scholarly journals Variation in Selection Intensities among the Western Coastal Populations of India

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anup K. Kapoor ◽  
Monica Saini
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Total Index ◽  
Selection Intensities ◽  
Natal Mortality ◽  
Index Value ◽  
Total Selection

Selection is continuously occurring on the living beings and the fittest who are able to reproduce will survive. To measure this selection, the data from 954 women was obtained who belong to different ethnic groups of Gujarat and Maharashtra and various index and components were computed using Crow`s Index and Johnston and Kensinger`s Index. The Crow`s total index value was found to be 0.539. The mortality component was found to be 0.130 and fertility component was found to be 0.363. The contribution of fertility component was greater than the mortality component according to Crow`s Index. Value of total selection index computed using Johnston and Kensinger`s Index is 0.639. The index of selection due to pre‐natal mortality and post‐natal mortality was observed to be 0.064 and 0.130 respectively. Therefore, it is found that among coastal populations of Gujarat and Maharashtra the selection trend is more due to fertility component than mortality component.

scholarly journals Dynamics of natural selection in two generations (on the example of the population of the Kirovograd region)

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 152-156
Author(s):  
K. K. Kovleva ◽  
N.A. Kozak
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Genetic Load ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Medical Histories ◽  
Total Selection

Aim. In connection with the success of modern medicine, the pressure of natural selection in various civilized human populations is weakening, which leads to the accumulation of a genetic load. The purpose of this work was to trace the change in the intensity of natural selection among population of the Kirovograd region in two successive generations. Methods. The collection of material was carried out in 2020 and 2021. Anonymous questionnaires were conducted and medical histories of women of post-reproductive age of the Kirovograd region were studied. The first generation included 40 women born in 1937–1959; the second generation consists of 273 women born in 1960–1981. Results. The total selection index was 0.27 in the first generation, and 0.37 in the second generation. The percentage of women who have not had pregnancies increased from the first generation to the second from 2.5 to 3.7, respectively. Conclusions. The index of total selection in the Kirovograd region population for one generation increased by almost one and a half times (from 0.27 to 0.37), as well as the index of differential fertility (from 0.25 to 0.35). Keywords: reproductive characteristics, Kirovograd population, Crow's index, selection, generations.

scholarly journals Penerapan CBIS Untuk Mendukung Keputusan Manajemen dalam Menghitung Index Kinerja Karyawan PT Devrindo Wydia Karawang Menerapkan Preference Selection Index

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Tubagus Ahmad Darojat
Keyword(s):  
Performance Index ◽  
Employee Performance ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Base System ◽  
Information Base ◽  
Preference Index ◽  
Index Value ◽  
The Right ◽  
Psi Method ◽  
Employee Data

In this study, the authors applied a method in the computer information base system (CBIS), the Preference Selection Index, or known as the PSI method. It aims to produce a preference index of each employee, which later the index value is used as a measure of employee performance so it is known as the Employee Performance Index. Alternative data from the study the author uses 30 data as samples to be calculated Employee Performance Index. In addition to employee data, the author also uses several criteria in measuring the Employee Performance Index, such as discipline, loyalty, years of service, sanctions and reprimands, education. These criteria greatly affect the assessment of employee performance index. It is expected that the results of the measurement provide the right decision for employees in calculating the Employee Performance Index.

GEOSPATIAL ASSESSMENT BASED ON FERTILITY AND MORTALITY DIFFERENTIAL INDICES OF NATURAL SELECTION IN NORTH-WEST AND EASTERN HIMALAYAN POPULATIONS

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 811-825
Author(s):  
Krishan Sharma
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Himachal Pradesh ◽  
Embryonic Mortality ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Lower Altitude ◽  
North West ◽  
Selection Intensities ◽  
Total Selection

