Comparison of the Number of Bacterial Colonies Before and After Using Hand Sanitizer From Acacia Nilotica Leaf Extract

Background: Using hand sanitizers was an act of necessity during the Covid-19 pandemic. With this action, it is expected to control the number of bacterial colonies on the palms of the hands. One of the herbal ingredients that can inhibit the growth of germs is Acacia nilotica L-leaf extract so that it can be used as an active ingredient in hand sanitizer. Objective: To determine the number of bacterial colonies before and after using a hand sanitizer with the active ingredient of acacia leaf extract. Materials and Methods: The study used random sampling analysis before and after treatment. Acacia nilotica leaf ethanol extract formula 10%, 20% and 30%. Each concentration was used by 11 men and 11 women as a hand sanitizer with movements according to WHO standards and left for 30 seconds. Check the count of germs on hands before and after using hand sanitizer. Results: The highest decrease in the number of bacterial colonies was found at a concentration of 30% reaching 64.84% in men and 89.61% in women. There were differences in the ability to decrease the number of bacterial colonies from each concentration (P 0.003 < 0.005). Conclusion: Acacia nilotica L leaf extract can be a candidate for active hand sanitizer ingredients.

Correlation Between the Number of Drugs Prescribed and Potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIMS) Based on Beers Criteria in Geriatric Hypertension Outpatients at Dr. Soedomo Hospital in Trenggalek

Background: Geriatric patients are elderly people who have various diseases and or problems as a result of diminished organ, psychological, social, economic, and environmental functioning and who require integrated health treatments from a multidisciplinary team. Uncontrolled hypertension can lead to complications such as stroke, CHD, and kidney failure. The more incidence of complications, causing the geriatrics to get more drugs (polypharmacy). Polypharmacy is one of the risk factors for the occurrence of Potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIMs) that often occurs in geriatric patients. The 2019 Beers Criteria is one of the clear criteria that can be used to determine the prevalence of PIMs in geriatric individuals. Objectives: The objective of this study was to see if there was a correlation between the number of drugs administered to hypertensive geriatric outpatients at Dr. Soedomo General Hospital in Trenggalek and the incidence of PIMs. This study employed an observational study with an analytical approach and retrospective. This study included a sample of 85 prescriptions for outpatient geriatric hypertension outpatient at Dr. Soedomo General Hospital in the period October - December 2020 taken using the purposive sampling technique. Data were analyzed using the C contingency coefficient correlation test. Results: 67,1% of prescriptions contained ≥ 5 kinds of drugs and 32,9% of prescriptions contained < 5 kinds of drugs. Based on the incidence of PIMs, there were 97.6% of prescriptions for PIMs and 2.4% of prescriptions without PIMs. The C contingency coefficient correlation test shows the correlation coefficient (r) of 0.216 with a positive direction and p-value = 0.041. Conclusions: The number of drugs has a significant correlation and can cause the incidence of PIMs in geriatric patients with weak correlation strength. Collaboration between pharmacists and doctors is needed to provide the best therapy to patients, to maximize the role of pharmacists in monitoring drug use in geriatric patients at Dr. Soedomo Hospital in Trenggalek.

Narrative Review: Implementation of Pharmaceutical Care in Hypertension in Indonesia

Background: In the past, patient care was not a pharmacy orientation. Several developed countries have applied pharmaceutical care in the treatment of hypertension for years. However, it is still there. In Indonesia, the government issued guidelines for the care of hypertension medications for the first time in 2006. The stages are that pharmacists carry out assessments, prepare pharmaceutical service plans, then implement and monitoring. This study aims to examine the application of pharmaceutical care in hypertension in various articles published in Indonesia. Methods: This research is non-experimental research with a narrative review design. Articles were selected using the keywords pharmaceutical care, pharmacy care, pharmaceutical care and hypertension. Articles in national journals. The number of articles reviewed was 13 articles from 2014 to 2019. Results: The application of pharmaceutical care in hypertension in Indonesia has been carried out by pharmacists, especially in hospitals. The implementation stages are more focused on implementation and monitoring. Only 15% carried out the plan, and almost no carried out the assessment. Conclusion: The application of pharmacy in hypertension has not fully complied with the guidelines. Pharmacists have not assessed when they will start pharmaceutical care. Intervention is carried out with various models, such as leaflets, short messages sent and counselling. Results were monitored on the patient's knowledge, compliance and blood pressure. The result is an improvement, although some are not.

