The Thesis

2019 ◽  
pp. 75-114
Author(s):  
Helmuth Plessner ◽  
J. M. Bernstein
Keyword(s):  
Inner Core ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Boundary Structure ◽  
Special Relation ◽  
Living Thing ◽  
Living Things

This chapter presents the thesis that living things and nonliving things have distinct forms of phenomenological appearance, particularly regarding their boundaries: relations between inside and outside, core and property, body and surroundings. The distinction between “inner” core and “outer” properties characterizes both living and nonliving things, but living things exhibit a special relation between these aspects, such that the boundary between them is a property of the living thing itself. This position resolves a dispute between Hans Driesch and Wolfgang Köhler about the characteristic gestalt or form of living things in comparison with the nonliving. The properties that are taken to define living things have both empirical and a priori components and may be examined for both natural-scientific and explanatory and for phenomenological and philosophical purposes. The inquiry that will occupy the remainder of the book is an attempt to test and develop the thesis of the distinctive boundary structure of living things by deriving properties that are traditionally considered essential characteristics of life, such as metabolism, heredity, and aging—the “organic modals”—from the proposed boundary structure and linking the derived results to what is known about living things.

Adaptive Memory

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 172-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua E. VanArsdall ◽  
James S. Nairne ◽  
Josefa N. S. Pandeirada ◽  
Janell R. Blunt
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Memory Test ◽  
Adaptive Memory ◽  
Recognition Memory Test ◽  
Memory Theory ◽  
Living Thing ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Survival And Reproduction

It is adaptive to remember animates, particularly animate agents, because they play an important role in survival and reproduction. Yet, surprisingly, the role of animacy in mnemonic processing has received little direct attention in the literature. In two experiments, participants were presented with pronounceable nonwords and properties characteristic of either living (animate) or nonliving (inanimate) things. The task was to rate the likelihood that each nonword-property pair represented a living thing or a nonliving object. In Experiment 1, a subsequent recognition memory test for the nonwords revealed a significant advantage for the nonwords paired with properties of living things. To generalize this finding, Experiment 2 replicated the animate advantage using free recall. These data demonstrate a new phenomenon in the memory literature – a possible mnemonic tuning for animacy – and add to growing data supporting adaptive memory theory.

scholarly journals The reliance on inclusive living thing in inductive inference among 5-year-olds: the role of access to nature and the size of receptive vocabulary

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Tarłowski
Keyword(s):  
Inductive Inference ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Receptive Vocabulary ◽  
Biological Knowledge ◽  
Living Thing ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Diverse Backgrounds ◽  
High Level ◽  
New Evidence

Abstract The present study employed a serial forced choice inductive inference paradigm to test whether rural and urban 5-year-olds varying in SES rely on the representation of living things in extending new knowledge. Sixty-five children learned that humans possess a novel internal property and, in a series of test trials, had to decide whether to attribute the property to an inanimate living thing or to an artifact. Additionally, the size of children’s receptive vocabulary was assessed. This study provides the first evidence that those 5-year-olds who have access to rich nature and who have acquired a high level of receptive vocabulary do rely on living kinds in induction in a forced choice task. The study further underscores the necessity to include children with diverse backgrounds in research on the development of biological knowledge. It also provides new evidence that general cognitive ability links to advances in children’s biological understanding.

scholarly journals Air dan Peradaban Manusia pada Zaman Bali Kuno

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
I Wayan Srijaya ◽  
Kadek Dedy Prawirajaya R.
Keyword(s):  
Dry Season ◽  
Living Thing ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Basic Human Needs

Water is one of the natural elements that is needed by living things. Every living thing, including humans, cannot stay without water. Therefore water is one of the basic human needs besides the need for sanitation and shelter. Water functions as a thirst quencher when humans are thirsty, and functions as fertilizer for plants during the dry season. That is why water is indispensable for maintaining the survival of humans and other creatures. Water is also the starting place for the emergence of a human civilization.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENGUASAAN KONSEP DAN MISKONSEPSI BIOLOGI DENGAN TEKNIK MODIFIKASI CERTAINTY OF RESPONSE INDEX PADA SISWA SMP SE-KOTA SUMBAWA BESAR

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maesyarah Maesyarah ◽  
A Wahab Jufri ◽  
Kusmiyati Kusmiyati
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High Schools ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Junior High ◽  
Junior High Schools ◽  
Living Thing ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Cluster Random Sampling