SummaryThere is contradictory evidence of having fewer live births and higher embryonic mortality among high-altitude populations than their counterparts at lower altitude. This study explores the geospatial differences in selection intensities among human populations living in different ecological settings. Reproductive data from post-menopausal women were collected from 75 women from near Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, at an altitude of 2150 m above sea level and 100 women from Jind, Haryana, at an altitude of 227 m. Secondary data were taken from 85 women from the Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh at an average altitude of 3420 m. A comparison of the study data was made with similar data from different populations living in the western and eastern Himalayas. The total selection intensity index based on Johnston and Kensinger’s index was highest in Shimla and lowest in Kinnaur. The fertility selection component was highest in Shimla and lowest in Kinnaur. The prenatal mortality contribution to the total selection was highest in Shimla (30.76%) and lowest in Kinnaur (2.14%), while the contributions of normalized postnatal mortality were 16.39% and 57.80% in Shimla and Kinnaur, respectively. The fertility component of selection was higher than the mortality component in Shimla, while in the other two places the reverse was observed. Hypoxic conditions at high altitude seem to have little effect on the fertility and embryonic mortality rates of indigenous people. The geospatial differences in the selection intensities may be due to differences in ethnic, behavioural ecology, environmental, cultural and socioeconomic factors.

Optimum linear indices for non-linear profit functions

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Pasternak ◽  
J. I. Weller
Keyword(s):  
Selection Index ◽  
Selection Intensity ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Milk Production Traits ◽  
Optimum Selection ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Linear Index ◽  
Standard Linear ◽  
Profit Functions ◽  
Selection Intensities

AbstractAn iterative method is presented, based on the method of Moav and Hill (1966) to derive the optimum linear selection index for any number of traits with linear or non-linear profit functions. For non-linear profit functions the index weights will be functions of the trait means prior to selection and the selection intensity. Using the equations developed, the optimum selection index for three dairy cattle milk production traits was computed. Convergence was obtained after three to four iterations, and was robust to the starting values used for iteration. The ratio of expected genetic gains were only marginally different for selection intensities of 1 and 4 standard deviation units. Differences were greater for the index coefficients. All alternative indices tested gave lower gains in profit than the optimum index. For linear profit functions this index reduces to the standard linear index, and for two uncorrelated traits this index reduces to the index of Moav and Hill (1966).

A comparison of the topmaking performance of wool from sheep selected by index and visual methods

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 941 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Vizard ◽  
K. A. Hansford
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Index Selection ◽  
Visual Methods ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Fleece Weight ◽  
Index Value

Summary. The topmaking performance of fleeces from sheep that were ranked high or low on index selection using objective measurement was compared with that of sheep from the same flock that were ranked high or low on visual assessment. A flock of 451 15-month-old fine-wool Merino sheep were classed by 2 experienced fine-wool sheep classers into 3 grades: best, average and culls. Forty-four sheep were assessed as ‘best’ and 77 sheep were graded as ‘culls’ by both classers. These sheep were defined as the ‘best visual’ and ‘worst visual’ sheep, respectively. Measurements of clean fleece weight, mean fibre diameter, coefficient of variation of fibre diameter and body weight were used in a selection index to rank all sheep in the flock. The selection index was designed to rapidly reduce mean fibre diameter and slowly increase clean fleece weight, whilst maintaining staple strength and body weight. The 44 sheep with the highest index value were defined as ‘best index’ sheep and the group of 77 sheep with the lowest index or obvious physical faults were defined as the ‘worst index’ sheep. Twenty-five fleeces were randomly selected from each of the ‘best’ and ‘worst visual’, ‘best’ and ‘worst index’ sheep for individual processing through to top. The fleeces from the ‘best index’ sheep produced greater quantities of tops that were significantly finer, longer, of lower curvature and produced less noil than all other groups. In contrast to the large difference in quality between tops from the ‘best’ and ‘worst index’ sheep, there was little difference in quality between tops from the ‘best’ and ‘worst visual’ sheep. This indicates that the traditional wool producer views of wool quality are unrelated to processing performance. It was concluded that Merino sheep selected by index selection using direct measurement of fleece weight, mean fibre diameter and coefficient of variation of diameter as selection criteria produced greater quantities of wool of superior processing performance to that from sheep selected using visual assessment.

