Development of Galls in Eucalyptus Due to Infestation of Leptocybe invasa and Its Effects on Growth of Seedlings.

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-81
Author(s):  
N. Roychoudhury ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Leptocybe Invasa ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings ◽  
Blue Gum ◽  
Chalcid Wasp

Leptocybe invasa Fisher & LaSalle (Hymenoptera : Eulophidae), commonly known as blue gum chalcid wasp, is a major gall making insect species of eucalyptus, causing serious damage to seedlings in nursery stage. An insectary/nursery of eucalyptus was developed at this Institute to study the stages of gall development, number of galls formed with the age of seedling and effects of galls on the growth of seedling. Results revealed that there are five distinct stages of gall development, first stage initiates by the insertion of eggs on the epidermis of soft young leaves, petioles and stems and final stage ends with the emergence of adult wasps from galls through exit holes. It was observed that the development of galls start after one month age of seedlings, and there was significant (P<0.05-P<0.01) variation in growth (height and collar diameter), number of galls in leaves, petioles and stems, and total number of galls/seedling in respect of age. The data clearly exhibited that one month old seedlings were free from the attack of L. invasa as because there was complete absence of galls. Further, it was recorded that seedlings growth (height and collar diameter) was affected by the development of galls, minimum growth was recorded in case of maximum galls developed whereas less galls were noticed for maximum growth of seedlings. There was an inverse relationship exists between seedling growth and development of galls. The practical application of findings was discussed in the light of the present observations.

Germination and initial growth of triticale seeds under stationary magnetic fields

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes Florez ◽  
Elvira Martinez ◽  
Victoria Carbonell
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Mean Germination Time ◽  
Nutrition Value ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

The main objective of this study is to determine the effects of 125 mT and 250mT magnetic treatment on the germination and initial growth of triticale seeds. This objective has a practical application in agriculture science: early growth of triticale. An increase in the percentage and rate of germination of seeds and a stimulation of growth of seedlings as positive response to magnetic field treatment in rice, wheat, maize and barley seeds have been found in previous studies. Germination tests were carried out under laboratory conditions by exposing triticale seeds to magnetic field for different times. The effect was studied by exposure of seeds prior sowing. The mean germination time were reduced for all the magnetic treatments applied. Most significant differences were obtained for time of exposure of 1 and 24 hours and maximum reductions was 12%. Furthermore, seedlings from magnetically treated seeds grew taller than control. The longest mean total length was obtained from seedlings exposed to 125 and 250 mT for 24 hours. External magnetic fields are assumed to enhance seed vigor by influencing the biochemical processes by stimulating activity of proteins and enzymes. Numerous studies suggested that magnetic field increases ions uptake and consequently improves nutrition value.

scholarly journals PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS DE Physocalymma scaberrimum EM SUBSTRATOS COMPOSTOS POR DIFERENTES PORCENTAGENS DE RESÍDUO ORGÂNICO DE AÇAÍ

FLORESTA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Álisson Sobrinho Maranho ◽  
Ary Vieira de Paiva
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Urban Forestry ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
The North ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

