take into account imprecise information about rank. The fuzzy rank sum, fuzzy rank reciprocal, and fuzzy centroid weights techniques are proposed. The weights obtained for each criterion are triangular fuzzy numbers. The proposed fuzzy rank ordering criteria weighting methods can be easily implemented into decision support systems. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the practicality and validity of the proposed methods.

Innovative Marketing Strategies for Select E-Commerce Companies in India - A Review.

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar Bhanja ◽  
P.C Tripathy
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Digital Marketing ◽  
Customer Base ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Online Shoppers ◽  
Drastic Increase

Innovation is the key to opportunities and growth in today’s competitive and dynamic business environment. It not only nurtures but also provides companies with unique dimensions for constant reinvention of the existing way of performance which enables and facilitates them to reach out to their prospective customers more effectively. It has been estimated by Morgan Stanley that India would have 480 million shoppers buying products online by the year 2026, a drastic increase from 60 million online shoppers in the year 2016. E-commerce companies are aggressively implementing innovative methods of marketing their product offerings using tools like digital marketing, internet of things (IoT)and artificial intelligence to name a few. This paper focuses on outlining the innovative ways of marketing that the E-Commerce sector implements in orders to increase their customer base and aims at determining the future scope of this area. A conceptual comparative study of Amazon and Flipkart helps to determine which marketing strategies are more appealing and beneficial for both the customers and companies point of view.

Bleak Weather for Sun-Shine AG: A Case Study of Impairment of Assets

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic Detzen ◽  
Tobias Stork genannt Wersborg ◽  
Henning Zülch
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Professional Judgment ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Instructional Resource

ABSTRACT This case originates from a real-life business situation and illustrates the application of impairment tests in accordance with IFRS and U.S. GAAP. In the first part of the case study, students examine conceptual questions of impairment tests under IFRS and U.S. GAAP with respect to applicable accounting standards, definitions, value concepts, and frequency of application. In addition, the case encourages students to discuss the impairment regime from an economic point of view. The second part of the instructional resource continues to provide instructors with the flexibility of applying U.S. GAAP and/or IFRS when students are asked to test a long-lived asset for impairment and, if necessary, allocate any potential impairment. This latter part demonstrates that impairment tests require professional judgment that students are to exercise in the case.

Europe

2020 ◽  
pp. 649-666
Author(s):  
Andrea Renda
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Digital Technology ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Expert Group ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Strong Focus ◽  
Ethics Guidelines ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
High Level

This chapter assesses Europe’s efforts in developing a full-fledged strategy on the human and ethical implications of artificial intelligence (AI). The strong focus on ethics in the European Union’s AI strategy should be seen in the context of an overall strategy that aims at protecting citizens and civil society from abuses of digital technology but also as part of a competitiveness-oriented strategy aimed at raising the standards for access to Europe’s wealthy Single Market. In this context, one of the most peculiar steps in the European Union’s strategy was the creation of an independent High-Level Expert Group on AI (AI HLEG), accompanied by the launch of an AI Alliance, which quickly attracted several hundred participants. The AI HLEG, a multistakeholder group including fifty-two experts, was tasked with the definition of Ethics Guidelines as well as with the formulation of “Policy and Investment Recommendations.” With the advice of the AI HLEG, the European Commission put forward ethical guidelines for Trustworthy AI—which are now paving the way for a comprehensive, risk-based policy framework.

Disasters and Dilemmas: Strategies for Real-Life Decision Making.Adam Morton

Ethics ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 382-385
Author(s):  
Jonathan E. Adler
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Life Decision

scholarly journals The contribution of the Italian residents in neurology to the COVID-19 crisis: admirable generosity but neurological training remains their priority

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Tassorelli ◽  
Vincenzo Silani ◽  
Alessandro Padovani ◽  
Paolo Barone ◽  
Paolo Calabresi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Training ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Healthcare Management ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Italian Regions ◽  
Training And Research

Abstract Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has severely impacted the Italian healthcare system, underscoring a dramatic shortage of specialized doctors in many disciplines. The situation affected the activity of the residents in neurology, who were also offered the possibility of being formally hired before their training completion. Aims (1) To showcase examples of clinical and research activity of residents in neurology during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy and (2) to illustrate the point of view of Italian residents in neurology about the possibility of being hired before the completion of their residency program. Results Real-life reports from several areas in Lombardia—one of the Italian regions more affected by COVID-19—show that residents in neurology gave an outstanding demonstration of generosity, collaboration, reliability, and adaptation to the changing environment, while continuing their clinical training and research activities. A very small minority of the residents participated in the dedicated selections for being hired before completion of their training program. The large majority of them prioritized their training over the option of earlier employment. Conclusions Italian residents in neurology generously contributed to the healthcare management of the COVID-19 pandemic in many ways, while remaining determined to pursue their training. Neurology is a rapidly evolving clinical field due to continuous diagnostic and therapeutic progress. Stakeholders need to listen to the strong message conveyed by our residents in neurology and endeavor to provide them with the most adequate training, to ensure high quality of care and excellence in research in the future.

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