scholarly journals Identity Integration Disorder as a Promising Model for the Study from the Standpoint of Evolutionary Diatropics

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
Andrey Askarovich Badalov ◽  
Aleksandr Anatolievich Sorokin ◽  
Yuriy Anatolievich Fesenko ◽  
Svetlana Nikolaevna Brovkina ◽  
Evgeniy Vasilievich Sumanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Identity Integration ◽  
Special Group ◽  
Localized Structures ◽  
Cross Correlation Analysis ◽  
Mental Pathology ◽  
The Brain

Diatropics is an evolutionary theory of diversity and the mechanisms of its formation. Identity integration disorder (IID) is a specific mixed form of psychopathological diathesis, characterized by the presence in the personality structure of a combination of symptoms of the three main circles of mental disorders: schizophrenic, epileptic, affective. Our study evaluated the peculiarities of the neurophysiological indices of the brain of persons with IID as consolidating with respect to the main forms of mental disorders, to substantiate the possibility of studying this phenomenon as a diatropic model of mental pathology. A total of 76 subjects with IID and 20 mentally healthy subjects were selected. For neurophysiological examination, cross-correlation analysis of electroencephalography respondents was used. The changes in the connections between the different brain regions of individuals with IID can be described as indicating two main features: 1) a decrease in the degree of interaction between centrally localized structures - the temporal, and upper parietal; 2) an increase in the degree of interaction between the integration of the frontal and occipital regions. The presence of signs of mental disorders in the human population is necessary in order to form a special group of highly intelligent, creatively gifted.

Mental and behavioural disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 333-365
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Benedetti
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Placebo Effect ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Placebo Treatment ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Psychotherapeutic Interventions ◽  
Psychotherapeutic Outcome ◽  
The Brain

In this chapter some mental disorders are described. For example, in depression, fluoxetine treatment and a placebo treatment affect similar brain regions. In anxiety, patients’ expectations play a crucial role, as covert (unexpected) administration of anti-anxiety drugs is less effective than overt (expected) administration. The disruption of prefrontal executive control in Alzheimer’s disease decreases the magnitude of placebo responses. In addition, expectations appear to be particularly important when associated with the effects of drugs of abuse. Placebo effects appear to be powerful in psychotherapy as well, and the brain areas involved in the psychotherapeutic outcome are different from those involved in the placebo effect. As clinical trials for psychotherapeutic interventions represent a major problem, new recommendations are presented.

scholarly journals Geometric renormalization unravels self-similarity of the multiscale human connectome

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (33) ◽  
pp. 20244-20253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhua Zheng ◽  
Antoine Allard ◽  
Patric Hagmann ◽  
Yasser Alemán-Gómez ◽  
M. Ángeles Serrano
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Structural Connectivity ◽  
Coarse Graining ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Self Similarity ◽  
Digital Reconstruction ◽  
Self Similar ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Organizing Principles

Structural connectivity in the brain is typically studied by reducing its observation to a single spatial resolution. However, the brain possesses a rich architecture organized over multiple scales linked to one another. We explored the multiscale organization of human connectomes using datasets of healthy subjects reconstructed at five different resolutions. We found that the structure of the human brain remains self-similar when the resolution of observation is progressively decreased by hierarchical coarse-graining of the anatomical regions. Strikingly, a geometric network model, where distances are not Euclidean, predicts the multiscale properties of connectomes, including self-similarity. The model relies on the application of a geometric renormalization protocol which decreases the resolution by coarse-graining and averaging over short similarity distances. Our results suggest that simple organizing principles underlie the multiscale architecture of human structural brain networks, where the same connectivity law dictates short- and long-range connections between different brain regions over many resolutions. The implications are varied and can be substantial for fundamental debates, such as whether the brain is working near a critical point, as well as for applications including advanced tools to simplify the digital reconstruction and simulation of the brain.

scholarly journals Cerebellar modulation of the reward circuitry and social behavior

Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 363 (6424) ◽  
pp. eaav0581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilaria Carta ◽  
Christopher H. Chen ◽  
Amanda L. Schott ◽  
Schnaude Dorizan ◽  
Kamran Khodakhah
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Ventral Tegmental Area ◽  
Social Preference ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Reward Circuitry ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Brain

The cerebellum has been implicated in a number of nonmotor mental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and addiction. However, its contribution to these disorders is not well understood. In mice, we found that the cerebellum sends direct excitatory projections to the ventral tegmental area (VTA), one of the brain regions that processes and encodes reward. Optogenetic activation of the cerebello-VTA projections was rewarding and, in a three-chamber social task, these projections were more active when the animal explored the social chamber. Intriguingly, activity in the cerebello-VTA pathway was required for the mice to show social preference in this task. Our data delineate a major, previously unappreciated role for the cerebellum in controlling the reward circuitry and social behavior.

scholarly journals An fMRI Study Using a Combined Task of Interval Discrimination and Oddball Could Reveal Common Brain Circuits of Cognitive Change

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Sol Garcés ◽  
Irene Alústiza ◽  
Anton Albajes-Eizagirre ◽  
Javier Goena ◽  
Patricio Molero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Cognitive Change ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Brain

Recent functional neuroimaging studies suggest that the brain networks responsible for time processing are involved during other cognitive processes, leading to a hypothesis that time-related processing is needed to perform a range of tasks across various cognitive functions. To examine this hypothesis, we analyze whether, in healthy subjects, the brain structures activated or deactivated during performance of timing and oddball-detection type tasks coincide. To this end, we conducted two independent signed differential mapping (SDM) meta-analyses of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies assessing the cerebral generators of the responses elicited by tasks based on timing and oddball-detection paradigms. Finally, we undertook a multimodal meta-analysis to detect brain regions common to the findings of the two previous meta-analyses. We found that healthy subjects showed significant activation in cortical areas related to timing and salience networks. The patterns of activation and deactivation corresponding to each task type partially coincided. We hypothesize that there exists a time and change-detection network that serves as a common underlying resource used in a broad range of cognitive processes.

