scholarly journals Ameliorarting Action of Methylcaobalamin on Degenerated Cerebellar Molecular Cell Layer

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 1567-1568
Author(s):  
Tazeen Kohari ◽  
Zaheer Amjad ◽  
Zaffar Malick
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Granule Cell Layer ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Administration Methods

Background: Cerebellum the hindbrain is located in the posterior cranial fossa.The cerebellar cortex consists, of a gray matter and a white matter and the gray matter comprises of outer molecular layer, middle purkinje cell layer and inner most is the granule cell layer. The antimaniac drug lithium caused distortion to the outer molecular cell layer which was repaired and the damage was lessened by injecting the albino rats with Methylcobalamin. Aim: To observe and document the data of the restored thickness of molecular cell layer after Methylcobalamin administration. Methods: Eighteen albino rats were selected and were treated with lithium and Methylcobalamin for a period of 4 weeks. Results: The results showed regeneration and improved thickness of molecular cell layer stressing the need for educating our masses in dietary use of vitamin b12 and the consultants to prescribe Methylcobalamin in neuronal injuries. Conclusion: My study proved that the use of vitamin b12 is mandatory in strengthening and restoring the cerebellar molecular gray matter. Keywords: Cerebellar molecular cell layer,Degeneration, Regeneration

Cerebellar Cortex

2017 ◽  
pp. 439-446
Author(s):  
Masao Ito
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Functional Data ◽  
Functional Unit ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Red Nucleus ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Relative Simplicity ◽  
Human Cerebellum

The microcircuit in the cerebellum is characterized by the relative simplicity, precision, and geometric beauty of its arrangement. Its structure is identical throughout the cerebellar cortex except for some regional differences. The cerebellar cortex has three layers (molecular layer, Purkinje cell layer, and granular layer) and can be divided into more than 100 subareas by horizontal grooves and longitudinal bands. Each subarea can be further subdivided into a number of microzones (there could be 10,000 microzones in the human cerebellum). A microzone, in combination with a small portion of the interior olive, and in some regions, also with that of the parvocellular red nucleus, consists of a microcomplex, a functional unit of the cerebellum. Structural and functional data of neuronal elements and their connections in the cerebellar microcircuit have been. Theoretical models have been proposed to explain how the cerebellar microcircuit operates and generates unique functions.

scholarly journals Deposition and role of thrombospondin in the histogenesis of the cerebellar cortex.

1990 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 1275-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
K S O'Shea ◽  
J S Rheinheimer ◽  
V M Dixit
Keyword(s):  
Cell Migration ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Granule Cell ◽  
Granule Cells ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Granule Cell Layer ◽  
External Granule Cell Layer ◽  
Dependent Inhibition ◽  
Cell Layers

The patterns of deposition of thrombospondin (TSP), a trimeric extracellular matrix glycoprotein, were determined during the initial establishment of the external granule cell layer and the subsequent inward migration of granule cells forming the molecular and (internal) granule cell layers. The early homogeneous deposition of TSP became restricted to the rhombic lip in the region of granule cell exit from the neuroepithelium, and was present between migrating granule cells. During the later inward migration of granule cells, little TSP was associated with dividing granule cells; it was enriched in premigratory granule cells. With the cessation of migration, TSP was lost except in association with fasciculating axons in the molecular layer where staining persisted briefly. At the EM level, TSP was associated with the leading process of granule cells as they associated with Bergmann glial cells and migrated through the molecular layer. TSP was present within granule cell axons; Purkinje cells and their dendrites, as well as Bergmann glial fibers and endfeet were negative for TSP. When anti-TSP antibodies were added to explant cultures of cerebellar cortex during active granule cell migration, a dose-dependent inhibition of migration was observed. In control cultures, granule cells migrated into the (internal) granule cell layer, while granule cells exposed to anti-TSP antibodies were arrested within the external granule cell layer. These results suggest that TSP plays an important role in the histogenesis of the cerebellar cortex by influencing granule cell migration.