Antioxidant and Sunscreen Activity Purified Extract of Kenikir Leaves (ETDK) and Tampoi Fruit Peel Extract (EKBT) Nanocream

Background: UV lights are free radicals that can cause damage to the skin, such as redness, burning, pigmentation, and even cancer. Kenikir leaf purified extract (ETDK) and Tampoi fruit peel extract (EKBT) contain flavonoid compounds. Flavonoid compounds can be antioxidants and sunscreens due to the presence of chromophore groups that can absorb UV rays to reduce exposure to the skin. Objectives: This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity and the ability of sunscreen nano cream Purified extract of Kenikir leaves and Tampoi fruit peel extract. Material and metode: Nanocream is made with 3 ETDTK-EKBT combination formulas, II ETDK formulas, III EKBT formulas. The antioxidant activity test was carried out using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method and the sunscreen activity test using the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method to calculate the SPF value of the preparation (Mansur's method). Result: The results showed that the nano cream formula had a strong antioxidant activity with the per cent inhibition of formula I 78.28%, formula II 68.49%, and formula III 73.00%. The activity test results as a sunscreen formulation of purified extract nano cream from Kenikir leaves and nano cream from Tampoi fruit peel extract had extra protection ability with a sun-protecting factor value of 7 while the nano cream formula combined extract with an SPF value of 10 gave the maximum protection category. Conclusion: nano cream have potential as antioxidants and sunscreens.

Correlation of Metered Dose Inhaler Use Technique and Asthma Control Level in Asthma Patients at a Hospital in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.

Background: Asthma is still a major health problem in global population, including Indonesia. Antiasthma drugs available in various dosage forms, including inhaler. However, several problems related to inhalation route were found due to its unique device form and spesific use technique. One of the major problems related to inhalation route is inappropriate use technique of inhaler device, which could lead to treatment failure. Therapy outcome can be measured through Asthma Control Test (ACT). Objectives: This study was aimed to evaluate correlation between metered dose inhaler (MDI) use technique and asthma control level in patients. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional analytic study was conducted in May - June 2021. Thirty patients who met inclusion criteria were enrolled in this study. Patients’ MDI use technique and asthma control level were evaluated using a valid and standardized questionnaire. Statistics analysis was performed to determine the correlation between MDI use technique and asthma control level. Results: This study showed that most of asthmatic patients were women in older age, with mild asthma severity for more than 10 years. The most prevalent medication used was Fenoterol HBr, followed by salbutamol, and salmeterol/fluticasone combination. Inappropriate MDI use was found in 70,0% patients, with major problem found in patients’ breathing technique before and during MDI use. Asthma control test was performed and showed that 90,0% of asthmatic patients involved in this study have an uncontrolled asthma. Statistical analysis using Pearson product-moment correlation test showed a positive correlation between proper use of MDI and asthma control level (r=0.425, p<0.05). Conclusions: Patient who properly use MDI may have a higher score in asthma control test, thus have a better control of asthma. This study emphasized pharmacist role as patient educator in ensuring appropriate inhaler use in order to achieve therapeutic goals.

Mangrove (Rhizophora sp) Fruit Extract Inhibits Tumor Growth Factor (TGF)-β1 Expression in High Cholesterol Diet-Fed Rats

Background: Atherosclerosis is a major finding in cardiovascular disease. One of the pro-fibrotic cytokines that play an important role in the atherosclerosis process is Tumor Growth Factor (TGF)-β1, where the presence of high TGF-β1 secretion due to hypercholesterolemia will trigger excessive collagen matrix formation. Objective: To analyze Rhizophora sp fruit extract effect on TGF-β1 expression in high cholesterol diet-fed rats. Material and Methods: Eighteen 10-week-old rats weighing 150-200 g were used in this study. These animals were grouped into 3 groups, each consisting of 6 rats. Group A (normal control) is a group of rats that received a normal diet. Group B (atherogenic control) received a diet that induces atherosclerosis (atherogenic diet). This diet contains 2% cholesterol, 5% goat fat, 0.2% cholic acid and standard diet up to 100%. Atherogenic diet was given for 3 days, and on the first day this group also received vitamin D3 700,000 IU/kg. Group C (treated), apart from receiving an atherogenic diet, was also given Rhizophora sp fruit extract 500 mg/kg body weight. The Rhizophora sp fruit extract effect on TGF-β1 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical procedure. The area of ​​the expression is calculated using the ImageJ. Results: The results of this study indicate that the expression of TGF-β1 is higher in the group receiving the atherogenic diet than the normal control group (17.3 vs. 8.9; P=0.000). Rhizophora sp fruit extract reduced this expression remarkably (17.3 vs. 11.4; P=0.001). Conclusion: Rhizophora sp fruit extract inhibits the the expression of TGF-β1 in high cholesterol diet-fed rats.

