Viral origin of wheeze in the under-five population in Pakistan

Background: One of the most common issues arising these days is wheezing that is observed in kids below five year of age accompanied with acute respiratory infections (ARIs). The main etiological causes of ARIs are viruses. Aim: To investigate the viral cause of wheezing in kids below five years of age who were hospitalized in hospital located in Pakistan. Methods: Forty candidates under 5 years of age were admitted complaining wheezing, in this case research. Nasal and throat swaps were taken. For screening purpose, real-time, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was employed in order to rule out rhinovirus, influenza 1 and 2, respiratory para influenza virus (PIV) 1, 2, 3 and 4, syncytial virus (RSV), human meta-pneumovirus, bocavirus (HBoV), Enterovirus Coronavirus, Parechovirus and adenovirus. Results: 30% was regarded as total viral detection rate. Candidates detected with pheumonina viral RNA markers were found from their samples (6 cases), episodic wheeze (1 cases) bronchiolitis (7 cases) and multitrigger wheeze (8 cases). It was discovered that RSV was the most common virus found (30%) which is then followed by PIV1, 2 and 3(18%), HBoV (8%) and rhinovirus (4%). Whereas mixed infection was found in case of in 32 per cent. Conclusions: According to the case research, respiratory viral agents was found to be the culprit in 30 per cent of kids suffering from wheezing; the most common RSV and PIV were responsible for 50 per cent of the total number of cases involved. In case of 30% of cases mixed infections were reported. There was also noteworthy Seasonal variation was noted. Moreover, Further research required to accomplished with a large samples and long duration follow up span in order to clarify results of research. Keywords: Asthma - bronchiolitis - child - incidence - PCR

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Prescription Surveillance and Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing to Identify Pathogens during Outbreaks of Infection

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2013/746053 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hiroaki Sugiura ◽

Tsuguto Fujimoto ◽

Tamie Sugawara ◽

Nozomu Hanaoka ◽

Masami Konagaya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Syndromic Surveillance ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Specific Pathogen ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

Tract Infections

Syndromic surveillance, including prescription surveillance, offers a rapid method for the early detection of agents of bioterrorism and emerging infectious diseases. However, it has the disadvantage of not considering definitive diagnoses. Here, we attempted to definitively diagnose pathogens using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) immediately after the prescription surveillance system detected an outbreak. Specimens were collected from 50 patients with respiratory infections. PCR was used to identify the pathogens, which included 14 types of common respiratory viruses andMycoplasma pneumoniae. Infectious agents includingM. pneumoniae, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus, enterovirus, and parainfluenza virus were detected in 54% of patients. For the rapid RSV diagnosis kit, sensitivity was 80% and specificity was 85%. For the rapid adenovirus diagnosis kit, no positive results were obtained; therefore, sensitivity could not be calculated and specificity was 100%. Many patients were found to be treated for upper respiratory tract infections without the diagnosis of a specific pathogen. In Japan, an outbreak ofM. pneumoniaeinfection began in 2011, and our results suggested that this outbreak may have included false-positive cases. By combining syndromic surveillance and PCR, we were able to rapidly and accurately identify causative pathogens during a recent respiratory infection outbreak.

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Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of acute respiratory virus infections in Vietnamese children

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s095026881500134x ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 144 (3) ◽

pp. 527-536 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

D. N. TRAN ◽

Q. D. TRINH ◽

N. T. K. PHAM ◽

M. P. VU ◽

M. T. HA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Age Groups ◽

Ho Chi Minh City ◽

Human Bocavirus ◽

Virus Infections ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

Respiratory Virus Infections ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

SUMMARYInformation about viral acute respiratory infections (ARIs) is essential for prevention, diagnosis and treatment, but it is limited in tropical developing countries. This study described the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of ARIs in children hospitalized in Vietnam. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from children with ARIs at Ho Chi Minh City Children's Hospital 2 between April 2010 and May 2011 in order to detect respiratory viruses by polymerase chain reaction. Viruses were found in 64% of 1082 patients, with 12% being co-infections. The leading detected viruses were human rhinovirus (HRV; 30%), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; 23·8%), and human bocavirus (HBoV; 7·2%). HRV was detected all year round, while RSV epidemics occurred mainly in the rainy season. Influenza A (FluA) was found in both seasons. The other viruses were predominant in the dry season. HRV was identified in children of all age groups. RSV, parainfluenza virus (PIV) 1, PIV3 and HBoV, and FluA were detected predominantly in children aged <6 months, 6–12 months, 12–24 months, and >24 months, respectively. Significant associations were found between PIV1 with croup (P < 0·005) and RSV with bronchiolitis (P < 0·005). HBoV and HRV were associated with hypoxia (P < 0·05) and RSV with retraction (P < 0·05). HRV, RSV, and HBoV were detected most frequently and they may increase the severity of ARIs in children.