To Evaluate The Pernicious Histological Changes Of the Thickness Of Purkinje Cell Layer After Lithium Carbonate Ingestion

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1793-1794
Author(s):  
Farah Malik ◽  
Tazeen Kohari ◽  
Aftab Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Lithium Carbonate ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Cerebellar Hemisphere ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats

Background: The human cerebellum consists of two lobes and each cerebellar hemisphere consists of Gray and white matter. The gray matter has outermost layer called Molecular cell layer, the middle layer composed of Purkinje cell and innermost is Granular cell layer. In the Molecular layer are Stellate, Basket and Dendrites of Purkinje cells. The middle layer presented the characteristic pyramidal shaped Purkinje cells. Aim: To evaluate and record morphological data of the thickness of purkinje cells layer in normal Control group A and in group B rodents which were given lithium carbonate so as to prove the lethal property of the anti-depressive drug lithium carbonate on the histology of Purinje cells layer of cerebellar cortex. Method: Ten albino rats were given lithium carbonate for a period of six weeks and then micrometry was carried out for both groups. Results: The data which was obtained in both groups was analyzed and it was concluded that the Clinicians and population should be aware of the deleterious effects of lithium carbonate. Conclusion: Our study defined the consequences and the sequele of using Lithium carbonate by patients suffering from psychosis as Lithium can cause toxicity even at therapeutic doses. Keywords: Micrometry, deleterious, rhombencephalon

Decrement of the Purkinje Cells Diameter after Oral Intake of Lithium in Albino Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1788-1789
Author(s):  
Tazeen Kohari ◽  
Farah Malik ◽  
Aftab Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Oral Intake ◽  
Lithium Carbonate ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Cell Diameter ◽  
Group A ◽  
Cerebellar Gray Matter ◽  
Group B

Background: The histology of Cerebellar gray matter consists of a middle Purkinje cells layer with flask shaped Purkinje cells. The field of Neurology has documented that different organic compounds and metals are lethal to the excitatory Purkinje Neurons. Researches have proved Lithium to be hazardous to nervous tissue and especially Cerebellum For the past sixty years Lithium is the favorable drug for treatment of Bipolar Disorder. Aim: To Analyse and record the changes of decrement of the size of Purkinje cell Diameter after chronic Lithium ingestion. Methods: Sixteen albino rats were selected and were treated with lithium for a period of fifteen days and the data for changes in Purkinje cells Diameter was observed. Results: The Observations of Our study showed highly significantly decreased diameter of the Purinje cells in Group B (Lithium Carbonate) animals as compared to Group A Animals which were on Lab Diet Conclusion: The Morphometric Data proved that Lithium Carbonate is Toxic to Purkinje cells, and it educated our Population to use Lithium with caution. Keywords: Purkinje cell Diameter, Gray matter, Hazardous

scholarly journals Stereotyped spatial patterns of functional synaptic connectivity in the cerebellar cortex

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine M Valera ◽  
Francesca Binda ◽  
Sophie A Pawlowski ◽  
Jean-Luc Dupont ◽  
Jean-François Casella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Granule Cell ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Granule Cell Layer ◽  
Synaptic Organization ◽  
Cerebellar Modules ◽  
Activity Dependent

Motor coordination is supported by an array of highly organized heterogeneous modules in the cerebellum. How incoming sensorimotor information is channeled and communicated between these anatomical modules is still poorly understood. In this study, we used transgenic mice expressing GFP in specific subsets of Purkinje cells that allowed us to target a given set of cerebellar modules. Combining in vitro recordings and photostimulation, we identified stereotyped patterns of functional synaptic organization between the granule cell layer and its main targets, the Purkinje cells, Golgi cells and molecular layer interneurons. Each type of connection displayed position-specific patterns of granule cell synaptic inputs that do not strictly match with anatomical boundaries but connect distant cortical modules. Although these patterns can be adjusted by activity-dependent processes, they were found to be consistent and predictable between animals. Our results highlight the operational rules underlying communication between modules in the cerebellar cortex.

Cerebellar Grafts Partially Reverse Amino Acid Receptor Changes Observed in the Cerebellum of Mice with Hereditary Ataxia: Quantitative Autoradiographic Studies

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-359
Author(s):  
Kalliope Stasi ◽  
Adamantia Mitsacos ◽  
Lazaros C. Triarhou ◽  
Elias D. Kouvelas
Keyword(s):  
Nmda Receptors ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Cerebellar Nuclei ◽  
Granule Cell Layer ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Hereditary Ataxia ◽  
Deep Cerebellar Nuclei ◽  
Muscimol Binding

