Species Egalitarianism and Respect for Nature

Respect ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 289-302
Author(s):  
Lucia Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Ethics ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Defensive Strategy ◽  
Living Thing ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Salutary Effect ◽  
Paul Taylor ◽  
Inherent Worth

Lucia Schwarz urges a reconsideration of the implications of species egalitarianism, which is an essential element of the position in environmental ethics that Paul Taylor calls “respect for nature.” Species egalitarianism’s claim that every living thing has equal inherent worth appears to lead to counterintuitive conclusions, such as that killing a human being is no worse than killing a dandelion. Species egalitarians have generally responded by explaining that species egalitarianism is compatible with recognizing moral differences between killing different types of living things, and that some killing is morally permissible. Schwarz raises doubts about whether this deflationary defensive strategy is philosophically justified, and suggests that taking seriously the supposedly repugnant implications of species egalitarianism may have a salutary effect on the overall debate.

The Death of the Ethic of Life

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Basl
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Ethics ◽  
Philosophy Of Biology ◽  
Biomedical Ethics ◽  
Moral Concern ◽  
Ethics Of Technology ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Moral Importance ◽  
Practical Concern ◽  
Living Organisms

According to the ethic of life, all living organisms are of special moral importance. Living things, unlike simple artifacts or biological collectives, are not mere things whose value is entirely instrumental. This book articulates why the ethic is immune to most of the standard criticisms raised against it, but also why such an ethic is untenable, why the domain of moral concern does not extend to all living things; it argues for an old conclusion in an entirely new way. To see why the ethic must be abandoned requires that we look carefully at the foundations of the ethic—the ways in which it is tightly connected to issues in the philosophy of biology and the sorts of assumptions it must draw on to distinguish the living from the nonliving. This book draws on resources from a variety of branches of philosophy and the sciences to show that the ethic cannot survive this scrutiny, and it articulates what the death of the ethic of life means in a variety of areas of practical concern, including environmental ethics, biomedical ethics, ethics of technology, and in philosophy more generally.

scholarly journals What is the Meaning of Immanuel Kant’s Notion of the Human Being as the Ultimate End of Nature?

Problemos ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
Danutė Bacevičiūtė
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Ethics ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Vulnerability ◽  
The Sublime ◽  
Lisbon Earthquake ◽  
Ecological Problems ◽  
Natural Element ◽  
Ethical Vision ◽  
Insight Into

The article explores Kant’s notion of the human being as the ultimate end of nature, presenting an ethical interpretation of this notion. The author of this article believes that the analysis of Kant’s assumptions will allow a deeper understanding of our own hermeneutical situation, in which ecological problems force us to rethink our relationship with nature and the meaning of human existence. Analyzing Kant’s early texts on Lisbon earthquake and his reflection on the sublime in the Critique of Judgement, the author asks how the experience of an uncontrolled natural element complements Kant’s ethical vision of nature’s teleology. Emphasizing the importance of insight into human vulnerability for the implementation of moral purpose in nature, the article outlines guidelines for interpretation that allow the relevance of Kant’s position in the context of contemporary environmental ethics.

scholarly journals REKONTRUKSI ECORELIGIUS ORANG MELAYU Solusi Penyelamatan Lingkungan

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Husni Thamrin, M.Si
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous People ◽  
Environmental Ethics ◽  
Deep Ecology ◽  
Ecological Crisis ◽  
Human Being ◽  
The People ◽  
Traditional Societies ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Universe

