Animal Disease Epidemics: Implications for Production, Policy and Trade

2002 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Burrell
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Private Insurance ◽  
Animal Disease ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Production Policy ◽  
Contingency Plans ◽  
Social And Ethical Issues ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Disease Epidemics ◽  
Disease Free

The outbreak of a highly infectious animal disease in a disease-free area is an ever-present risk. Recent epidemics in European livestock populations illustrate that the cost in terms of eradication, lost production and trade disruption may be high. In this paper, the implications for the meat and livestock industry, government policy and international trade rules are considered. The need for strict biosecurity and effective contingency plans is stressed. Options such as private insurance, animal tracing systems and emergency vaccination are discussed. Current measures for controlling animal disease epidemics raise various social and ethical issues that complicate the policy makers' task.

Using Biomedical Ethics Model to Explore Use of Postmortem Specimens in Tissue Research

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 234-237
Author(s):  
Stacy A. Drake ◽  
Erica T. Yu
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Biomedical Ethics ◽  
Human Tissues ◽  
Next Of Kin ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Tissue Procurement ◽  
Tissue Research ◽  
Death Investigation ◽  
Medicolegal Death Investigation

Researchers often have a need to conduct human tissue research using postmortem specimens. Medicolegal death investigation organizations are untapped areas for obtaining postmortem human tissues. Because death investigation organizations are not required by law to conduct or support research, an ethical dilemma exists in whether or not researchers should use cadaver tissues for research purposes. This paper analyzes the ethical issues of using human tissues through discussion of principles of biomedical ethics, respect for autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice. Policy makers, organ and tissue procurement organizations, medicolegal death investigation organizations, and scientists should be aware of these principles when considering researchers requests. The authors conclude that with Institutional Review Board approval and next of kin consent, there are prevailing reasons for using postmortem tissue for research.

scholarly journals Ethical dilemmas are really important to potential adopters of autonomous vehicles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tripat Gill
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Social Dilemma ◽  
Innovation Adoption ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Early Adopters ◽  
The Social ◽  
Legal And Ethical Issues ◽  
Theoretical Standpoint

AbstractThe ethical dilemma (ED) of whether autonomous vehicles (AVs) should protect the passengers or pedestrians when harm is unavoidable has been widely researched and debated. Several behavioral scientists have sought public opinion on this issue, based on the premise that EDs are critical to resolve for AV adoption. However, many scholars and industry participants have downplayed the importance of these edge cases. Policy makers also advocate a focus on higher level ethical principles rather than on a specific solution to EDs. But conspicuously absent from this debate is the view of the consumers or potential adopters, who will be instrumental to the success of AVs. The current research investigated this issue both from a theoretical standpoint and through empirical research. The literature on innovation adoption and risk perception suggests that EDs will be heavily weighted by potential adopters of AVs. Two studies conducted with a broad sample of consumers verified this assertion. The results from these studies showed that people associated EDs with the highest risk and considered EDs as the most important issue to address as compared to the other technical, legal and ethical issues facing AVs. As such, EDs need to be addressed to ensure robustness in the design of AVs and to assure consumers of the safety of this promising technology. Some preliminary evidence is provided about interventions to resolve the social dilemma in EDs and about the ethical preferences of prospective early adopters of AVs.

scholarly journals Perceptions of ‘Precision’ and ‘Personalised’ Medicine in Singapore and Associated Ethical Issues

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-194
Author(s):  
Serene Ong ◽  
Jeffrey Ling ◽  
Angela Ballantyne ◽  
Tamra Lysaght ◽  
Vicki Xafis
Keyword(s):  
Precision Medicine ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Personalised Medicine ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Visual Aids ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Social ◽  
Genomic Analyses ◽  
Common Understanding

AbstractGovernments are investing in precision medicine (PM) with the aim of improving healthcare through the use of genomic analyses and data analytics to develop tailored treatment approaches for individual patients. The success of PM is contingent upon clear public communications that engender trust and secure the social licence to collect and share large population-wide data sets because specific consent for each data re-use is impractical. Variation in the terminology used by different programmes used to describe PM may hinder clear communication and threaten trust. Language is used to create common understanding and expectations regarding precision medicine between researchers, clinicians and the volunteers. There is a need to better understand public interpretations of PM-related terminology. This paper reports on a qualitative study involving 24 focus group participants in the multi-lingual context of Singapore. The study explored how Singaporeans interpret and understand the terms ‘precision medicine’ and ‘personalised medicine’, and which term they felt more aptly communicates the concept and goals of PM. Results suggest that participants were unable to readily link the terms with this area of medicine and initially displayed preferences for the more familiar term of ‘personalised’. The use of visual aids to convey key concepts resonated with participants, some of whom then indicated preferences for the term ‘precision’ as being a more accurate description of PM research. These aids helped to facilitate dialogue around the ethical and social value, as well as the risks, of PM. Implications for programme developers and policy makers are discussed.

