scholarly journals Coding and classification in drug statistics – From national to global application

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marit Rønning
Keyword(s):  
Drug Utilisation ◽  
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽  
Defined Daily Dose ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Annual Basis ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
National Drug ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Drug Statistics ◽  
Important Basis

<strong><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><font face="TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT"><p align="left"> </p></font></span><p align="left"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;">SUMMARY</span></span></p><p align="left"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"></span></p></strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system and the defined daily dose (DDD)<p align="left">was developed in Norway in the early seventies. The creation of the ATC/DDD methodology was an</p><p align="left">important basis for presenting drug utilisation statistics in a sensible way. Norway was in 1977 also the</p><p align="left">first country to publish national drug utilisation statistics from wholesalers on an annual basis. The</p><p align="left">combination of these activities in Norway in the seventies made us a pioneer country in the area of drug</p><p align="left">utilisation research. Over the years, the use of the ATC/DDD methodology has gradually increased in</p><p align="left">countries outside Norway. Since 1996, the methodology has been recommended by WHO for use in</p><p align="left">international drug utilisation studies. The WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology</p><p align="left">in Oslo handles the maintenance and development of the ATC/DDD system. The Centre is now responsible</p><p align="left">for the global co-ordination. After nearly 30 years of experience with ATC/DDD, the methodology</p><p align="left">has demonstrated its suitability in drug use research. The main challenge in the coming years is to</p><p>educate the users worldwide in how to use the methodology properly.</p></span></span>

scholarly journals The Relevance of Defined Daily Dose concept in Drug Utilisation Research: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4-S) ◽  
pp. 162-165
Author(s):  
Agnus Baiju ◽  
Rosmin Jacob ◽  
K. Krishnakumar
Keyword(s):  
Drug Utilisation ◽  
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
World Health ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Defined Daily Dose ◽  
Rational Drug ◽  
Daily Dose

According to World Health Organisation (WHO), drug utilisation is defined as the marketing, distribution, prescription and the use of drugs in society with special focus on resulting medical, social and economic consequences and it has turned into a powerful scientific tool for ensuring the rational and cost-effective use of drugs. A standard method is required to identify and aggregate drug data. This manuscript provides an overview of the WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification and the associated measure, Defined Daily Dose (DDD), as a methodology for evaluating drug utilisation. Keywords: Drug utilisation research, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system, Defined Daily Dose, Rational drug use.

scholarly journals Diagnosis-prescription studies – important steps towards a national drug prescription statistics in Norway

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jørund Straand
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
Drug Prescription ◽  
Diagnostic Information ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
National Drug ◽  
Prescribing Practice ◽  
Drug Statistics ◽  
A Current

<strong><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><font face="TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT"><p align="left"> </p></font></span><p align="left"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;">ABSTRACT</span></span></p></strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><p align="left">In the first part of this article, drug utilization and prescribing practice is discussed as seen from a</p><p align="left">Norwegian general practice perspective. Which are the data sources available? What kind of studies</p><p align="left">have been performed? Prescription-diagnosis studies are reviewed, in particular the Møre & Romsdal</p><p align="left">Prescription Study (MRPS). Because the wholesales drug statistics do not include information about</p><p align="left">neither patients, prescribers or diagnoses, there is a current need for establishing a more comprehensive</p><p align="left">statistics giving wider and deeper insights into the prescribing and utilization of drugs in the Norwegian</p><p align="left">society. The proposed Norwegian prescription statistics is discussed in relation to previous experiences</p><p align="left">from prescription-diagnosis studies and current needs for research and statistics in the field. Some</p><p align="left">examples are given illustrating why the 11-digit person number probably should be included in the</p><p align="left">database. Lack of diagnostic information may to some extent be compensated for by introducing a more</p><p align="left">differentiated list of diagnoses for the drugs reimbursed. The use of data from this statistics for quality</p><p align="left">assurance in e.g. general practice is discussed. Finally, some suggestions are given for how the Norwegian</p><p>prescription statistics may be organised.</p></span></span>

scholarly journals Assessment of drug utilization among geriatric patients based on defined daily dose concept in a rural tertiary care teaching hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1538
Author(s):  
K. Padmavathi ◽  
S. A. Arun Raaj ◽  
S. Subash ◽  
C. K. Dhanapal ◽  
S. Periasamy
Keyword(s):  
Drug Utilization ◽  
Geriatric Patients ◽  
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Defined Daily Dose ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Care Teaching ◽  
Essential Drug List ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Collection Form