Physocalymma scaberrimum Pohl é uma espécie nativa que ocorre principalmente no Norte e Centro-Oeste do Brasil, com potencial madeireiro, para arborização urbana e para recomposição de vegetação em áreas degradadas. Considerando a necessidade de conhecimento do seu comportamento em viveiro e da utilização de resíduos agroflorestais como componente de substrato, este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o crescimento de mudas dessa espécie em substratos compostos por porcentagens de resíduo de açaí (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) misturado à terra de mata. O experimento ocorreu em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 5 tratamentos (substratos) e 20 repetições. Foi avaliado o crescimento das mudas através da altura, diâmetro do colo, massa seca da parte aérea e radicular e total, e Índice de Qualidade de Dickson (IQD). Houve ajuste de regressão linear e correlação positiva entre altura, diâmetro do colo e massa seca total com as porcentagens de resíduo de açaí. O substrato constituído por 100% do resíduo de açaí proporcionou o maior crescimento das mudas: 32,9 cm de altura, 2,98 mm de diâmetro do colo, 2,003 g de massa seca total e maior IQD (0,1142). Para a utilização com terra de mata, a composição entre 25% e 75% de resíduo também se mostrou possível.Palavras-chave: Resíduos agroflorestais; produção de mudas; espécies florestais nativas; silvicultura. AbstractPhysocalymma scaberrimum seedlings production in substrate composed by different percentages of organic residue of açaí. Physocalymma scaberrimum Pohl is a native species that occurs mainly in the North and Midwest regions of Brazil, with potential for wood production, urban forestry and restoration of vegetation in degraded areas. Considering the need for better understanding of the seedlings behavior in the nursery, and use of agroforestry residue as components of substrate, this study aimed to evaluate the growth of this species in substrates composed by different percentages of açaí residue (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) mixed with forest soil. The experiment was set up according to the completely randomized design, with 5 treatments (substrates) and 20 replicates. It was evaluated the growth of seedlings through shoot height, collar diameter, dry weights of shoot and roots and total, and Dickson Quality Index (IQD). A fit linear regression and positive correlation was found out between height, collar diameter and dry weight total dry mass with increasing percentages of açaí residue. The substrate composed by 100% of açaí residue provided the highest mean growth of seedlings: height (32.9 cm seedling-1), collar diameter (2.98 mm seedling-1), total dry mass (2.003 g seedling-1), and highest IQD (0.1142). To use with soil, the composition between 25% and 75% of residue also showed possibility.Keywords:agroforestry residues; seedlings production; native forest species; silviculture.

Initiation and development of the stem gall induced by Hemadas nubilipennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium (Ericaceae)

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 2187-2198 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. West ◽  
J. D. Shorthouse
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Vaccinium Angustifolium ◽  
Anatomical Changes ◽  
Lowbush Blueberry ◽  
Stem Gall ◽  
Thick Layers ◽  
Chalcid Wasp

Hemadas nubilipennis Ashmead, a tiny chalcid wasp, induces a multichambered, reniform gall at the tips of vegetative shoots of Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton (lowbush blueberry). The life cycle of H. nubilipennis and the anatomical changes occurring within the shoots during gall development are described. Growth of attacked shoots is terminated by growth of the gall. Some aspects of gall growth and development are similar to those of galls induced by cynipid wasps, even though chalcids and cynipids are distantly related. Proliferation of insect-induced gall cells begins before the eggs of H. nubilipennis hatch, and by the time the larvae begin to feed, they are surrounded by thick layers of parenchymatous cells. Nutritive cells are differentiated from gall parenchyma, and as the gall matures, a layer of sclerenchymatous cells is differentiated and circumscribes each larval chamber.

Temperature and Other Climatic Influences on Shoot Development and Growth of Eucalyptus regnans

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
KW Cremer
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Shoot Development ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Eucalyptus Regnans ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

The growth and development of shoots of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. trees up to 8 m tall growing in their natural environment in central Tasmania were studied continuously for 3 years and related to climatic factors. The influences of temperature were further investigated by experiments with seedlings in a phytotron. Height growth was practically nil in winter and greatest in summer. Throughout the year weekly rates of height growth were closely related to weekly mean maximum air temperatures, increasing from nil or slight at 10�C to peak rates at the highest temperatures experienced (25°). Substantial diameter increments were observed in all seasons and their relation to temperature was relatively weak. There was no positive relation between weekly growth in height or diameter and weekly precipitation. Bud and shoot growth were characterized by continuity of development of all organs throughout the growing season. The youngest of the leaves and internodes which had emerged before winter from the bud resumed growth in spring, but did not reach the lengths achieved by those leaves and internodes which emerged from the bud after winter. It was only by this morphological feature that the boundaries of the annual shoot were identifiable. In agreement with the field observations, the growth of seedlings in glasshouses was found to be slow at day/night air temperatures of 10/5°C and to increase steeply with temperatures to 24/19°. Amongst the notable morphogenic influences associated with increasing temperatures in the glasshouses were poorer root development relative to top growth, thinner and smaller but more numerous leaves, and shorter and more numerous internodes. The elongation of individual leaves and internodes was faster but considerably less prolonged as temperatures increased. The E. regnans seedlings tested failed to prove thermoperiodically sensitive. It is concluded that the dormancy in shoot development observed in the field during winter is due to quiescence imposed by low temperatures, and that in the Tasmanian environment the pattern of growth and development of the vegetative shoots of E. regnans is directly and predominantly controlled by air temperatures throughout the year.