Anthropocentric paradigm has distanced humans from nature, as well as causing the humans themselves become exploitative in attitude and do not really care about the nature. In relation, ecological crisis also can be seen as caused by mechanistic-reductionistic-dualistic of Cartesian science. The perspective of anthropocentric is corrected by biocentrism and ecocentrism ethics, particularly Deep Ecology, to re-look at the nature as an ethical community. The concept of ecoculture is already practiced from the beginning by indigenous or traditional societies in elsewhere. The perspective of the human being as an integral part of the nature, and  the behaviour of full of resposibility, full of respect and care about the sustainability of all life in the universe have become perspectives and behaviours of various traditional people. The majority of local wisdom in the maintenance of the environment is still surviving in the midst of shifting currents waves by a pressure of anthropocentric perspective. There is also in a crisis because a pressure of the  influences of a modernization. While others, drifting and eroding in the modernization and the anthropocentric perspective.In that context, ecoculture, particularly Deep Ecology, support for leaving the anthropocentric perspective, and when a holistic life perspective asks for leaving the anthropocentric perspective, the humans are invited to go back to thelocal wisdom, the old wisdom of the indigenous people. in other words, environmental ethics is to urge and invite the people to go back to the ethics of the indigenous people that are still relevant with the times. The essence of this perspective is back to the nature, back to his true identity as an ecological human in the ecoreligion  perspective.

The Perfectionist Turn

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas J. Den Uyl ◽  
Douglas B. Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Flourishing ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Good For

This chapter argues against the claim advanced by Daniel Haybron, Daniel C. Russell, and Mark LeBar that human self-perfection is ultimately based on notions of well-being and human flourishing that we bring to our understanding of human nature and in favor of the idea that it is human nature itself that ultimately grounds our understanding of human well-being or human flourishing. In doing so, the question of whether there is some gap between (a) what it is to be a good human being and (b) what is good for a human being is addressed. It is shown that the arguments on behalf of a such a gap fail and that the version of perfectionism that is advanced—that is, individualistic perfectionism—is ideally suited to not only avoid such a gap but also to display their unity, especially when perfection is understood as a process of living things and not as some cosmic or metaphysical process.

The Thesis

2019 ◽  
pp. 75-114
Author(s):  
Helmuth Plessner ◽  
J. M. Bernstein
Keyword(s):  
Inner Core ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Boundary Structure ◽  
Special Relation ◽  
Living Thing ◽  
Living Things

This chapter presents the thesis that living things and nonliving things have distinct forms of phenomenological appearance, particularly regarding their boundaries: relations between inside and outside, core and property, body and surroundings. The distinction between “inner” core and “outer” properties characterizes both living and nonliving things, but living things exhibit a special relation between these aspects, such that the boundary between them is a property of the living thing itself. This position resolves a dispute between Hans Driesch and Wolfgang Köhler about the characteristic gestalt or form of living things in comparison with the nonliving. The properties that are taken to define living things have both empirical and a priori components and may be examined for both natural-scientific and explanatory and for phenomenological and philosophical purposes. The inquiry that will occupy the remainder of the book is an attempt to test and develop the thesis of the distinctive boundary structure of living things by deriving properties that are traditionally considered essential characteristics of life, such as metabolism, heredity, and aging—the “organic modals”—from the proposed boundary structure and linking the derived results to what is known about living things.

scholarly journals A Human-Centered Approach to Green Apparel Advertising: Decision Tree Predictive Modeling of Consumer Choice

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3688 ◽  
Author(s):  
So Young Song ◽  
Youn-Kyung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Decision Tree ◽  
Environmental Ethics ◽  
Consumer Choice ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Tree Model ◽  
Advertising Strategy ◽  
Green Advertising ◽  
Intention To Purchase ◽  
Different Types

This study uses a human-centered approach to environmental ethics to examine which perceived factors in advertising predict consumers’ intention to purchase “green”, or sustainably and ethically produced, apparel. We use eight different types of green apparel advertisements to build a decision tree model to determine the most influential factors that lead to future purchases of green apparel. We classify consumers’ perceptions of green advertising as either humanistic, environmental, or product-related responses and propose a conceptual framework to outline the essential elements of an effective green advertising strategy. We use a sample of 829 US consumers from the period January 2015 to December 2017 in our empirical research. Our results show that four factors, namely, perception of the apparel’s quality, its uniqueness, caring, and nature connectedness, predict consumers’ intention to purchase green apparel. Notably, the largest segment of consumers (36%), those who perceive high levels of apparel quality and caring in the advertising, are identified as the high-purchase group. Our findings could improve strategies in green apparel advertising by providing a new analytical approach to model consumers’ behavioral intention to purchase green apparel.