Abstrak: Salah satu tujuan pembelajaran IPA di SMP/Mts adalah meningkatkan pengetahuan, konsep, dan keterampilan IPA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penguasaan konsep dan miskonsepsi biologi pada siswa SMP Se-Kota Sumbawa Besar. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini yaitu seluruh siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri Se-Kota Sumbawa Besar tahun ajaran 2013/2014. Sampel penelitian dipilih berdasarkan lokasi sekolah yaitu SMP pusat kota, SMP di pinggiran kota, dan SMP di luar yang ditentukan dengan teknik Cluster Random Sampling. Instrumen penelitian berupa pengembangan tes pilihan ganda dengan teknik modifikasi Certainty of Response Index. Hasil penelitian yaitu (1) penguasaan konsep biologi pada siswa SMP di pusat kota tergolong tinggi, penguasaan konsep biologi pada siswa SMP di pinggiran kota tergolong sedang, dan penguasaan konsep biologi pada siswa SMP di luar kota tergolong rendah;(2) miskonsepsi yang terjadi pada siswa SMP di pusat Kota, SMP di pinggiran kota, dan SMP di luar kota termasuk dalam kategori sedang; (3) miskonsepsi materi ciri-ciri makhluk hidup tergolong tinggi,, miskonsepsi materi keanekaragaman makhluk hidup tergolong sedang dan miskonsepsi materi tingkat organisasi kehidupan tergolong sedang; (4) retensi penguasaan konsep selama dua minggu pada SMP di pusat kota meningkat sebesar 5,70%, retensi penguasaan konsep siswa pada SMP di pinggiran kota meningkat sebesar 11,69%, dan retensi penguasaan konsep siswa pada SMP di luar kota  meningkat sebesar 5,75%. Perbedaan tingkat penguasaan konsep biologi dari ketiga kelompok sampel kemungkinan disebabkan karena perbedaan minat belajar siswa. Salah satu penyebab terjadinya miskonsepsi biologi pada siswa SMP se-kota Sumbawa Besar adalah kurangnya kemampuan dalam mengolah informasi dan rendahnya tingkat penalaran. Miskonsepsi pada materi ciri-ciri mahluk hidup tergolong tinggi disebabkan siswa hanya mampu menyebutkan dan memberi contoh, tanpa mampu menjelaskan konsep ciri-ciri makhluk hidup. Perbedaan retensi penguasaan konsep siswa pada ketiga kelompok sampel dapat dipengaruhi oleh faktor kelupaan pada siswa. Retensi dapat ditingkatkan dengan penggunaan strategi pembelajaran aktif dan pembelajaran bermakna.Kata kunci: penguasaan konsep, miskonsepsi, teknik modifikasi CRIAbstract: One of the objectives science in secondary school is to improve the student’s knowledge, attainment concept, and process skills science. This descriptive research is aimed to analyze the understanding concept and misconception of Biology in the Junior high school’s students at Sumbawa Besar City. The kind of this research is descriptive. The population consist of 1197 students of eight grade in six Junior High School at Sumbawa Besar City in academic year of 2013/2014. The sample of this research was selected based on school location consist of junior high school in central town, suburban, and rural area of Sumbawa Besar City which were determined by Cluster Random Sampling. The research’s instrument is developing multiple-choice test with modification technique of CRI. The results of this research shows : (1) understanding concepts of biology in junior high schools’ students in central town is classified as high, while that students in suburban is classified as moderate, and students in rural area of Sumbawa Besar City is classified as low; (2) misconceptions that occur in material  about characteristic of living thing, diversity of living thing, and levels of live organization at junior high schools’ students in central town, suburban and rural area of Sumbawa Besar City are classified as moderate; (3) misconceptions occur in characteristic of living things material classified as high, misconceptions occur in of living things materials and levels of life organization  are classified as moderate; (4) retentions of  understanding concept during two weeks of the junior high school’s student in central town is increase by 5.50 % ,while that of student in suburban is increase by 11.38 % , and student in rural area of Sumbawa Besar City is increase by 5.55 % . Difference in the level of attainment concepts of the three sample groups is probably due to difference interest in learning of student. One of the causes of biological misconceptions on junior high school students at Sumbawa Besar city  is the lack of ability to process information and low level of reasoning. Misconceptions on the material characteristics of living thing is high because students were only able to mention and give examples, without being able to explain the concept of the characteristics of living thing. Differences in students' attainment concepts retention in l three groups of samples can be affected by factors on student forgetfulness. Retention can be enhanced with the use of active learning strategies and meaningful learning.Keywords : understanding concepts, misconceptions, technique of modified CRI

scholarly journals Confronting Natural Death in Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit

PhaenEx ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-91
Author(s):  
KATHARINE LOEVY
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Natural Death ◽  
Phenomenology Of Spirit ◽  
Relative Significance ◽  
Living Thing ◽  
Living Things

The following essay considers Life in Hegel's Phenomenology, and hence Life as it appears if viewed not through the perspective of the well-being of any singular living thing, but in terms of Life as an emergent pattern that incorporates and connects all living things within it. Such a view on living things enables us to evaluate vis-à-vis the emergent image of Life the relative significance of any singular living thing’s passing. Yet while the framework provided by Hegel’s account of Life and living things is powerful and importantly correct, it renders insignificant living things in their unique living and dying. Hegel’s account thus discloses living things in a significant way, but in a way that complicates, appropriately, how easily we can imagine thinking about them, and ourselves, as uniquely ethically commanding beings.

