scholarly journals Gender Impact of Interregional Trade

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Carolina Pavese
Keyword(s):  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Gender Mainstreaming ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Interregional Trade ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
Promote Gender Equality ◽  
The Eu

After two decades of negotiations, the European Union (EU) and Mercosur celebrated a new Association Agreement in 2019. Structured around three pillars (political dialogue, cooperation, and trade), the deal is still pending ratification but has raised strong criticism. Most concerns address the effect of trade liberalization on social and environmental agendas. This article contributes to this debate, conducting qualitative analysis on the agreement's potential impact on gender equality in the EU and Mercosur. Departing from the feminist scholarship assumption that trade has an unavoidable effect on gender, this article argues that interregional trade agreements can be a helpful policy instrument to promote gender equality. Nevertheless, this research demonstrates that, so far, the EU-Mercosur Association Agreement has neglected this opportunity. The provisional text does not reflect a gender mainstreaming approach, lacking the appropriate mechanisms to manage its effects on women. As a result, the new interregional trade liberalization instrument risks widening gender inequality in both regions. Nevertheless, this research demonstrates that, so far, the EU-Mercosur Association Agreement has neglected this opportunity. The provisional text does not reflect a gender mainstreaming approach, lacking the appropriate mechanisms to manage its effects on women. As a result, the new interregional trade liberalization instrument risks widening gender inequality in both regions.

Gender mainstreaming in Europe: legislation and cultural changes

2019 ◽  
pp. 31-46
Author(s):  
Vera Lomazzi ◽  
Isabella Crespi
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Gender Mainstreaming ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Substantive Equality ◽  
The Eu

The exploration of the development of the gender mainstreaming strategy and its effect on, European legislation concerning gender equality, from its beginnings to today is the aim of this chapter.The focus is on the role of the European Union in promoting substantive equality for men and women improving legislation in the European Union context and favouring a cultural change in the gender equality perspective. Gender mainstreaming is analysed as the main legislative and cultural shift done for promoting gender equality in all European policies. Gender mainstreaming legislation requires the adoption of a gender perspective by all the central actors in the policy process and, even considering its limits and blunders, and is still the most crucial transnational strategy currently in existence that promotes gender equality in all domains of social life. The legislation enquiries raised at the beginning of the gender mainstreaming implementation process in the EU around 1996 focused on the potential role of the EU in bridging the gap between formal and substantive equality, until nowadays and most recent guidelines, are the issues of the discussion in the chapter.

scholarly journals Gender equality, diversity, and inclusion in academia: successes and failures of the initiatives promoted by the European Union

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-40
Author(s):  
Rita Bencivenga ◽  
Cinzia Leone ◽  
Anna Siri
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Gender Mainstreaming ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Academic Field ◽  
Scientific Debate ◽  
Diversity And Inclusion ◽  
Promote Gender Equality

Abstract The article summarises the scientific debate on the strengths and weaknesses of the strategies adopted by the European Union to promote gender equality in academia and the adoption of a gender perspective in research. The article focuses on introducing gender mainstreaming, promoting gender equality and structural change in research performing and financing organisations, and adopting gender action/equality plans. The discussion is structured around textual analysis of relevant EU acts, scientific literature, reports of EU funded research projects, communication and support actions. The authors discuss the critics of the various initiative and advance some considerations about what could support individuals and groups interested in promoting positive changes towards gender equality, diversity and inclusion in the academic field. The article relevance is linked to the innovation promoted by Horizon Europe, that requires all public institutions applying for Eu funding to have a Gender equality plan, and the risks that previous mistakes can be repeated hindering the process towards gender equality as in the recent past.

scholarly journals Covid-19: the place for women in pandemic response in the EU

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonella Zarra ◽  
Matilde Ceron
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Mainstreaming ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Geographical Differences ◽  
Qualitative Case Studies ◽  
Gender Parity ◽  
Reform Strategies ◽  
Pandemic Response ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Eu

Women have been disproportionately penalized by the pandemic undermining or reverting recent equality progress rendering the mainstreaming of gender parity crucial for an inclusive recovery. The European Union provides a well-defined case to assess the saliency and cross-country heterogeneity of gender mainstreaming in the recovery. Its commonly financed recovery plan Next Generation EU (NGEU) embodies gender equality among its priorities, on the basis of which Member State drafted National Recovery and Resilience Plans (NRRPs). Our analysis exploits the NRRPs for a cross-country comparison of the saliency of gender through a mixed-method assessment complementing automated text analysis of the NRRPs with qualitative case studies. Findings show limited saliency of gender parity within national recovery investment and reform strategies, with substantial geographical differences favouring more gender-equal countries. Results highlight (heterogeneously) limited prioritization of gender equality across the EU risking widening gaps as a legacy of Covid-19.

scholarly journals THE PRINCIPLE OF GENDER EQUALITY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: DIMENSIONS AND THEIR CONTENT

2019 ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Kh. Rionidze
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
European Union ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Mainstreaming ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Equal Pay ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Eu