Background: The objectives of the study were to use the anatomical therapeutic chemical classification (ATC) /defined daily dose (DDD) concept to study the drug utilization pattern in geriatric patients in a rural tertiary care teaching hospital.Methods: An observational study was conducted at Rajah Muthiah Medical College Hospital (OPD and IPD) over a period of six months from November 2018 to April 2019. The data was collected from 204 patients using specially designed data collection form. The patients were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: A total of 204 patients were included in this study. The study population consisting of males 130 (63.7%) and females 74 (36.2%). Diseases related to the cardiovascular system 67 (32.84%) were the most common cause for the geriatric patients to attend the hospital, followed by surgical diseases 47 (23.03%), Oncological diseases 2 (0.98%) were the least frequency encountered. The average number of drugs prescribed per prescription was 8.79. Out of 1795 drugs prescribed, 60.86% of drugs were prescribed in generic form, and 39.14% were prescribed in brand name. The study analysed that 71.25% of drugs prescribed were from essential drug list (EDL) 2016-2018. Number of prescriptions with an injection was 74.04%. Paracetamol (N02B01) was the most frequently prescribed drug, followed by Amlodipine (C08CA01), Dexamethasone (H02AB02), Clopidogrel (B01AC04), Ferrous sulfate (B03AA07), Acetylsalicylic acid (B01AC06), Hydrocortisone (H02AB09), Tamsulosin (G04CA02), Atorvastatin (C10AA05), Furosemide (C03CA01).Conclusions: Drug utilization study can help in evaluating the quality of care given to the geriatric patients and promote rational use of medicines.

scholarly journals Analyzing Antidiabetes Drug Prescriptions With World Health Organization Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose Index to Assess Drug Utilization Pattern in Elderly Population of Rural Eastern India

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 117739361770334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Lahiry ◽  
Avijit Kundu ◽  
Ayan Mukherjee ◽  
Shouvik Choudhury ◽  
Rajasree Sinha
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Drug Utilization ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽  
World Health ◽  
Defined Daily Dose ◽  
Prescription Data ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Health Organization

Objective: To analyze drug utilization (DU) pattern of antidiabetes drug (ADD) prescription in elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in rural West Bengal based on 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose (ATC/DDD) Index. Methods: This was a prospective observational study. Prescription data of 600 elderly patients (age > 60 years) attending outpatient clinic were screened over 12 months (January 2015 to January 2016) from 5 different rural hospitals in West Bengal. Pooled data were sorted and classified in accordance with 2016 ATC/DDD WHO Index. Direct cost associated and consumption of ADD were measured as DDD/1000 patients/day. The adverse drug reactions (ADRs) related to antidiabetic medicines were monitored. Results: During the study period, mean age of patients recorded was 66.4 ± 5.0 years, with 66.6% (n = 396) having history of T2DM > 5 years. Follow-up encounters (n = 2328) revealed metformin (94.67%), sulfonylureas (SUs) (50.54%), pioglitazone (24.22%), voglibose (22.50%), insulin (9.75%), and acarbose (6.82%) to be more prevalent, constituting DU 90% (92.01%). Combination of metformin plus SU was recorded in most of the patients (56%). Insulin, however, was found to be an underutilized class ( P < .005). The DDD/1000 patients/day of metformin (2.918), glimepiride (1.577), and gliclazide (0.069) conformed to 2016 WHO ATC/DDD Index. The total ADD consumption during study period was 5.03 DDD/1000 patients/day. The average drug cost per encounter per day was Rs 11.24 ± 2.01. Nineteen ADRs were reported and their descriptions were found to be of hypoglycemia (n = 9), pedal edema (n = 2), and gastrointestinal upsets (n = 8). Target glycemic status was achieved in 40% monthly follow-up encounters. Low-store drug availability and poor compliance to treatment (>60%) were major determinants. Lack of regular aerobic exercises (>85%) and proper knowledge regarding medical nutrition therapy (MNT) (>80%) and low average consultation time (3.5 ± 0.6 minutes) were important contributing factors. Conclusions: The study exhibited increased utilization of 2 drug combinations of oral ADD and lower utilization of insulin during study period. Such inferences merit further exploration.