A Cognitive Neuroscience Approach to Self and Mental Health

2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Motoaki Sugiura
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Layer Structure ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Social Value ◽  
Layered Model ◽  
The Brain

Elucidating the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive processes related to self has been a promising approach to enhancing the scientific knowledge of mental health and mental disorders. However, relevant data from functional neuroimaging studies have not yet converged. The multi-layered model of self-processing proposed here reconciles these seemingly controversial findings by assuming there are three layers of self, including the physical self, interpersonal relationships, and social value. A schema that associates the representations of output and feedback in different cortical networks was conceptualized for each layer of self. The concepts of self-related cognition and mental disorders may be reconstructed based on this three-layer structure. The brain regions that accommodate the proposed schema are assumed to respond during the detection of error relative to a prediction; consequently, this neural response may be used for diagnosis and evaluation of mental disorders and health.

Neural Synchronisation and Information Transmission in Delay-coupled Neuronal Networks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minseok Kang
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Function ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Neural Synchrony ◽  
Signal Modulation ◽  
Parameter Spaces ◽  
Cortical Connections ◽  
In Silico Study ◽  
The Brain

Neural synchrony is a widely observed phenomenon in the brain and it has been proposed that synchronisation of different brain rhythms might play a key role in integrating information from different brain regions. In this in silico study, I focus on particular motifs modelling thalamo-cortical connections. Parameter spaces of conduction delays and synaptic conductances are explored to study the synchrony regime of these motifs. Furthermore, I directly modulate a signal injected to one of the neurons in a network and examine how well the information of a signal modulation can be transmitted to other neurons in the network by using a cross-correlation function.

scholarly journals Networked information interactions of epileptic EEG based on symbolic transfer entropy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenpo Yao ◽  
Jun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Transfer Entropy ◽  
Symbolic Transfer Entropy ◽  
Electrical Activities ◽  
The Brain

AbstractIdentifying networked information exchanges among brain regions is important for understanding the brain structure. We employ symbolic transfer entropy to facilitate the construction of networked information interactions for EEGs of 22 epileptics and 22 healthy subjects. The epileptic patients during seizure-free interval have lower information transfer in each individual and whole brain regions than the healthy subjects. Among all of the brain regions, the information flows out of and into the brain area of O1 of the epileptic EEGs are significantly lower than those of the healthy (p<0.0005), and the information flow from F7 to F8 (p<0.00001) is particularly promising to discriminate the two groups of EEGs. Moreover, Shannon entropy of probability distributions of information exchanges suggests that the healthy EEGs have higher complexity and irregularity than the epileptic brain electrical activities. By characterizing the brain networked information interactions, our findings highlight the long-term reduced information exchanges, degree of brain interactivities and informational complexity of the epileptic EEG.

On the Issue of Neurophysiological Mechanisms of Giftedness: Creative Type of Personality as an Objective Reality

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Andrey Askarovich Badalov ◽  
Aleksandr Anatolievich Sorokin ◽  
Svetlana Nikolaevna Brovkina ◽  
Stepan Sergeevich Kalinin ◽  
Gulzhaina Kuralbaevna Kassymova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Cognitive Structure ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Psychiatric Clinic ◽  
Cross Correlation Analysis ◽  
Neurophysiological Mechanisms ◽  
Occipital Lobes ◽  
Mental Pathology ◽  
The Brain

In the article, from the point of view of evolutionary diatropics, a special cognitive structure of the personality is considered: the versative-ingenational-rapid intellectually gifted individual (VIR-type), which is the author's rethinking of the concept of urethral fixation by Z. Freud. The historical context of the formation of this concept is traced, its modern meaning is revealed, both from the point of view of the psychiatric clinic and from the position of pedagogical psychology. The material of the study of cross-correlation analysis of the electroencephalogram of 36 subjects with a VIR-type of personality demonstrates the features of the neurofunctioning of the cerebral cortex of these individuals: increased interaction of remote areas of the cortex and weakened integration of closely located zones. Illustrates the formation of a specific neurophysiological pattern, dubbed the “ikaric wings” and represents an intensive synchronization of the frontal and occipital lobes of the brain with the enhancement of their interaction both ipsilateral and contralateral. A comparison is made of the resulting pattern of functional activity of the cerebral cortex of the subjects with a VIR-type personality and patients with mental pathology. It is concluded that the presence of signs of mental disorders in the human population is necessary in order to form a special group of highly intelligent, creatively gifted individuals.

Device-Based Treatment for PTSD

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-chen Lo ◽  
Marie-France Marin ◽  
Alik S. Widge ◽  
Mohammed R. Milad
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Stimulation Parameters ◽  
Electro Magnetic ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Positive Results

Device-based neuromodulation is an emerging tool with great potential for significant scientific and clinical implications for a number of mental disorders. Neuromodulation techniques deliver electro-magnetic pulses into the brain via invasive or noninvasive electrodes, with various timing and stimulation parameters. The stimulation is thought to work as a “brain pacemaker” that either activates or inactivates targeted brain regions to restore normal homeostasis. There have been significant recent efforts to explore the clinical utility of device-based approaches for the treatment of mood, anxiety disorders, and to a limited extent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This chapter outlines the scientific underpinnings and rationale for various device-based treatments of PTSD, highlights positive results of studies in other mental disorders, and summarizes the limited clinical data related specifically to the treatment of PTSD and other trauma- and stressor-related disorders to date.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document