The topicality of this issue is related to the fact that the EU is founded on a set of values, including equality. Nowadays the attitude towards women in the society is significantly different from that of men. Unfortunately, inequality does not decline over time. The basic idea of gender equality is to provide both women and men with the same rights, opportunities and conditions for full-fledged development. The article is devoted to the dimensions of the principle of gender equality in the European Union, which is important for Ukraine due to the conditions of European integration. The dimensions of gender equality cover the political, economic, civil, social and cultural spheres of our live activity, including achieving gender equality in employment, equal pay for equal work, gender balance in decision making, harmonization of professional and family life, education and «gender mainstreaming». That is why research and analysis of gender equality's dimensions in the EU and defining the legal aspects of their regulation are relevant to the legal system of Ukraine. Over the past few decades, the EU has notably worked for equal treatment legislation, gender mainstreaming and specific measures for the advancement of women. Moreover, the EU has defined the following dimensions of gender equality: equal economic independence for women and men; equal pay for work of equal value; equality in decision-making; dignity, integrity and ending gender-based violence; and promoting gender equality beyond the EU. The dimension of gender equality is a strategy for making women's as well as men's concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and social spheres, so that women and men benefit equally and the inequality is not perpetuated. Although the EU has achieved positive results in protecting human rights, the work is still continuing in this direction. The idea of gender equality is an integral part of equality as a general principle, development and peace in the world. Without this principle, it is impossible to establish the basis for democracy, freedom, justice and tolerance. Recently, the principle of gender equality is getting paramount importance for Ukraine, as one of the conditions for successful European integration.

Gender Equality Policies and European Union Politics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Fiig
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gender Mainstreaming ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Political Commitment ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
The One ◽  
The Eu

The European Union (EU) has been characterized as a “gender regime” with its distinctive patterns of gender (in)equalities and path dependencies. Gender equality policies have developed as a genuine policy field over the past decades from a single treaty article to a comprehensive legal and political framework dealing with multiple sources of discrimination. Besides, a range of other policies have got gendered effects, which adds to the debates about gender equality. Gender equality is often presented as a foundational value of the EU with reference to the Treaty of Amsterdam and Lisbon. Research has pointed out that it is an important aspect of the foundational myth of the EU. The development of gender policies has been uneven and met by resistance. However, a general conclusion is that EU institutions have been important catalysts in shaping women’s economic, political, and social equality in Europe and in putting equality rights into effect. The article presents some of the historical, political, and sociological interpretations of the EU’s gender equality policies. The development of actual gender equality policies is described in terms of the following phases: the 1970s (associated with women’s civil and economic rights and equal treatment), the 1980s (equal opportunities, positive action), and the 1990s (gender mainstreaming in the whole union and for all policy areas). Since the 2000s, a fourth phase of new policies against multiple discrimination has been developing. These different stages of EU gender policy continue to coexist. The analysis approaches gender equality policies as situated between concerns for gender equality and multiple discrimination on the one hand and priorities of economy and finance on the other. Critical voices in the literature have pointed out that these priorities have outperformed ideas about gender equality. In the aftermath of the financial crisis, EU austerity policies represent a “critical juncture” that could undo the long-term progress achieved in gender equality in Europe. Besides, gender equality policies suffer from a gap between institutionalization on the one hand and a lack of consistency and full political commitment on the other. In the context of the contemporary crises in the EU, the paper investigates the development and status of gender equality policies and adds to the literature through its critical focus. A key point is that dynamic gender relations, multiple discrimination, and women’s various roles in society matter for understanding the EU and European integration. This raises questions about the EU’s role as a driving force for gender equality and against multiple discrimination. What happened to gender equality policies and to gendered effects of other policies as a result of the various crises in the EU?

Gender mainstreaming in the European Union: broadening the possibilities for gender equality and/or an inherently constrained exercise?

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia S. O'Connor
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Mainstreaming ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Gender Justice ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Early Adopters ◽  
Policy Practice ◽  
Documentary Analysis ◽  
The Eu

The European Union (EU) was an influential voice in advocating the adoption of gender mainstreaming by the 4th United Nations World Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995. Since then gender mainstreaming has become a central policy plank of gender justice globally, but progress has been variable and modest. This paper examines the unfolding of gender mainstreaming in the EU, which was one of the early adopters as reflected by its commitment to gender mainstreaming in 1996. The objective is to identify patterns that may have implications for gender justice on a broader scale. The lenses are the European Employment Strategy dating from 1997 and targeted gender equality initiatives dating from the Community Framework on Gender Equality (2001–2005). Drawing on documentary analysis of these sources constraints on moving form aspiration to policy practice and outcome are identified. These are intensified by the multilevel structure of decision-making in the EU, which means that commitments agreed at the EU level are not pursed with the same fervour by all member states. But constraints are inherent in gender mainstreaming because of the contested and vague nature of the concept, the context of cross-cutting inequalities and the structural basis of these inequalities.

scholarly journals Gendered Sociocultural Structures and Africa’s Quest for Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Grace Reuben Etuk ◽  
Ugo Samuel Bassey ◽  
Ejukwa Osam
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Gender Mainstreaming ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Promote Gender Equality ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Women And Girls

