Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
George E. Demacopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Mature Form ◽  
Fourth Crusade ◽  
Cultural Alienation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Colonial Encounter

This introductory chapter begins with a brief history of the Fourth Crusade. When Pope Innocent III ascended Peter's throne in 1198, he almost immediately began planning for what was supposed to be the largest crusade to date. What is important to the present study is the fact that the crusaders transformed the very structure of Byzantine society by seizing control of both church and state and by often imposing a Western feudal structure throughout the Balkans that would serve as a beachhead for further Frankish and papal aspirations in the Christian East. By framing the events of the Fourth Crusade as a kind of colonial encounter, this book draws from some of the basic insights of postcolonial critique to look in new ways at the discourse of Orthodox/Roman Catholic difference that took its mature form in the thirteenth century. As such, one of the most important conclusions of this study is that the development of the most vitriolic statements of Orthodox/Catholic religious polemic in the Middle Ages were based in political and cultural alienation, not theological development.

Wallachian cnezates in history of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 24-33
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Valentinovich Pilipchuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
Independent State ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The North ◽  
High Middle Ages ◽  
History Of ◽  
South Eastern Europe

This paper is devoted to the history of Wallachians a day knezats in the High Middle Ages. Wallachians mentioned far more often than in the Balkans and north of the Danube by the thirteenth century. Wallachian rebellious were subjects Romaios (Byzantinians), but this does not exclude the situational alliances with Romaios and Wallachian contingents participating in the campaigns of Byzantine army. Formation of political structures the Romanians in regions to the north of the Danube can be dated to the IX-XIII centuries. Making Wallachia as an independent state linked to the crisis in the Golden Horde and the expansion of Hungary to the east. Basarab just completed buissnes of Seneslav. Knezate of Gelou is nothing like Wallachian-Slavic cnezat in Transylvania. Regarding the migration of Wallachians in Muntenia, it was implemented as from the territory of Transylvania, as well as from the territory of the Balkan Peninsula. Key words: cnezates, Wallachians, Wallachia, Vlachs, Muntenia

The Gaigneur Clan in the Seventeenth-Century Canada Trade

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.F. Bosher
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Business History ◽  
Maritime Trade ◽  
Financial Success ◽  
History Of ◽  
Trading Firm ◽  
Maritime Community

This essay follows the development of Franco-Canadian maritime trade over the course of the seventeenth century, by documenting the business history of the Gaigneur merchant family, headed by Pierre Gaigneur. The Gaigneurs trading firm sent more ships, goods, and people to Canada during the seventeenth century than any other firm of the era; this essay seeks to determine the reasons for their success. It considers the maritime community of La Rochelle; the Huguenot community; potential signs of religious compromise by the Roman Catholic Gaigneurs when faced with business pressure. The conclusion claims the dual support of both Church and State permitted the expansion of trade and the financial success of the Gaigneut family.

Introduction

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Ram Ben-Shalom
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Shared Values ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Southern France ◽  
Shared History ◽  
Jewish Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
General Culture

This introductory chapter considers the extent of Jewish engagement with the historiography of the non-Jewish world—particularly the Christian world—during the Middle Ages. It focuses on the Jews of the Iberian peninsula and ‘Provincia’ (southern France) between the twelfth and the fifteenth centuries. The chapter briefly demonstrates that these Jews had some knowledge of Christian history and were not indifferent to it. In fact, certain circles of learned Jews regarded the history of other peoples as part of a general culture in which they too shared; hence, there were historical events that they related to and used for didactic and intellectual purposes. From here, the chapter considers whether this consciousness of a shared history extended to shared values. It also looked at what historical concepts Jewish society absorbed or otherwise shared with Christians.

Mathematics, Physics and Religion: A Need for Candor and Rigor

1984 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-470
Author(s):  
Frederick W. Norris
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Christian Belief ◽  
Intellectual Culture ◽  
Christian Community ◽  
History Of Christianity ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of

In Western culture, religion and the sciences often have found themselves to be more and more at odds since the period of the Enlightenment. The change which that era brought to the Christian community could be illustrated as follows. The analogy is perhaps a bit overdrawn, but it does indicate how important the historical shifts were. During the earliest phase of Christian belief, Christianity had to compete with other religions as one fruit-bearing tree within a varied orchard. When the Christian religion became established and dominant in the Middle Ages it tended to cause other trees to wither and die because of its enormous and on occasion darkening size. During the Reformation a radical pruning took place which gave life not only to the Protestant branch but also a new vitality to the Roman Catholic branch. What the Enlightenment represented was the first pervasive suggestion that most fruit trees — perhaps even the orchard — were unnecessary. One could find individual precursors of such attempts as well as a number of people during the Enlightenment who found various religions satisfying. But at no time in the history of Christianity had a large segment of the intellectual culture been so fascinated with the idea that religion in most all of its forms might be useless.

What did sociolinguistics ever do for language history?