scholarly journals Crow’s index in ethnic and social groups of urban population

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
N. O. Kozak ◽  
L. A. Atramentova
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Reproductive Age Women ◽  
Education Of Women ◽  
History Of ◽  
Statistical Indicators ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Total Selection

Aim. According to the data characterizing reproductive behavior of women, assess an impact of ethnicity and level of education on the intensity of selection in the urbanized multinational population of Kharkiv city. Methods. Data from obstetric history of 532 post-reproductive age women was studied. Results. For indicators of the number of pregnancies with favorable and unfavorable outcomes, universally valid statistical indicators were calculated. Crow’s indexes were calculated as indicators of the intensity of selection. The total selection index for Ukrainians living in Kharkiv equal 0.26, for Russians it is 0.32, and for the group formed from representatives of rare nationalities this index is 0.75. In a group of women with secondary education total selection index is 0.26, in a group with highest education it is 0.35. Conclusions. Ethnicity and level of education of women affects reproductive behavior and determine number of pregnancies and their outcomes. Selection indexes differ in ethnic groups and in groups with different levels of education. Keywords: reproductive characteristics, Kharkiv population, Crow's index, selection, nationality, education.

scholarly journals Measuring Selection Intensities Among Kolam Population: Manifested through Differential Fertility and Differential Mortality

2019 ◽  
pp. 35-48
Author(s):  
Bharathi K
Keyword(s):  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Differential Mortality ◽  
Selection Intensity ◽  
Differential Fertility ◽  
Total Index ◽  
Postnatal Mortality ◽  
History Of ◽  
Telangana State ◽  
Selection Intensities ◽  
Modified Formula

The objective of the study is to understand the selection intensities among Kolam, a particularly vulnerable tribal group (PVTG) of Adilabad district of Telangana State, India. Two prominent methods were employed to understand the intensities by using Crow’s index and modified formula as given by Johnston and Kensinger’s method. The intensities are computed on the basis of the reproductive history of mother with completed fertility and the results were compared with the available works on populations belonging to Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and India. The Crow’s total index (II) value was found to be 0.3863. The mortality (Im) component was found to be 0.2151 while fertility (If) component was found to be 0.1712. The contribution of mortality component is greater than that of fertility component among the present studied population using Crow’s index. According to Johnston and Kensinger, the total index (II) was found to be 0.6017. Fertility component was found to be 0.2368, prenatal mortality component (Ime) and postnatal mortality component (Ime/Pb) where observed to be 0.0675 and 0.0933 respectively. Therefore, it is clear from the results that postnatal mortality contributes more than prenatal mortality for selection, i.e., Johnston and Kensinger’s Index (0.6017) contributes more towards selection intensity than Crow’s index (0.3863). Natural selection takes place when there is variability of fitness observed through the differences in fertility and mortality in any population.

Maximizing genetic gain for the sire line of a crossbreeding scheme utilizing both purebred and crossbred information

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Bijma ◽  
J. A. M. van Arendonk
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Disequilibrium ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Optimum Number ◽  
Linear Unbiased Prediction ◽  
Index Procedure ◽  
Breeding Goal ◽  
Breeding Schemes ◽  
Best Linear Unbiased ◽  
Estimated Breeding Values ◽  
Selection Intensities