Species Egalitarianism and Respect for Nature

Respect ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 289-302
Author(s):  
Lucia Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Ethics ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Defensive Strategy ◽  
Living Thing ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Salutary Effect ◽  
Paul Taylor ◽  
Inherent Worth

Lucia Schwarz urges a reconsideration of the implications of species egalitarianism, which is an essential element of the position in environmental ethics that Paul Taylor calls “respect for nature.” Species egalitarianism’s claim that every living thing has equal inherent worth appears to lead to counterintuitive conclusions, such as that killing a human being is no worse than killing a dandelion. Species egalitarians have generally responded by explaining that species egalitarianism is compatible with recognizing moral differences between killing different types of living things, and that some killing is morally permissible. Schwarz raises doubts about whether this deflationary defensive strategy is philosophically justified, and suggests that taking seriously the supposedly repugnant implications of species egalitarianism may have a salutary effect on the overall debate.

Comment on ‘The symmetries and asymmetries of human–thing relations. A dialogue’

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Barrett
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Ontological Turn

Gavin Lucas questions whether Ian Hodder's analysis of the ‘entanglements’ between humans and many other things necessarily assumes an inherent asymmetry. The quick answer is that it is more than likely, and we might wonder why Lucas thinks that this is a problem. The recent ‘ontological turn’ in archaeology has sought to treat the differences between all things ‘symmetrically’ and ‘without a priori subsuming them into an asymmetrical regime of radical divides’ (Olsen and Witmore 2015, 188). One such radical divide would be between living things (such as humans) and non-living things (such as hammers): it is the potential asymmetry across this divide that Lucas seems to want to avoid.

PRESCHOOL CHILDREN’S IDEAS ABOUT LIVING THINGS

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Şule Bayraktar ◽  
◽  
Zeynep Kuvvet ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Science Education ◽  
School Children ◽  
Alternative Conceptions ◽  
Living Thing ◽  
Living Things ◽  
The Subject

The purpose of this research is to examine pre-school children’s ideas about living and non-living things. Children were asked to determine whether particular objects in the pictures shown to them are living or non-living and asked to explain why they think so. The results of the research showed that majority of children can classify living and non-living things correctly and know that motion is a characteristic of a living thing. However, they held some alternative conceptions on the subject. Keywords: living things, alternative conceptions, pre-school children, science education.

Effects of Priority Instructions on Processing of Picture Items

1979 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 919-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susumu Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Living Thing ◽  
Living Things

To examine the relation between rate of presentation and information dumping effect, an experiment was performed with a list of 17 living things and 17 non-living things to be recalled. 20 college students were instructed to pay particular attention to the living-thing items, while the remaining 20 were asked to pay attention to all the items in the list. The information dumping effect (Kubicek & Erdelyi, 1974) was obtained and the effect occurred more strikingly for the 0.3-sec. rate of presentation than for the 0.6-sec. rate.

TRANSCENDENTAL MATERIALISM OF THE CONCEPT OF THE ESSENCE OF THE THINKING

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6/2) ◽  
pp. 87-96
Author(s):  
Valery G. KODOLA
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Living Thing ◽  
Weakest Link ◽  
Living Things ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Creation

Philosophy is the creation of the thinking of the thinking being, whose existence needs are not limited to the absorption of other “living things”, but are expanded by striving to contemplate and comprehend the phenomena of signs and other objects interacting with it. In this area of existence, only one “subject of the living” is characterized by an ideological attitude to everything that exists in this area. And this “subject” itself defined its concept as a thinking being. Everything that exists has an insurmountable curtain of mystery, but its most vulnerable component “the living thing” contains an even greater secret. It is on the basis of this object that the signs of a thinking being appear, capable not only to observe the phenomena of the existence of everything that exists, but to comprehend them and to be creative in interaction with an indefinitely large number of signs of changes in the states and properties of other objects in a given area of existence. One of the main tasks of transcendental materialism is an attempt to consider those signs of changes in the states and properties of all that exist, which are hidden from the experience of the thinking being, and which could create conditions for at least a superficial understanding of the “mechanisms” of the existence of the thinking being. The subject matter of the thinking person can be the weakest link in the sequence of more or less distinct ideas about objects of concrete existence from the point of view of transcendental materialism. Because the ideas of the thinking being about the signs of changes in the states and properties of the object of the thinking being are contradictory because they are the least ordered and most specific. This may be due to the fact that the thinking being is afraid of comparing “its own self” with something that can be attributed to the subject of “pure abstraction”. Therefore, the concept of a thinking being cannot be imagined outside the manifestation of specific signs of changes in its states and properties in the experience of sensations and thinking.

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