scholarly journals Evaluasi Penggunaan Antibiotik Pada Pasien Anak Rawat Inap di RSD Dr. Soebandi Jember

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinta Rachmawati ◽  
Dewi Khurmi Masito ◽  
Ema Rachmawati
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Quantitative Evaluation ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Defined Daily Dose ◽  
Resistance Risk ◽  
Condition Evaluation ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Active Substances

Infection is one of the health problems. It is mostly caused by bacteria. The increased incidence of bacterial infection results in higher antibiotic use. It can lead to antibiotic resistance risk. Antibiotic resistance may occur in pediatric patients. Morbidity, mortality, and high cost of medication are impact of this condition. Evaluation of antibiotic use needs to be done to ensure responsible use of antibiotics. ATCD/DDD (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/ Defined Daily Dose) method can be used to evaluate antibiotic use quantitatively. ATC classification is a system of grouping active substances according to their location of action and DDD is a measurement system that is connected to the ATC code.The purpose of this study was determining the profile of antibiotic use and measuring quantitative evaluation with ATC/DDD method in pediatric patients. The data was collected by observing the hospital medical record. The results of this study showed that cephalosporin (46,22%) was the most used group and cefotaxime (31,15%) was the most used type of antibiotic. While, the quantitative evaluation with ATC/DDD method indicated that the highest of antibiotic use was ceftriaxone (11,30 DDD/100 patient days) and the lowest was amikacin (0,03 DDD/100 patient days)

scholarly journals Evaluating antimicrobial prescribing in a Tertiary Healthcare Institution in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angus Nnamdi Oli ◽  
Nwanneka Onyeaso ◽  
Stephen Chijioke Emencheta ◽  
Chijioke M. Ofomata ◽  
James-Paul Kretchy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽  
Defined Daily Dose ◽  
Essential Drug ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Essential Drug List ◽  
Drug List ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Generic Prescribing ◽  
Tertiary Healthcare ◽  
Chi Square Test

Abstract Background Regular evaluation of antimicrobials prescriptions is important for optimal use. Objective This study determined the prescription patterns, class and costs of antimicrobials in the adult out-patient pharmacy of a Teaching Hospital in Nigeria. Methods A 1-year retrospective study from 1st January to 31st December 2018. The data, which included identification code, age, sex, antibiotics prescribed, number of antibiotics per prescription, number of medicines per prescription, dosage form, generic prescribing, drug on the essential drug list, and cost, were used in the analysis. The Chi-square test and Analysis of Variance were used to compare our data with the WHO–developed antimicrobial prescription Guidelines for Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical and Defined Daily Dose assignment of 2019. Results From 450 patient records, significantly more females (70%) were prescribed with antimicrobials (P = 0.0038). The prescription pattern showed that antimicrobials selection by class was significantly different (P < 0.0001) (top three being Amino-penicillin > Nitroimidazoles > Fluoroquinolone). In addition, age differed significantly (P < 0.0001) with 46–50 as the highest class. Dosage forms profile showed that the percentage of encounter with injections prescribed (1.8%) was less than WHO recommendation (13.4–24.1%). Most of the prescriptions (84.22%) were from the Essential Drug List. The average cost of prescriptions with two antimicrobials was the highest ($14.0807), then three ($10.7949), and one ($6.39858). The average number of drugs per prescription that had one (4.28), two (4.46), and three (5.55) antimicrobials, respectively, were more than double the average (2) recommended by WHO. Conclusion The study showed that most of the patterns are within limit, however, highlights the need for frequent evaluation.