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Yellow Wood (Coscinium fenestratum) Fruits Peel from East Kalimantan

Background: Yellow wood (Coscinium fenestratum) is one of the typical forest plants of East Kalimantan. The hallmark of this plant is the roots, stems and the fruits pulp have a yellow color. There have been many studies on its use and potential in treating liver disease. However, there is limited research about the use of their fruits peel. Objectives: The purpose of this study was as an initial screening of the antioxidant and antibacterial activity from yellow wood (Coscinium fenestratum) fruits peel. Material and Methods: The yellow wood fruits peel was extracted using methanol solvent to obtain the MeOH extract of their fruits peel. The DPPH test was carried out to determined its antioxidant activity (25,50 and 100 ppm). The agar well difusion method was carried out to determined its antibacterial activity. Phytochemical tests are also carried out to determined the secondary metabolites of that fruits peel. Results: The results of the phytochemical test showed that the fruits peel contained alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, and tannins, but there were no terpenoids or steroids. The fruits peel has an antioxidant activity (58%) at 100 ppm concentration. While the antibacterial test showed strong inhibition at 100 ppm concentration on S. mutans, S. aureus, P. acne and E. coli bacteria. Conclusions: The fruits peel of the yellow wood has compounds that have strong antibacterial activity and medium antioxidant activity.

The Effect of Ethanol Extract of Guava Leaf on Hypercholesterolemia-Diabetes of White Rats Male Induced by High Fat Feed and Streptozotocin

This study aims to determine the effect of guava leaf extract (Psidiium guajava L) on hypercholesterolemia-diabetes and the effective dose for reducing cholesterol and blood glucose levels. This study is a laboratory experimental study using 30 rats divided into 6 test animals. the treatment group, each group consisted of 5 rats. Group I was normal control, group II negative control was given Na-CMC suspension, group III positive control was given simvastatin group IV dose 150 mg / kg BW, group V dose 250 mg / kg BW and group VI dose 350 mg / kg BW. The results showed that the ethanol extract of guava leaves had an effect on reducing blood glucose levels of male white rats with an effective dose of 250mg / kg BW with an average reduction of 119 mg/dL and effectively reduce cholesterol levels at a dose of 150 mg /kg BW with an average reduction of 28,33 mg/dL.

Antidiabetic Activity of Peperomia pellucida In Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of diseases in the form of disorders in the body's metabolism clinically. Peperomia pellucida herbs have phytochemical containing which is antidiabetic potential development. Objectives: This study was conducted to compare the antidiabetic activity of ethanol extract and n-hexane fraction of Peperomia pellucida. Material and Methods: This research was conducted by make diabetic mice with 50 mg/kg.bw of streptozotocin induction, which was then treated with ethanol extract and n-hexane fraction of Peperomia pellucida with doses 250 mg/kgbw for 7 days. Results: The results showed that the ethanol extract and n-hexane fraction of Peperomia pellucida reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic mice due to streptozotocin induction. The n-hexane fraction of Peperomia pellucida can lower blood glucose levels as much 244.00 ± 18.99 mg/dL better than the ethanol extract, which is 99.50 ± 28.17 mg/dL. Conclusions: Peperomia pellucida herb has the potential to be developed as an antidiabetic agent.

The Evaluation of Fasting Glucose Plasma (FGP) in Hypertensive Patients using Calcium Channel Blocker (CCB) Drug Class in Undata Regional Hospital

Background: Hypertension plays a major role in the development of heart disease which is one of the most leading causes of death worldwide. Antihypertensives must be selected carefully to avoid affecting metabolic parameters. A risky case involving the increase of glucose plasma levels using Calcium Channel Blocker (CCB) antihypertensive, amlodipine, has been reported. Objectives: This study aims to examine the effects of CCB treatments on blood glucose levels in hypertensive patients at the Undata District General Hospital of Central Sulawesi Province. Material and Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design with a prospective approach. The instruments & materials used in this study are Accu-Chek Performa glucometer along with the patient's blood sample material. The research subjects were 31 patients who met the inclusion criteria of 1) patients who had been treated with CCB therapy for 3 months, 2) were not diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, and 3) did not use drugs that might affect blood glucose levels. Results: The results showed an average value of fasting glucose plasma (FGP) levels of hypertension patients using CCB class showed an increase from baseline 124,619 mg/dL to 141,612 mg/dL with a difference of 16,993 mg/dL. Conclusions: Statistical analysis conducted also obtained a significance value of p 0,000 which indicates that the use of amlodipine can significantly increase fasting patients' glucose plasma levels. If observed clinically, this increase in fasting glucose plasma values ​​falls into the category of mild to moderate hyperglycemic.