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Penny
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Linear Process ◽  
Dialect Contact ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Language History ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
Linguistic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Accommodation Theory

This paper discusses the role of sociolinguistics in the development of historical linguistics in general, and then examines the particular importance that sociolinguistics has for the linguistic history of Spain and Spanish America. Particular attention is given to the relevance of accommodation theory (Giles, 1980), dialect contact theory (Trudgill, 1986), and social network theory (Milroy & Milroy, 1985) to an understanding of the way that Spanish developed in the Middle Ages and the early modern period. A series of koineizations took place in Central and Southern Spain, in the Balkans, and in the Americas, resulting from the processes of social and dialect mixing which the Reconquest of Islamic Spain, the expulsion of the Peninsular Jews, and the settlement of the American colonies entailed. The main conclusion from this approach to the history of Spanish is that linguistic history should not be regarded as a linear process, but one which is discontinuous, full of blind alleys, hiccups, and new starts. Sociolinguistics has taught language historians, including those working with Spanish, that it is not true to say that ‘language changes’; what happens is that speakers change language.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Brian Patrick McGuire
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Inner Life ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Saint Bernard Of Clairvaux ◽  
History Of ◽  
Saint Bernard ◽  
Point Of Departure

This introductory chapter provides an overview of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, who almost defies characterization. Monk, abbot, adviser of kings and popes, author of some of the finest Latin prose to emerge from the Middle Ages, he was a man of many talents. At first glance he can seem abrasive, overconfident, and almost arrogant. But as this book shows, he is a point of departure for European culture in its search for faith, meaning, and community. Any history of Western Europe in the twelfth century has to include Bernard and his almost frenetic activities. Bernard deserves reevaluation as a person and participant in the history of Christian life and spirituality. His inner life and external actions illuminate his own time and provide a context for ours. In addition to his sophisticated theology, his moving sermons, and his influence among kings and popes, Bernard can plausibly be considered the first European. Through his vision and talent for inspiring people to work together, he helped build Christianity's first continent-wide monastic order, the Cistercians, whose monasteries extended from Ireland to Sicily and Norway.

Nicopolis ad Istrum: Backward and Balkan?

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. WHITTOW
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Sixth Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of

The story of Nicopolis ad Istrum and its citizens exemplifies much that is common to the urban history of the whole Roman Empire. This chapter reviews the history of Nicopolis and its transition into the small fortified site of the fifth to seventh centuries and compares it with the evidence from the Near East and Asia Minor. It argues that Nicopolis may not have experienced a cataclysm as has been suggested, and that, as in the fifth and sixth century west, where landowning elites showed a striking ability to adapt and survive, there was an important element of continuity on the lower Danube, which in turn may account for the distinctive ‘Roman’ element in the early medieval Bulgar state. It also suggests that the term ‘transition to Late Antiquity’ should be applied to what happened at Nicopolis in the third century: what happened there in the fifth was the transition to the middle ages. This chapter also describes late antique urbanism in the Balkans by focusing on the Justiniana Prima site.

scholarly journals Rila-West Rhodopes Batholith and petrographical diversity of Rila Geopark

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-63
Author(s):  
Dimitar Sinnyovsky
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Quartz Veins ◽  
Subsequent Step ◽  
History Of ◽  
Promotional Materials ◽  
Granitoid Rocks

The full retrospective of the petrographic study of the Rila granitoids, which are an essential part of the geodiversity of Rila Geopark, is crucial for the impartial assessment of its geoconservation value and for developing appropriate promotional materials in a language accessible to the general public. The Rila-West Rhodopes batholith, the largest batholith in the Balkans, contributes to the continental significance of Rila Geopark with its remarkable petrographic diversity of granitoid rocks and numerous pegmatite, aplite and quartz veins, vein-like granite and diorite bodies favorable for demonstrations of the principle of cross-cutting relationships in geology and illustrating the crystallization processes in igneous rocks as well as magmatic structures and textures. Due to their extremely wide distribution in Rila, the granitoids of the Rila-West Rhodopes batholith crop out along the routes of all previously described geotrails and are native rocks for most glacial forms that define the concept of Rila Geopark. From this point of view, a full review of the geological study of the batholith is a necessary condition for any subsequent step in the geopark development and its nomination for the UNESCO Geopark. This article offers a brief but comprehensive historical overview of the current petrographic studies, which will serve as a basis for the development of information panels located along the described geotrails. Particular emphasis should be placed on the connection between petrology and local crafts in the past, which is contained in the very slogan of Rila Geopark “Land of Iron and Water”. It includes the memory of the primitive crafts associated with the extraction and forging of iron in the Middle Ages, and water in its three states – ice (the glacial history of the mountain), steam (geysers and geothermal springs) and liquid phase – the source of the longest rivers in the Balkans.

scholarly journals Continuity between Early Paulicianism and the Seventeenth-Century Bulgarian Paulicians: the Paulician Legend of Rome and the Ritual of the Baptism by Fire

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 657-679
Author(s):  
Hristo Saldzhiev
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Belief System ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Early History ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
History Of ◽  
Religious Sect ◽  
Shed Light

During the Middle Ages two dualistic communities were active in Bulgaria and Bulgarian lands – Bogomils and Paulicians. Paulicians, unlike Bogomils, survived as a separate religious sect up to the 17th century, when most of them gradually accepted Catholicism. The detailed reports of Catholic missionaries, priests and bishops shed light on different aspects of their beliefs and practices from the 17th century. The aim of the present article is to propose an explanation of a strange ritual and a legend spread among the Bulgarian Paulicians and recorded in the above-mentioned reports. The thesis of the article is that the legend and the ritual in question refer to the early history of Paulicianism. The ritual is related to syncretic religious notions and goes beyond the scope of dualism. I try to examine the legend and ritual in the context of Paulician history in the Balkans, especially in the context of Paulician belief system, inherited from the early Anatolian Paulicians.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document