scholarly journals Gambaran Penggunaan Antibiotik di Bangsal Penyakit Dalam RSUD Bangil Kabupaten Pasuruan

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Sinta Rachmawati ◽  
Rizki Laili Fazeri ◽  
Ika Norcahyanti
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽  
World Health ◽  
Defined Daily Dose ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Health Organization

<p>Penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak tepat akan berdampak terhadap terjadinya resistansi. Oleh karena itu, studi penggunaan antibiotik perlu dilakukan di fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan, termasuk rumah sakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran penggunaan antibiotik di bangsal penyakit dalam Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah (RSUD) Bangil Kabupaten Pasuruan dengan menggunakan metode<em> Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical</em> (ATC)/<em>Defined Daily Dose</em> (DDD). ATC/DDD adalah metode perhitungan penggunaan antibiotik secara kuantitatif yang direkomendasikan oleh <em>World Health Organization</em> (WHO). Pengambilan data dilakukan secara retrospektif menggunakan sumber data excel berupa rekapitulasi rekam medik. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah seluruh pasien rawat inap dewasa di bangsal penyakit dalam sepanjang tahun 2017. Sejumlah 973 data dari keseluruhan populasi memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Analisis data dilakukan berdasarkan pada karakteristik pasien, profil antibiotik dan perhitungan kuantitatif dengan metode ATC/DDD. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa golongan antibiotik yang paling banyak digunakan adalah golongan sefalosporin sebesar 51,41%, sedangkan jenis antibiotik yang paling banyak diresepkan yaitu ceftriaxone dengan jumlah sebesar 25,86%. DDD/100 <em>patient-days</em> tertingi adalah ceftriaxone dengan nilai 27,79 DDD/100 <em>patient-days</em>. Perlu dilakukan penelitian lanjutan dengan menggunakan metode Gyssens untuk mengetahui rasionalitas penggunaan antibiotik.</p>

scholarly journals Drug utilization pattern among geriatrics according to anatomical therapeutic chemical and defined daily dose classification in a tertiary care hospital

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1989
Author(s):  
T. Muneswar Reddy ◽  
Thammi Setty Durga Prasad ◽  
Allikesam Hemalatha ◽  
Vanam Chanukya ◽  
Bandi Lakshmi Sirisha
Keyword(s):  
Drug Utilization ◽  
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Defined Daily Dose ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Utilization Pattern ◽  
Geriatric Population ◽  
Daily Dose

Background: This study was conducted to determine the drug utilization pattern among geriatric inpatients in general medicine department of the hospital.Methods: An observational, prospective study was conducted for a period of six months (November 2016 to April 2017) among 200 geriatric patients; demographic details, education, occupation, diagnosis and drug details were recorded. The drugs were categorized by anatomical therapeutic classification (ATC) and defined daily dose (DDD) was calculated. The World Health Organization (WHO) prescribing indicators were assessed.Results: The majority of the patients (59%) were in age group of 60-69 years. Cardiovascular diseases were common among geriatrics. Most commonly prescribed drug was Pantoprazole (81.7%). Drugs were assigned with ATC/DDD codes according to the guidelines of WHO. Drugs prescribed by their generic names were 56.64% and 43% of drugs that were included in the National Essential Medicines List.Conclusions: Clinical pharmacist have to collaborate and work together with physicians in selecting and adjusting the dose among geriatric population in order to reduce development of potential adverse drug reactions, serious drug related complications and drug interaction.

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