We used quantitative autoradiography of [3H]CNQX (200 nM), [3H]muscimol (13 nM), and [3H]flunitrazepam (10 nM) binding to study the distribution of non-NMDA and GABAA receptors in the cerebellum of pcd mutant mice with unilateral cerebellar grafts. Nonspecific binding was determined by incubation with 1 mM Glu, 200 μM GABA, or 1 μM clonazepam, respectively. Saturation parameters were defined in wild-type and mutant cerebella. In mutants, non-NMDA receptors were reduced by 38% in the molecular layer and by 47% in the granule cell layer. The reduction of non-NMDA receptors in the pcd cerebellar cortex supports their localization on Purkinje cells. [3H] CNQX binding sites were visualized at higher density in grafts that had migrated to the cerebellar cortex of the hosts (4.1 and 11.0 pmol/mg protein, respectively, at 23 and 37 days after grafting) than in grafts arrested intraparen-chymally (2.6 and 6.2 pmol/mg protein, respectively, at 23 and 37 days after grafting). The pattern of expression of non-NMDA receptors in cortical vs. parenchymal grafts suggests a possible regulation of their levels by transacting elements from host parallel fibers. GABAA binding levels in the grafts for both ligands used were similar to normal molecular layer. Binding was increased in the deep cerebellar nuclei of pcd mutants: the increase in [3H]muscimol binding over normal was 215% and the increase in [3H]flunitrazepam binding was 89%. Such increases in the pcd deep cerebellar nuclei may reflect a denervation-induced supersensitivity subsequent to the loss of Purkinje axon terminal innervation. In the deep nuclei of pcd mutants with unilateral cerebellar grafts, [3H]muscimol binding was 31% lower in the grafted side than in the contralateral nongrafted side at 37 days after transplantation; [3H]fluni-trazepam binding was also lower in the grafted side by 15% compared to the nongrafted side. Such changes in GABAA receptors suggest a significant, albeit partial, normalizing trend of cerebellar grafts on the state of postsynaptic supersensitive receptors in the host cerebellar nuclei.

Altered synaptic transmission in dentate gyrus of rats reared in complex environments: evidence from hippocampal slices maintained in vitro

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Green ◽  
W. T. Greenough
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Dentate Gyrus ◽  
Granule Cell ◽  
Granule Cells ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Hippocampal Slices ◽  
Granule Cell Layer ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Rearing Environment

Pre- and postsynaptic responses to activation of medial perforant path (MPP) axons were examined in hippocampal slices taken from rats reared for 3-4 wk in relatively complex (EC) or individual cage (IC) environments. Three types of extracellular field potentials were recorded in the infrapyramidal blade of the dentate gyrus: 1) granule cell population spikes (PSs), which reflect the number and synchrony of discharging granule cells (2), 2) population excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs), which reflect the amount of excitatory synaptic current flow into dendrites (28), and 3) presynaptic fiber volleys (FVs), which reflect the number of activated axons (28). Stimulation of the MPP evoked significantly larger PSs in slices taken from EC rats. There was no significant effect of rearing environment on PS/EPSP relationships. The slopes of EPSPs recorded at the site of synaptic activation in the dentate molecular layer and at the major current source in the dentate granule cell layer were significantly greater in slices taken from EC rats. The presynaptic FV was recorded at the site of synaptic activation in the molecular layer. FV amplitude did not differ significantly as a function of rearing environment. To examine possible differences in tissue impedance, granule cells were activated by stimulating granule cell axons in the dentate hilus and recording the antidromic PS in the granule cell layer. Antidromic PS amplitude was not significantly affected by rearing environment. The relative permanence of the experience-dependent alterations in synaptic transmission was assessed by comparing slices taken from rats that had been reared for 4 wk in complex environments followed by 3-4 wk in individual cages with those from rats reared for 7-8 wk in individual cages. There were no significant differences in MPP synaptic transmission between these groups of animals. The results suggest that experience in a relatively complex environment is associated with greater MPP synaptic transmission arising from an increased synaptic input to granule cells; the greater MPP synaptic transmission associated with behavioral experience can occur independent of behavioral state, influences from extrahippocampal brain regions and intrahippocampal inhibitory activity; and the experience-dependent synaptic alterations in the dentate gyrus are transient, in contrast to experience-dependent morphological alterations described in occipital cortex. The possible relationship of these alterations to the phenomenon of long-term enhancement is discussed.

scholarly journals Cerebellar Cortex, Purkinje Cell Layer

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Wright ◽  
◽  
Lydia Ng ◽  
Angela Guillozet-Bongaarts
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Purkinje Cell Layer
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