The ecology of ‘we’ and ambient warmth: Richard Neutra's ecological architecture

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-359
Author(s):  
Jin Baek
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Environmental Ethics ◽  
Personal Communication ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Ecological Crisis ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Intellectual Tradition ◽  
Ecological Architecture ◽  
Richard Neutra ◽  
Personal Ethics

The article seeks to generate a more nuanced version of environmental ethics than the current positivistic approach taken towards the ecological crisis by referring to the sense of ecology as evident in the practice and writings of Richard Neutra. Despite the whiteness of his architecture, Neutra's architecture was ecological in a profound way in which the ethics of the inter-personal and related dwelling activities of inhabitants are as important as measuring energy performance. For him, more fundamental than man's relationship with nature or natural resources was the inter-personal sharing of ‘we’, in which scarcity itself is the medium of a proportionate joining. Put differently, the reciprocity between the natural and the inter-personal, in which the former reinforces the latter, was the key to an ecological setting.In the process of underpinning Neutra's sense of the reciprocity between the natural and the inter-personal, as well as the shared inter-personal communication in an atmosphere, this article draws ideas from Japanese intellectual tradition such as Tetsuro Watsuji&s notion of fudo, or climate, and its correlate inter-personal ethics, and Kitaro Nishida's account of a trans-subjective mode of communication of the ‘we’. Referring to this Japanese tradition in which Neutra was deeply interested, the article interprets Neutra's architecture based not upon the ego-oriented mode of the ‘I’ but upon the ego-less mode of ‘ek-sistere’ that reinstates the condition of the human being as a pre-reflective corporeal being, or what I would like to call a ‘common subjectivity’ to be articulated into different, yet conjoined, ‘I’s to form a joint measure. In this fashion, the article demonstrates how one's relationship with the natural necessarily involves the dimension of the inter-personal, while illuminating the goal of Neutra's practice: securing a place for the inter-personal through the coordination of natural forces.

Tetsuro Watsuji’s Milieu and Intergenerational Environmental Ethics

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laÿna Droz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Ethics ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Temporal Distance ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Future People ◽  
The World ◽  
The Way ◽  
What Matters

The concept of humans as relational individuals living in a milieu can provide some solutions to various obstacles of theorization that are standing in the way of an ethics of sustainability. The idea of a milieu was developed by Tetsuro Watsuji as a web of signification and symbols. It refers to the environment as lived by a subjective relational human being and not as artificially objectified. The milieu can neither be separated from its temporal—or historical—dimension as it is directly related to the “now” of perceptions and actions in the world. In other words, elements of the natural milieu can be said to have a constitutive value as they contribute to our well-being by helping us make sense of our life and our world. In their temporal and relational dimensions, Watsuji’s notions of the milieu and human being are thus directly related to the notion of sustainability. This concept offers some convincing solutions to overcoming the problem of temporal distance, by shifting the center of argumentation from unknown, passive, and biologically dependent not-yet- born people to the transmission of a meaningful historical milieu. The turning point here is that if what matters is the survival of ideal and material projects that people live (and sometimes die) for, then future generations have tremendous power over them, as the actions of those future people will determine the success or failure of the projects started by present generations.

scholarly journals Effective methods for teaching English vocabulary

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
Gulnar Adigozalli ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Being ◽  
Teaching English ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Written Form

To conclude, although there are various methods in teaching languages in general, teaching vocabulary is one of the most essential aspects that should not be neglected. Teachers need to take into account the fact that each student is unique, so the approach that can succeed with one student cannot be successful with others. It is known that human being has different types of abilities to acquire words such as: visual, tactile, auditory. Visually -by seeing the written form of the word Tactilely - by using letters made of wood , cardboard and so on, so the learners can feel the shapes Aurally -by hearing the word It means all these methods of teaching should be implemented during the lesson that will finally lead students to find an appropriate way suitable for their capacities.

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