The way gender interfaces with development is a concern that has occupied the attention of development planners and feminists for some time now. The impetus for this concern is the realization that a key component for achieving development in all its dimensions is the existence of gender equality. This explains why the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals of 2000 framed its third goal as “To promote gender equality and women empowerment”; and more recently in its Sustainable Development Goals of 2015, the fifth goal is “To achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls”. Against this backdrop, therefore, this paper attempts to accentuate the extent of gender inequality that has persisted in Africa’s social structures, and how it has so far affected development on the continent. Particular prominence is given to the ways gender inequality in Africa’s social structures have functioned to keep the continent’s development rate at a snail pace by crippling the extent of participation in the development process by women – the main victims of gender inequality. The issue of gender and its effects on Africa’s social systems and subsequently the processes that will lead up the continent’s development must be properly addressed if a highway is to be created for development to ride in Africa. Thus, among other recommendations, the paper advocates for gender mainstreaming in policies and programmes at country level on the continent.

DEVELOPMENT TRENDS AND PROSPECTS OF ECONOMIC AND TRADE COOPERATION BETWEEN CHINA AND UKRAINE

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (6) ◽  
pp. 3-12
Author(s):  
Zhang DONGYANG ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Free Trade Zone ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
The Eu

The status and prospects of development of trade and economic relations between Ukraine and China are considered. It is proved that bilateral cooperation in the trade and economic sphere has made significant progress. In 2012–2017, China was the second largest trading partner of Ukraine after Russia. However, the problem of imbalance in imports and exports between Ukraine and China has not yet been resolved. In addition, the scale and number of projects in which Ukraine attracts Chinese investment is much less than investments from European countries and the United States. It is justified that trade and economic cooperation between Ukraine and China is at a new historical stage. On the one hand, Ukraine signed the Association Agreement with the European Union, and on January 1, 2016, the rules of the free trade zone between Ukraine and the EU entered into force. This helps to accelerate the integration of Ukrainian economy into European one. On the other hand, the global economic downturn requires the introduction of innovations in the model of cooperation. The Chinese initiative “One belt is one way” is one of the variants of the innovation model of cooperation. Its significance is to unite the Asia-Pacific region with the EU in order to join the Eurasian Economic Union, create a new space and opportunities for development and achieve prosperity with the Eurasian countries. All this forms unprecedented opportunities for development of bilateral economic and trade relations. It seems that to fully open the potential of Ukrainian economy and expand bilateral trade and economic cooperation, it is necessary to take into account such proposals as the establishment of the Sino-Ukrainian industrial park, the promotion of cooperation in the field of electronic commerce, the formation of the Sino-Ukrainian free trade zone and enhanced interaction within multilateral mechanisms (for example, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the interaction of China and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe in the 16 + 1 format).

Las funciones del interregionalismo en la relación UE-CAN

Oikos ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (29) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Olga María Cerqueira Torres
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Present Article ◽  
The Political ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
Political Rationality ◽  
Article Analysis ◽  
Andean Community ◽  
The Eu

RESUMENEn el presente artículo el análisis se ha centrado en determinar cuáles de las funciones del interregionalismo, sistematizadas en los trabajos de Jürgen Rüland, han sido desarrolladas en la relación Unión Europea-Comunidad Andina de Naciones, ya que ello ha permitido evidenciar si el estado del proceso de integración de la CAN ha condicionado la racionalidad política del comportamiento de la Unión Europea hacia la región andina (civil power o soft imperialism); esto posibilitará establecer la viabilidad de la firma del Acuerdo de Asociación Unión Europea-Comunidad Andina de Naciones.Palabras clave: Unión Europea, Comunidad Andina, interregionalismo, funciones, acuerdo de asociación. Interregionalism functions in the EU-ANDEAN community relationsABSTRACTIn the present article analysis has focused on which functions of interregionalism, systematized by Jürgen Rüland, have been developed in the European Union-Andean Community birregional relation, that allowed demonstrate if the state of the integration process in the Andean Community has conditioned the political rationality of the European Union towards the Andean region (civil power or soft imperialism); with all these elements will be possible to establish the viability of the Association Agreement signature between the European Union and the Andean Community.Keywords: European Union, Andean Community, interregionalism, functions, association agreement.

Instrumenty polityki równości płci w kontekście sytuacji w Polsce

2016 ◽  
pp. 88-109
Author(s):  
Wiktoria Domagała
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Equal Opportunities ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Nations

The article undertakes the issue of gender equality policies in the context of its indicators. The main purpose of the paper is to identify the areas of gender inequality, its scale and determinants. Firstly, the article presents the legislation of gender equality policies – its main objectives. Next, the paper discusses indicators that were implemented by organisations such as the Organisation of the United Nations and the European Union. These selected indicators are presented, taking into account the situation in Poland. In conclusion, the paper highlights the main obstacles to the pursuit of equal opportunities for women and men in Poland.

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