scholarly journals Management of Blue Gum Chalcid (Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) infestation on different species of Eucalyptus trees in Kalu district, Eastern Amhara, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-214
Author(s):  
Tigabu Redae Alle ◽  
Adane Tesfaye Lema ◽  
Seid Muhie Dawud
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Eucalyptus Camaldulensis ◽  
Pest Infestation ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Leptocybe Invasa ◽  
Control Application ◽  
Blue Gum

The recently introduced chalcid pest known as the Blue Gum Chalcid (BGC) (L. invasa) is currently one of the major insect pests of Eucalyptus tree species in Ethiopia. A research was conducted in Kalu district, South Wollo, Eastern Amhara, Ethiopia, the main objective of which was to evaluate the effectiveness of synthetic insecticides, hoeing and water showering options against BGC. Two parallel experiments were conducted in the nursery and in the field. Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. saligna, E. viminalis, E. citrodora and E. globulus were considered in the nursery at Chorisa. One to three-year old E. camaldulensis plantations were considered at Tikuro plantation site. At the nursery, seven treatments and at the field 10 treatments were tested in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications from January to February 2019, where treatments were applied 3 times at 15-day intervals. Results from the 1-year old plantation revealed that application of Dimethoate 40%, Carbofuran 3G and Dimethoate 40% + hoeing followed by Carbofuran 3G + hoeing and Thiamethoxam 25WG were effective in checking the BGC insect pest infestation. In the 3-year old plantation, Carbofuran 3G significantly reduced the infestation followed by Dimethoate 40%. At the nursery, Dimethoate 40% and Carbofuran 3G reduced the infestation followed by Carbofuran 3G + Dimethoate 40% and thiamethoxam 25WG. Water showering and hoeing did not reduce BGC infestation in all cases at the field plantations. Treatments that received synthetic insecticides and hoeing had low infestation, the reason for which was the insecticide rather than the hoeing, because the hoeing alone didn’t differ from the control. Application of Dimethoate 40% and Carbofuran 3G with hoeing and weeding activities were recommended to manage and limit BGC insect pest infestations.

scholarly journals Effect of Provenance Variations on the Growth and Development of Terminalia ivorensis (A Chev)

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
M. O. Ojo ◽  
Ajayi Ezekiel
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Growth Parameter ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Timber Products ◽  
Collar Diameter ◽  
Provenance Variations

Indigenous tree species like Terminalia ivorensis has multiple uses; from timber products to medicinal condiments for treating different ailments. This species is self-incompatible. Thus, habitat protection is a key to its survival and sustenance. This study evaluated the effect of provenance variations on the growth and development of T. ivorensis. Three provenances of T. ivorensis were selected; FRIN Arboretum, Onigambari Forest Reserve and J1 Forest Reserve. Thirty (30) seedlings of T. ivorensis were selected and marked at each provenance for assessment of growth parameters for a period of twelve weeks. The growth parameters included: seedling height, collar diameter, leaf count and leaf area. Also, soil samples were collected from each provenance to test for nutrient composition. Results showed that J1 Forest Reserve had best performance across the growth parameters assessed with 10.4 cm plant height, 2.02 mm collar diameter, 11 leaves count and 20.5 cm2 leaf area respectively. This growth parameter result differs significantly from the other two provenances. This was also attributed to the nutrient offered by J1 Forest Reserve with 1.18% and 2.20% of organic carbon and organic matter in the soil respectively. Also, the available phosphorus which is involved in photosynthesis, respiration, energy storage and transfer, cell division and enlargement as well as promotion of root formation was about 15.7 mg/kg in the soil and is considered high because it is higher than the critical level of 8.50mg/kg. J1 Forest Reserve is recommended as the best provenance for raising T. ivorensis amongst assessed natural habitats.