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DETECTION OF RESPIRATORY SYNCITIAL VIRUS (RSV) IN LOWER ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS BY NESTED REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION- POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy ◽

10.34071/jmp.2011.3.2 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 11-15

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

Reverse Transcription ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Minimal Level ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Pcr Assay ◽

Polymerase Chain

Objective: To develop and apply a nested reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (nested RT-PCR) for detection of RSV in lower acute respiratory infections. Materials and methods: A nested reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify a sequence of the F gene in the RSV genomic RNA, optimized and compared the sensitivity and specificity of this assay with the control samples and then applied this procedure for diagnosing RSV from clinical samples. Results: This nested RT-PCR assay amplified the specific target fragment of RSV RNA and did not amplify any sequence of genomes of the tested common viruses and bacteria causing respiratory infections. The minimal level of detection of this procedure was 102 copies/ml. Results for detection of RSV on 109 samples of throat swabs or nasopharyngeal swabs from children with lower respiratory infections showed that twenty seven patients were positive with RSV ( 24.8%), among which six out of 30 (20%) were with bronchitis, seven out of 26 ( 27%) were with bronchiolitis and fourteen out of 53 (26.4%) were with pneumonia. Conclusion: This nested RT-PCR was found to be useful and reliable for detection of RSV in respiratory infections.

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1241. Surveillance for Viral Respiratory Infections in Pediatric Chronic Care Facilities

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofy210.1074 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽

pp. S377-S378

Author(s):

Mila M Prill ◽

Lindsay Kim ◽

Sibyl Wilmont ◽

Brett L Whitaker ◽

Xiaoyan Lu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infection Control ◽

Chronic Care ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Respiratory Illness ◽

Respiratory Pathogens ◽

Illness Onset ◽

Specimen Collection ◽

Care Facilities ◽

Syncytial Virus

Abstract Background Residents of pediatric chronic care facilities (PCCFs) are vulnerable to acute respiratory infections (ARIs) due to their underlying medical conditions and infection control challenges in congregate living. Methods We conducted active, prospective surveillance for ARIs (defined as ≥2 new signs/symptoms of respiratory illness) among all residents in three PCCFs near New York City from December 7, 2016 to May 7, 2017. The parents/guardians of some residents also provided consent for research specimen collection at the start of the study. In that subset, nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained ≤4 days of ARI symptom onset and weekly for 4 weeks of follow-up to assess viral shedding. Influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RV), coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1), parainfluenzavirus (PIV 1–4), metapneumovirus (MPV), adenovirus (AdV), bocavirus (BoV), enterovirus, parechovirus, and M. pneumoniae were tested by the Fast Track Diagnostics Respiratory Pathogens 21 real-time RT-PCR panel. Results Subset with research specimen collection: Among 79 residents (aged 0–20 years, median = 8), 60 ARIs were reported in 37 (47%) residents. Swabs were obtained at illness onset for 53/60 ARI episodes; among these, there were 25 single-virus detections and five co-detections. An additional 33 single- and five co-detections occurred in 175 follow-up swabs (table). Molecular typing of 32 RV+ specimens identified 13 RV types. All residents: During the 2016–2017 influenza season, 308/322 (96%) age-eligible residents received influenza vaccine and 168/364 (46%) received prophylactic antivirals for influenza exposures. Although influenza was not detected in research swabs, it was detected in 3/200 tests conducted for clinical purposes. Conclusion ARIs were common among residents of three PCCFs, and a variety of respiratory viruses were detected. The rarity of influenza may reflect strong infection control practices in these facilities, including vaccination and prophylactic use of antivirals. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcomes of a Large Cohort of COVID-19 Outpatients in Michigan

10.21203/rs.3.rs-30750/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Alexandra Halalau ◽

Fadi Odish ◽

Zaid Imam ◽

Aryana Sharrak ◽

Evan Brickner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Clinical Characteristics ◽

Nasal Congestion ◽

Pcr Assay ◽

Admission Status ◽

Risk Patients ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Safe Approach ◽