AbstractA selection index procedure which utilizes both, purebred and crossbred information was developed for the sire line of a three-path crossbreeding scheme in pigs, to predict response to best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) selection with an animal model. Purebred and crossbred performance were treated as correlated traits. The breeding goal was crossbred performance but methods can be applied to other goals. A hierarchical mating structure was used. Sires were mated to purebred dams to generate replacements and to F^ from the dam line to generate fattening pigs. Generations were discrete, inbreeding was ignored. The selection index included purebred and crossbred phenotypic information of the current generation and estimated breeding values for purebred and crossbred performance of parents and mates of parents from the previous generation. Reduction of genetic variance due to linkage disequilibrium and reduction of selection intensity due to finite population size and due to correlated index values was accounted for. Selection was undertaken until asymptotic responses were reached. The index was used to optimize the number of selected parents per generation and the number of offspring tested per litter, and to make inferences on the value of crossbred information when the breeding goal was crossbred performance. It was optimal to test a maximum number of offspring per litter, mainly due to increased female selection intensities. Maximum response reductions due to linkage disequilibrium and correlated index values were 32% and 29% respectively. Correcting for correlated index values changed ranking of breeding schemes. Benefit of crossbred information was largest when the genetic correlation between purebred and crossbred performance was low. Due to high correlations between index values in that case, the optimum number of selected sires increased considerably when crossbred information was included.

scholarly journals Continuous approximations for optimizing allele trajectories

2010 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Y. H. LIU ◽  
J. A. WOOLLIAMS
Keyword(s):  
Discontinuous Solution ◽  
Selection Procedure ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Continuous Approximation ◽  
Selection Intensity ◽  
Breeding Schemes ◽  
Selection Intensities ◽  
Accuracy Of Prediction ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Total Selection

SummaryThe incorporation of genetic information such as quantitative trait loci (QTL) data into breeding schemes has become feasible as DNA technologies have advanced. Such strategies allow the frequency of desirable QTL to be controlled over a predefined time frame, allowing the allele trajectory for QTL to be manipulated. A continuous approximation to changes in allele frequency was developed to approximate the selection procedure as a continuous rather than a discrete process, and analytical solutions were obtained, which shed light on how allele trajectories behave under different objective functions. Three different objectives were considered: (1) minimizing the total selection intensity, (2) minimizing the sum of squared selection intensities and (3) equalizing the selection intensity applied over time. Simulations and genetic algorithms were performed to test the accuracy and robustness of the continuous approximation. Theory shows firstly that the total selection intensity required for moving an allele from a starting frequency to another frequency point can be predicted independent of its trajectory, and secondly that objectives (2) and (3) are equivalent as the number of selection opportunities (T) becomes large. The prediction of total selection intensity provides a good fit for these two objectives, with the accuracy of prediction improving as T increases. However, for (1) the continuous approximation does not fit due to the existence of a discontinuous solution in which the continuous approximation is applied before the frequency of the selected allele reaches 0·5 followed by rapid fixation.

scholarly journals Selection for Betalain Pigment Concentrations and Total Dissolved Solids in Red Table Beets

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J. Wolyn ◽  
W.H. Gabelman
Keyword(s):  
Selection Index ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Pigment Concentration ◽  
High Solids ◽  
Family Selection ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Total Pigment ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Index Value ◽  
Betalain Pigment

Three cycles of half-sib family selection were practiced in a previously unselected table beet (Beta vulgaris L.) population to produce high pigment-high solids (HPHS) and high pigment-low solids (HPLS) populations. A selection index (total pigment concentration/percent dissolved solids) was used to improve the HPLS population and another selection index (total pigment concentration × percent dissolved solids) was used to improve the HPHS population. Rates of gain for total pigment were 22.2% per cycle in the HPHS population and 18.4% per cycle in the HPLS population. The HPHS and HPLS populations showed directional but nonsignificant changes for dissolved solids: 3.0% and - 2.6% per cycle, respectively. The rate of gain per cycle for selection index value (29.1%) was greater in the HPHS population than in the HPLS population (21.2%). Realized heritabilities were high for total pigment (0.81 and 0.82) and selection index (0.74 and 0.74) and low for dissolved solids (0.25 and 0.27) in both populations. Variation among families was greater for total pigment than for dissolved solids.

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