On the Issue of Neurophysiological Mechanisms of Giftedness: Creative Type of Personality as an Objective Reality

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Andrey Askarovich Badalov ◽  
Aleksandr Anatolievich Sorokin ◽  
Svetlana Nikolaevna Brovkina ◽  
Stepan Sergeevich Kalinin ◽  
Gulzhaina Kuralbaevna Kassymova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Cognitive Structure ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Psychiatric Clinic ◽  
Cross Correlation Analysis ◽  
Neurophysiological Mechanisms ◽  
Occipital Lobes ◽  
Mental Pathology ◽  
The Brain

In the article, from the point of view of evolutionary diatropics, a special cognitive structure of the personality is considered: the versative-ingenational-rapid intellectually gifted individual (VIR-type), which is the author's rethinking of the concept of urethral fixation by Z. Freud. The historical context of the formation of this concept is traced, its modern meaning is revealed, both from the point of view of the psychiatric clinic and from the position of pedagogical psychology. The material of the study of cross-correlation analysis of the electroencephalogram of 36 subjects with a VIR-type of personality demonstrates the features of the neurofunctioning of the cerebral cortex of these individuals: increased interaction of remote areas of the cortex and weakened integration of closely located zones. Illustrates the formation of a specific neurophysiological pattern, dubbed the “ikaric wings” and represents an intensive synchronization of the frontal and occipital lobes of the brain with the enhancement of their interaction both ipsilateral and contralateral. A comparison is made of the resulting pattern of functional activity of the cerebral cortex of the subjects with a VIR-type personality and patients with mental pathology. It is concluded that the presence of signs of mental disorders in the human population is necessary in order to form a special group of highly intelligent, creatively gifted individuals.

Parietal and Occipital Lobe Syndromes

2020 ◽  
pp. 136-148
Author(s):  
Shahzadi Malhotra
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Occipital Lobe ◽  
Human Consciousness ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Occipital Lobes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Complex Organ

The human brain is the most important as well as the most complex organ in the human body. From previous chapters, we by now know that the cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that functions to make human beings unique. Distinctly human traits including higher thought, language, and human consciousness as well as the ability to think, reason, and imagine all originate in the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is the outermost portion that can be divided into the four lobes of the brain. Each bump on the surface of the brain is known as a gyrus, while each groove is known as a sulcus. In this chapter, the authors discuss the parietal and occipital lobes of the cortex. It then highlights their functional issues.

Functional Localization in the Thalamus and Hypothalamus.∗

1936 ◽  
Vol 82 (337) ◽  
pp. 99-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Le Gros Clark
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Functional Localization ◽  
Cell Groups ◽  
Numerous Cell ◽  
Considerable Detail ◽  
Thalamic Region ◽  
The Brain

The sensory material which provides the essential data for conscious activity is conveyed to the higher functional levels of the brain by impulses which stream up the olfactory tracts, the optic tracts, and the tracts of the brain-stem and spinal cord. With the exception only of the olfactory impulses, all these sensory impulses are filtered through the thalamic region of the brain, or diencephalon, before they can be relayed to the cerebral cortex which forms the anatomical substratum of the more elaborate mental processes. It is an interesting fact that, while the functional localization in the cerebral cortex and the functional localization in regard to the numerous fibre tracts in the brain-stem and spinal cord have been established in quite considerable detail by anatomical, physiological and clinical studies extending over many years, the localization and the connections of the various relay mechanisms in the diencephalon still remain obscure. Since the nature of the sensory material which is delivered to the cerebral cortex depends ultimately on the influences and modifications which may be imposed on the afferent impulses during their passage through the diencephalon, it becomes a matter of extreme importance, from the point of view of the study of the physiology of sensation and of psychological interpretation of sensory experience, that attention should be concentrated on this diencephalic mechanism. The minute anatomy of the diencephalon has recently been worked out in great detail, and it is now the task of the anatomist, physiologist and clinician to discover the functional significance of the numerous cell groups and fibre tracts which have been defined.

scholarly journals Identity Integration Disorder as a Promising Model for the Study from the Standpoint of Evolutionary Diatropics

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
Andrey Askarovich Badalov ◽  
Aleksandr Anatolievich Sorokin ◽  
Yuriy Anatolievich Fesenko ◽  
Svetlana Nikolaevna Brovkina ◽  
Evgeniy Vasilievich Sumanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Identity Integration ◽  
Special Group ◽  
Localized Structures ◽  
Cross Correlation Analysis ◽  
Mental Pathology ◽  
The Brain