Overall Mortality

Abstract Background: Most individuals with COVID-19 do not initially demonstrate severe features requiring hospitalization. Understanding this population’s epidemiological and clinical characteristics to allow outcome anticipation is crucial in healthcare resource allocation. We aim at describing the epidemiology, clinical characteristics and associated outcomes of high-risk patients diagnosed with COVID-19 at the largest healthcare system in Michigan.Methods: Retrospective, multicenter (8 hospitals) study reporting on 821 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 by real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay of nasopharyngeal swabs and discharged home to self-isolate after evaluation in Emergency Departments (EDs) within Beaumont Health System in March, 2020. Outcomes were collected through April 14, 2020, with a minimum of 12 day follow up and included subsequent ED visit, admission status, and mortality.Results: Of the 821 patients, mean age was 49.3 (SD 15.7), 46.8% were male and 55.1% were African-American. Cough was the most frequent symptom in 78.2% of patients with a median duration of 3 days (IQR 2-7), and other symptoms included fever 62.1%, rhinorrhea or nasal congestion 35.1% and dyspnea 31.2%. ACEI/ARBs usage was reported in 28.7% patients and 34.0% had diabetes mellitus. Return to the ED for re-evaluation was reported in 19.2% of patients from whom 54.4% were admitted. The patients eventually admitted to the hospital were older (mean age 54.4 vs 48.7, p=.002), had higher BMI (35.4 vs 31.9, p=.004), were more likely male (58.1% vs 46.8%, p=.026), and more likely to have hypertension (52.3% vs 29.4%, p<0.001), diabetes mellitus (74.4% vs 29.3%, p<0.001) or prediabetes (25.6% vs 8.4%, p<0.001), COPD (39.5% vs 5.4%, p<0.001), and OSA (36% vs 19%, p<0.001). The overall mortality rate was 1.3%.Conclusions:We found that 80.8% of patients did not return to the ED for re-evaluation. Sending patients with COVID-19 home if they experience mild symptoms is a safe approach for most patients and would likely mitigate some of the financial and staffing pressures on healthcare systems.

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Acute Respiratory Infections Epidemiology and Etiology in Hospitalized Moroccan Children under 15 Years

Integrative Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.15342/ijms.7.194 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Author(s):

Nassima Ighid ◽

Soumaya El Akil ◽

Mohamed Aghrouch ◽

Nadia Hassaini ◽

El Hassan Izaabel

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Acute Respiratory Infections ◽

Respiratory Pathogens ◽

Serious Infections ◽

Great Insight ◽

Moroccan Children ◽

Genetic Detection ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Syncytial Virus

Introduction: Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are serious infections with multiple etiologies. Viral etiology is mostly common worldwide, especially in pediatric patients.Materials and methods: This study aims to describe epidemiology and etiology of ARIs in Moroccan children under 15 years old, through patients’ clinical features analysis and genetic detection of pathogens within 84 patients admitted to Hassan II regional hospital of Agadir, Morocco, from September 2015 to September 2016. Detection of pathogens was carried out using Multiplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) with Fast Track Diagnostic kit respiratory pathogens 21 plus.Results: Results gave 61.9% of positive viral and bacterial infections and 19.23% of co-infections by at least two pathogens. Males were mainly infected and the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was the most common in 53.8% of patients. Children aged less than 2 years were the most infected by ARIs pathogens, and especially by RSV virus. Concerning seasonality pattern, all ARIs pathogens showed a seasonal spreading mainly in winter.Conclusion: This study summarizes a great insight about epidemiology and etiology of ARIs among children under 15 years in Morocco. We observed that ARIs constituted a real health problem in infancy and the viruses are the commonest cause.

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Infant Pneumonitis Associated With Cytomegalovirus, Chlamydia, Pneumocystis, and Ureaplasma: Follow-up

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.79.1.76 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 79 (1) ◽

pp. 76-83

Author(s):

Dana M. Brasfield ◽

Sergio Stagno ◽

Richard J. Whitley ◽

Gretchen Cloud ◽

Gail Cassell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Infections ◽

Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽

Pneumocystis Carinii ◽

Later Life ◽

Etiologic Agent ◽

Chest Roentgenogram ◽

Recurrent Wheezing ◽

Obstructive Airways Disease ◽

Syncytial Virus

A total of 205 infants who were hospitalized when younger than 3 months of age for pneumonitis were followed longitudinally. Of these patients, 145 (70%) had evidence of infection with one or more pathogens. The most common etiologic agents were Chlamydia trachomatis 61/193 (36%), respiratory syncytial virus 33/142 (23%), cytomegalovirus 42/203 (20%), Pneumocystis carinii 30/171 (17%), and Ureaplasma urealyticum 21/125 (16%). The initial clinical presentation was characterized by cough, rales, normal temperature, and diffuse obstructive airways disease by chest roentgenogram. Regardless of etiology; significant association occurred for cough and cytomegalovirus, apnea and Pneumocystis, and conjunctivitis and Chlamydia. Longitudinal follow-up demonstrates a mortality of 7/205 (3.4%). Morbidity was manifest as recurrent wheezing episodes in 86/187 (46%) patients, persistently abnormal chest roentgenographic findings for at least 12 months in 17/109 (15%) patients, and abnormal pulmonary functions in 15/25 (60%) patients. These abnormalities occurred irrespective of prematurity, atopy, or the initial etiologic agent associated with the pneumonitis. These data add further evidence that respiratory infections during infancy may well be predecessors of obstructive airways disease in later life.