Using information technology to integrate social and ethical issues into the computer science and information systems curriculum

1997 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 38-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary J. Granger ◽  
Elizabeth S. Adams ◽  
Christina Björkman ◽  
Don Gotterbarn ◽  
Diana D. Juettner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Information Systems ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Social And Ethical Issues ◽  
Information Systems Curriculum

scholarly journals The Effect of Massachusetts' Health Reform on Employer-Sponsored Insurance Premiums

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
John F Cogan ◽  
R. Glenn Hubbard ◽  
Daniel Kessler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Reform ◽  
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey ◽  
Private Insurance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medical Expenditure ◽  
Insurance Premiums ◽  
Reform Plan ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

In this paper, we use publicly available data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey - Insurance Component (MEPS-IC) to investigate the effect of Massachusetts' health reform plan on employer-sponsored insurance premiums. We tabulate premium growth for private-sector employers in Massachusetts and the United States as a whole for 2004 - 2008. We estimate the effect of the plan as the difference in premium growth between Massachusetts and the United States between 2006 and 2008—that is, before versus after the plan—over and above the difference in premium growth for 2004 to 2006. We find that health reform in Massachusetts increased single-coverage employer-sponsored insurance premiums by about 6 percent, or $262. Although our research design has important limitations, it does suggest that policy makers should be concerned about the consequences of health reform for the cost of private insurance.

Conferring a Federal Property Right in Genetic Material: Stepping into the Future with the Genetic Privacy Act

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-134
Author(s):  
Michael M.J. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Genetic Privacy ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Dna Evidence ◽  
Privacy Act ◽  
National Rule ◽  
Social And Ethical Issues

“A wise man can hear profit in the wind.”—Pel, quoting the Ferengi Rules of AcquisitionThe expansive biotechnology field includes many facets of medical research, from drug discovery and design, to gene therapy and the diagnosis of genetic diseases, to the use of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) evidence to identify individuals and genetic characteristics. The biotechnology industry requires a readily available supply of biological raw materials; much of current research is founded on cells, tissues, organs, fetal tissues and placentas, and other samples derived from human donors. However, this growing need for raw materials presents many economic, social, and ethical issues to society, researchers, and the existing legal regime. Furthermore, because courts and legislatures fail to provide a clear national rule regarding biological materials, the resulting legal uncertainties chill research and investment. Although very few cases address property rights in a person’s organs, tissues, and genetic material, the issues of autonomy and privacy involved evoke analogies to deep-seated issues such as slavery, the freezing of embryos, and abortion.

Kleine deeltjes, grote kwesties

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucien Hanssen ◽  
Tim Vos ◽  
Maartje Langeslag ◽  
Bart Walhout
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
Academic Organizations ◽  
Civil Society Organisations ◽  
National Debate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Social And Ethical Issues ◽  
Issue Analysis

Small particles, big issues. An issue analysis of the Dutch national dialogue nanotechnology Small particles, big issues. An issue analysis of the Dutch national dialogue nanotechnology In 2010 the Dutch government sponsored a national dialogue on nanotechnology. A wide range of activities was organised to bring scientific and societal views into this national debate. Issue analysis showed that risk issues concerning health and environment got most attention. Good legislation and ethical motives also came up as prominent topics in discussions. Next to issue analysis, we analysed the type of organizations that orchestrated the different projects and we looked at possibilities to bring in public voices. It turned out that there is no difference in public outreach or involvement among professional media, civil society, or academic organizations. Civil society organizations often set social and ethical issues on the agenda. Due to a lack of capacity and expertise their actual participation in dialogue projects was limited. To strengthen a more robust societal perspective in further national dialogues one could invest in capacity building for civil society organisations.

Does the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic influence the FX? A note.

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelos Vasileiou
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Interest Rate Risk ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Domestic Currency ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

This note shows that the effective response of a country in its battle against COVID-19 influences the exchange rate of its currency. Particularly, we examine the GBPUSD, AUDUSD and AUDGBP pairs of currency during the COVID-19 outbreak and the results show that the domestic currency of the country which documents more COVID-19 cases in each pair is depreciated against the foreign one. Therefore, a country which cannot effectively mitigate the impact of COVID-19 and whose currency is depreciated may present further economic consequences in the future. Such consequences extend beyond economic recession and may include sovereign and interest rate risk. These findings may be useful for policy makers in order to estimate the cost of the pandemic.

Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of Covid-19 Infection spreads in India with Restricted Optimal Treatment on Disease Incidence

BIOMATH ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 2106147
Author(s):  
Debkumar Pal ◽  
D Ghosh ◽  
P K Santra ◽  
G S Mahapatra
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Objective Function ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Modeling And Analysis ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Disease Free ◽  
The Basic Reproduction Number

This paper presents the current situation and how to minimize its effect in India through a mathematical model of infectious Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). This model consists of six compartments to population classes consisting of susceptible, exposed, home quarantined, government quarantined, infected individuals in treatment, and recovered class. The basic reproduction number is calculated, and the stabilities of the proposed model at the disease-free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium are observed. The next crucial treatment control of the Covid-19 epidemic model is presented in India's situation. An objective function is considered by incorporating the optimal infected individuals and the cost of necessary treatment. Finally, optimal control is achieved that minimizes our anticipated objective function. Numerical observations are presented utilizing MATLAB software to demonstrate the consistency of present-day representation from a realistic standpoint.

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