Diatropics is an evolutionary theory of diversity and the mechanisms of its formation. Identity integration disorder (IID) is a specific mixed form of psychopathological diathesis, characterized by the presence in the personality structure of a combination of symptoms of the three main circles of mental disorders: schizophrenic, epileptic, affective. Our study evaluated the peculiarities of the neurophysiological indices of the brain of persons with IID as consolidating with respect to the main forms of mental disorders, to substantiate the possibility of studying this phenomenon as a diatropic model of mental pathology. A total of 76 subjects with IID and 20 mentally healthy subjects were selected. For neurophysiological examination, cross-correlation analysis of electroencephalography respondents was used. The changes in the connections between the different brain regions of individuals with IID can be described as indicating two main features: 1) a decrease in the degree of interaction between centrally localized structures - the temporal, and upper parietal; 2) an increase in the degree of interaction between the integration of the frontal and occipital regions. The presence of signs of mental disorders in the human population is necessary in order to form a special group of highly intelligent, creatively gifted.

scholarly journals Ferrier Lecture - Some observations on the cerebral cortex of man

1947 ◽  
Vol 134 (876) ◽  
pp. 329-347 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Operating Room ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Major Portion ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Made In

No greater honour could come to a Canadian surgeon than to be asked to give the Ferrier Lecture. But I reaIze that this invitation is rather a tribute to your associates across the Atlantic and a recognition of the fact that observations made in the operating room may have a value which is equal scientifically to those made in the laboratory. From a personal point of view, having received a major portion of my medical education in this country, I welcome the opportunity of paying tribute to English men of medicine and science. One of the most distinguished among them, at the close of the last century, was Sir David Ferrier, in whose memory his colleagues have founded this lectureship. He was an outstanding neurologist, psychologist and physiologist. But he was also the principal prophet of the surgery of the brain.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

DIRECTIONS OF ASSOCIATIVE IDENTIFICATION OF PERSONAL NAMES

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (28) ◽  
pp. 118-128
Author(s):  
Olena Karpenko ◽  
Tetiana Stoianova
Keyword(s):  
Proper Names ◽  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sound Symbolism ◽  
Personal Names ◽  
Communicative Process ◽  
Proper Name ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Scientific Value ◽  
The Brain

The article is devoted to the study of personal names from a cognitive point of view. The study is based on the cognitive concept that speech actually exists not in the speech, not in linguistic writings and dictionaries, but in consciousness, in the mental lexicon, in the language of the brain. The conditions for identifying personal names can encompass not only the context, encyclopedias, and reference books, but also the sound form of the word. In the communicative process, during a free associative experiment, which included a name and a recipient’s mental lexicon. The recipient was assigned a task to quickly give some association to the name. The aggregate of a certain number of reactions of different recipients forms the associative field of a proper name. The associative experiment creates the best conditions for identifying the lexeme. The definition of a monosemantic personal name primarily includes the search of what it denotes, while during the process of identifying a polysemantic personal name recipients tend have different reactions. Scientific value is posed by the effect of the choice of letters for the name, sound symbolism, etc. The following belong to the generalized forms of identification: usage of a hyperonym; synonyms and periphrases or simple descriptions; associations denoting the whole (name stimulus) by reference to its part (associatives); cognitive structures such as “stimulus — association” and “whole (stimulus) — part (associative)”; lack of adjacency; mysterious associations. The topicality of the study is determined by its perspective to identify the directions of associative identification of proper names, which is one of the branches of cognitive onomastics. The purpose of the study is to identify, review, and highlight the directions of associative identification of proper names; the object of the research is the names in their entirety and variety; its subject is the existence of names in the mental lexicon, which determines the need for singling out the directions for the associative identification of the personal names.

Neurotransmitter systems of female mouse brain during growth of malignant melanoma modeled on the background of chronic pain

2018 ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
О.И. Кит ◽  
И.М. Котиева ◽  
Е.М. Франциянц ◽  
И.В. Каплиева ◽  
Л.К. Трепитаки ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Malignant Melanoma ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Female Mouse ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Malignant Growth ◽  
Course Of Disease ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Melanoma Growth

Известно, что биогенные амины (БА) участвуют в злокачественном росте, их уровень изменяется в ЦНС при болевом воздействии, однако исследований о сочетанном влиянии хронической боли (ХБ) и онкопатологии на динамику БА в головном мозге не проводилось. Цель: изучить особенности баланса БА в коре головного мозга в динамике роста меланомы, воспроизведенной на фоне ХБ. Материалы и методы. Работа выполнена на 64 мышах-самках, весом 21-22 г. Животным основной группы меланому В16/F10 перевивали под кожу спины через 2 недели после перевязки седалищных нервов. Группой сравнения служили мыши с меланомой без боли. Уровни БА: адреналина, норадреналина, дофамина (ДА), серотонина (5-НТ), гистамина, а также 5-ОИУК определяли методом иммуноферментного анализа. Результаты. У мышей с ХБ уменьшается содержание большинства БА, однако уровень ДА не изменяется. Метаболизм 5-НТ происходит с участием МАО. Развитие меланомы сопровождается увеличением содержания ДА и 5-НТ, тогда как МАО - ингибируется. Направленность сдвигов БА при развитии меланомы на фоне ХБ оказалась практически такой же, как и без неё. В то же время ХБ ограничивает накопление 5-НТ в коре мозга при меланоме, что сопровождается более агрессивным её течением. Выводы. ХБ ограничивает включение стресс-лимитирующих механизмов в головном мозге при развитии меланомы у мышей, что приводит к более агрессивному течению злокачественного процесса. Biogenic amines (BA) are known to be involved in malignant growth, and their CNS levels change in pain; however, there are no studies of combined effects of chronic pain (CP) and cancer on BA dynamics in the brain. Aim: To study features of BA balance in the cerebral cortex during melanoma growth associated with CP. Material and methods. The study included 64 female mice weighing 21-22 g. In the main groups, B16/F10 melanoma was transplanted under the skin of the back two weeks following sciatic nerve ligation. Mice with melanoma without pain were used as the control. Concentrations of BA: adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), histamine and 5-HIAA were measured with ELISA. Results. Concentrations of BAs decreased in mice with CP although DA levels did not change. 5-HT metabolism involved MAO. The development of melanoma was accompanied by increases in DA and 5-HT whereas MAO was inhibited. The direction of BA changes during the development of melanoma was the same with and without CP. At the same time, CP with melanoma limited accumulation of 5-HT in the cerebral cortex, which resulted in even more aggressive course of cancer. Conclusion. CP restricted the activation of cerebral stress-limiting mechanisms during the development of melanoma in mice, which resulted in a more aggressive course of disease.