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Effect of monoclonal antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus in preterm children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia according to follow-up

Kazan medical journal ◽

10.17750/kmj2015-505 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 96 (4) ◽

pp. 505-509

Author(s):

E V Volyanyuk ◽

A I Safina ◽

M V Potapova

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Passive Immunization ◽

Postnatal Life ◽

Preterm Children ◽

Very Preterm Infants ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

Tract Infections

Aim. To assess the effect and safety of palivizumab to prevent the bronchopulmonary dysplasia complications in preterm children according to follow-up. Methods. The study included 48 very preterm infants (birth weight ranged from 732-1640 g) with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, who were divided into two groups. The main group included children who received passive immunization by palivizumab (31 children), the comparison group included un-immunized children (17 patients). The diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in children at 28 days of postnatal life has been set according to clinical and radiological data. After being discharged from the department of pathology of newborn, children were followed-up for 12 months in the center of preterm children follow-up. Average age of patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia was 4.2±1.3 months at passive immunization initiation. The drug was administered by intramuscular injection at a dose of 15 mg/kg once monthly. Results. Lower respiratory tract infections were observed in 6 (19.3%) patients from the first group, including 4 cases of obstructive bronchitis and 2 cases of pneumonia. These patients received incomplete course of immunization. In children who did not receive specific prophylaxis, respiratory infections were registered in 7 (41.2%) patients, with 2 cases accompanied by severe respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. No adverse effects were identified while palivizumab treatment. Conclusion. Palivizumab is currently the only effective drug to prevent the severe respiratory syncytial virus infection; good safety of the drug makes it possible to reconsider the contraindication of its use in high-risk children with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

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Macrophage Receptor With Collagenous Structure Polymorphism and Recurrent Respiratory Infections and Wheezing During Infancy: A 5-Years Follow-Up Study

Frontiers in Pediatrics ◽

10.3389/fped.2021.666423 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Francesco Savino ◽

Francesco Pellegrino ◽

Valentina Daprà ◽

Cristina Calvi ◽

Carla Alliaudi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Virus Infection ◽

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Recurrent Infection ◽

Recurrent Wheezing ◽

Follow Up Study ◽

Syncytial Virus

Background: Recurrent wheezing is a common clinical manifestation in childhood, and respiratory syncytial virus infection is a well-known risk factor. However, the genetic background favoring the development of recurrent wheezing is not fully understood. A possible role of macrophage receptor with collagenous gene (MARCO) polymorphism has been recently proposed.Objective: To investigate a correlation between MARCO rs1318645 polymorphisms and susceptibility to recurrent wheezing during childhood.Methods: We prospectively recruited 116 infants, of which 58 with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis and 58 controls hospitalized at Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Turin, Italy, between November 2014 and April 2015. All subjects were investigated for MARCO rs1318645 polymorphisms in the first period of life. Genotyping of rs1318645 was carried out by TaqMan mismatch amplification mutation assay real-time polymerase chain reaction procedure. Subjects were then enrolled in a 5-year follow-up study to monitor the occurrence of wheezing and respiratory infections.Results: The analysis of MARCO rs1318645 of allelic frequencies shows an increasingly significant risk to develop recurrent infection (p = 0.00065) and recurrent wheezing (p = 0.000084) with a wild-type C allele compared with a G allele. No correlation was found between wheezing and past respiratory syncytial virus infection (p = 0.057) and for a history of atopy in the family (p = 0.859).Conclusion: Our finding showed that subjects with C allelic MARCO rs1318645 polymorphism are at higher risk for recurrent infection and wheezing episodes during the first 5 years of life. Future studies of genetic associations should also consider other types of polymorphisms.

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Human bocavirus respiratory infections in children

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268808001842 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 137 (7) ◽

pp. 1032-1036 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

T. B. GAGLIARDI ◽

M. A. IWAMOTO ◽

F. E. PAULA ◽

J. L. PROENÇA-MODENA ◽

A. M. SARANZO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Infections ◽

Human Adenovirus ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Human Bocavirus ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Parainfluenza Viruses ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

Human Coronaviruses ◽

Human Parainfluenza Viruses

SUMMARYHuman bocavirus (HBoV) was recently identified in respiratory samples from patients with acute respiratory infections and has been reported in different regions of the world. To the best of our knowledge, HBoV has never been reported in respiratory infections in Brazil. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from patients aged <5 years hospitalized in 2005 with respiratory infections in Ribeirão Preto, southeast Brazil, and tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HBoV. HBoV-positive samples were further tested by PCR for human respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, human coronaviruses 229E and OC43, human influenza viruses A and B, human parainfluenza viruses 1, 2 and 3, human rhinovirus and human adenovirus. HBoV was detected in 26/248 (10·5%) children of which 21 (81%) also tested positive for other respiratory viruses. Despite the high rates of co-infections, no significant differences were found between HBoV-positive patients with and without co-infections with regard to symptoms.

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