New Record of Insect Pests on Seedlings of Eucalyptus

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-124
Author(s):  
N. Roychoudhury ◽  
Subhash Chandra ◽  
Ram Singh ◽  
Shashi Barve ◽  
Anand Das
Keyword(s):  
New Record ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
First Record ◽  
Eurema Hecabe ◽  
Achaea Janata ◽  
Leptocybe Invasa ◽  
Hyposidra Talaca ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Blue Gum

The present paper reports the occurrence of insects damaging Eucalyptus in nursery stage. Out of nine insects recorded, seven species observed as occasional defoliating species, viz. Achaea janata (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae), Catapsilia crocale Cramer (Lepidoptera : Pieridae), Dasychira grotei Moore (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae), Eurema hecabe Linnaeus (Lepidoptera : Pieridae), Hyposidra talaca (Walker) (Lepidoptera : Geometridae), Lymantria sobrina Moore (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) and Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae), one rare sap-sucking species, Chrysocoris purpureus Westwood (Heteroptera : Pentatomodae) and one gall making species, Leptocybe invasa Fisher & LaSalle (Hymenoptera : Eulophidae). Among the nine species collected, six defoliators and one sap sucker are new addition to the Eucalyptus entomology. Further, H. talaca is the first record of occurrence on Eucalyptus in India. On the basis of percentage infestation/damage caused by above insects, L. invasa, commonly known as blue gum chalcid wasp, was recorded only as a key insect pest in nursery stage of Eucalyptus. The results have been discussed in the light of the present observations.

scholarly journals Development of clonal matrices of australian red cedar in different substrates under fertilizer doses

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Peres Benatti ◽  
Antonio Eduardo Furtini Neto ◽  
Bruno da Silva Moretti ◽  
Eduardo de Castro Stehling ◽  
Thaiana Marinha Almeida de Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Coconut Fiber ◽  
Rice Hulls ◽  
The Third ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Toona Ciliata ◽  
Collar Diameter

In order to evaluate fertilizers doses in different substrates for growth and development of clonal matrices of Australian Red Cedar [Toona ciliata var. australis (F. Muell.) Bahadur], an experiment was conducted in a greenhouse. Five substrates were evaluate, with proportions by volume, the first consisting of 100% of Multiplant florestal®, the second of 50% vermiculite, 20% carbonized rice hulls, 20% soil and 10% coconut fiber, the third with 50% soil and 50% sand, the fourth was composed by 50% Multiplant florestal®, 10% soil and 40% coconut fiber and the fifth with 65% of Multiplant florestal®, 25% vermiculite and 10% carbonized rice hulls. The fertilizers doses applied were 0.0; 0.3; 0.6; 1.2; 2.4 of fertilization suggested by Malavolta (1980) for vases. The characteristics evaluated were: collar diameter of the matrices, production of dry mater by shoots, root system and total and accumulation of nutrients by shoot at the end of the experimental period of 150 days. The Australian Red Cedar plants have high nutritional requirements, as showed by the better development obtained with higher fertilizer doses than those suggested by Malavolta (1980). The substrate three provided the worst development to clonal matrices while the substrates 1, 4 and 5 provided the best environment for the development considering all the fertilizer doses and all variables.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document