Subjectivity as a sentient perspective and the role of interoception

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena De Preester
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Basic Form ◽  
Bodily States ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Phenomenological Point

This chapter argues that the most basic form of subjectivity is different from and more fundamental than having a self, and forwards a hypothesis about the origin of subjectivity in terms of interoception. None of those topics are new, and a consensus concerning the homeostatic-interoceptive origin of subjectivity is rapidly growing in the domains of the neurosciences and psychology. This chapter critically explores that growing consensus, and it argues that the idea that the brain topographically represents bodily states is unfit for thinking about the coming about of subjectivity. In the first part, four inherent characteristics of subjectivity are discussed from a philosophical phenomenological point of view. The second part explores whether a model of subjectivity in which interoception maintains its crucial role is possible without relying on topographical representations of the in-depth body, and giving due to the inherent characteristics of subjectivity.

Information-based decoding of the coupling among human brain activity and movement paths

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Shahul Mujib Kamal ◽  
Norazryana Mat Dawi ◽  
Hamidreza Namazi
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Physiological Signals ◽  
Human Walking ◽  
Eeg Signals ◽  
Rehabilitation Science ◽  
Information Contents ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Reaction

BACKGROUND: Walking like many other actions of a human is controlled by the brain through the nervous system. In fact, if a problem occurs in our brain, we cannot walk correctly. Therefore, the analysis of the coupling of brain activity and walking is very important especially in rehabilitation science. The complexity of movement paths is one of the factors that affect human walking. For instance, if we walk on a path that is more complex, our brain activity increases to adjust our movements. OBJECTIVE: This study for the first time analyzed the coupling of walking paths and brain reaction from the information point of view. METHODS: We analyzed the Shannon entropy for electroencephalography (EEG) signals versus the walking paths in order to relate their information contents. RESULTS: According to the results, walking on a path that contains more information causes more information in EEG signals. A strong correlation (p= 0.9999) was observed between the information contents of EEG signals and walking paths. Our method of analysis can also be used to investigate the relation among other physiological signals of a human and walking paths, which has great benefits in rehabilitation science.

scholarly journals Long-Term Glucose Starvation Induces Inflammatory Responses and Phenotype Switch in Primary Cortical Rat Astrocytes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Kogel ◽  
Stefanie Trinh ◽  
Natalie Gasterich ◽  
Cordian Beyer ◽  
Jochen Seitz
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Synapse Formation ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Glucose Starvation ◽  
Unfolded Protein ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Phenotype Switch ◽  
The Unfolded Protein Response ◽  
The Brain

AbstractAstrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the brain and crucial to ensure the metabolic supply of neurons and their synapse formation. Overnutrition as present in patients suffering from obesity causes astrogliosis in the hypothalamus. Other diseases accompanied by malnutrition appear to have an impact on the brain and astrocyte function. In the eating disorder anorexia nervosa (AN), patients suffer from undernutrition and develop volume reductions of the cerebral cortex, associated with reduced astrocyte proliferation and cell count. Although an effect on astrocytes and their function has already been shown for overnutrition, their role in long-term undernutrition remains unclear. The present study used primary rat cerebral cortex astrocytes to investigate their response to chronic glucose starvation. Cells were grown with a medium containing a reduced glucose concentration (2 mM) for 15 days. Long-term glucose starvation increased the expression of a subset of pro-inflammatory genes and shifted the primary astrocyte population to the pro-inflammatory A1-like phenotype. Moreover, genes encoding for proteins involved in the unfolded protein response were elevated. Our findings demonstrate that astrocytes under chronic glucose starvation respond with an inflammatory reaction. With respect to the multiple functions of astrocytes, an association between elevated inflammatory responses due to chronic starvation and alterations found in the brain of patients suffering from undernutrition seems possible.

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