scholarly journals Crop specific requirement of growing degree days and agrometeorological indices in rice growing zones

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 569-576
Author(s):  
A. KASHYAPI ◽  
A. L. KOPPAR ◽  
A. P. HAGE
Keyword(s):  
Aridity Index ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Main Peak ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Heat Unit ◽  
Gangetic Plains ◽  
Crop Growth Stages ◽  
The Mean

The spatial and temporal distributions of heat unit and various agrometeorological indices for the rice crop, are studied in this paper. Eight ET – stations were selected from six rice growing zones, viz., Canning (in lower Gangetic plains), Bikramganj and Varanasi (in middle Gangetic plains), Ludhiana (in trans Gangetic plains), Ranchi, Shymakhunta (in eastern plateau and hills), Annamalai Nagar (in east coast plains and hill region) and Pattambi (in western plains and ghat region). Eleven crop growth stages were identified for this  study, viz., germination, nursery seedling, transplanting, tillering, active tillering, lag phase, panicle initiation, flowering, grain formation, grain maturity and harvesting, the duration of each of the growth stages varied widely, station wise. Daily data were collected growth stagewise for latest available five years and the mean values were computed for the derived parameters, viz., the crop requirements of heat unit, agroclimatic rainfall index (ARI), yield moisture index (YMI), aridity index (AI). The study revealed that for rice crop the total degree days requirement varied from 1706 degree – days (at Ranchi) to 2815 degree – days (at Shymakhunta). It showed primary peak (with 16.7 % of total requirement) at active tillering stage. The ARI values were mostly higher than 100 per cent. The mean YMI values varied widely from 477 mm (at Bikramganj) to 1523 mm (at Pattambi). The values showed main peak at active tillering stage. The AI values showed moderate aridity at early growth stages, which increased at advanced crop growth stages.

scholarly journals Requirement of heat unit and agrometeorological indices in selected wheat growing zones

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
A. KASHYAPI ◽  
H. P. DAS
Keyword(s):  
Aridity Index ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Western India ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Moisture Index ◽  
Heat Unit ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Rainfall Index ◽  
Crop Growth Stages

Wheat growing ET -stations (viz., Jorhat, Varanasi, New Delhi, Ludhiana, Raipur, Jabalpur, Akola, Bellary, Banswara and Jodhpur) situated in arid to per humid climatic zones were selected. Heat unit and three agromeleorological indices, viz., ARI (agroclimatic rainfall index), YMI (yield moisture index) and AI (aridity index) were computed at various growth stages of wheat crop using latest available five years data for each of the stations. The study revealed that the crop degree days requirement varied from 1580 (at Jorhat) to 2350 (at Akola) with the maximum requirement at tillering and milk stages. All the stations (except Jorhat) recorded ARI values less than 25%, while for the stations in peninsular and western India, the values were even below 10%. Low cumulative YMI values were obtained in peninsular and western India, while high values were observed over eastern India. The wheat crop did not experience any aridity during tillering to flowering stages for all the stations (except Bellary and Banswara). High values of At were observed at early and late crop growth stages. Negative correlation was obtained between AI and ARI with the highest value (-0.89) observed at New Delhi. Depending upon this study, the wheat growing areas were divided into five zones.

scholarly journals Integrating Economics in the Critical Period for Weed Control Concept in Corn

Weed Science ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Keller ◽  
Geoffroy Gantoli ◽  
Jens Möhring ◽  
Christoph Gutjahr ◽  
Roland Gerhards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Logistic Models ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Weed Interference ◽  
Free Interval ◽  
Crop Growth Stages

The effect of weed interference on corn yield and the critical period for weed control (CPWC) were determined in Germany and Benin. Treatments with weed control starting at different crop growth stages and continuously kept weed-free until harvest represented the “weed-infested interval.” Treatments that were kept weed-free from sowing until different crop growth stages represented the “weed-free interval.” Michaelis–Menten, Gompertz, logistic and log–logistic models were employed to model the weed interference on yield. Cross-validation revealed that the log–logistic model fitted the weed-infested interval data equally well as the logistic and slightly better than the Gompertz model fitted the weed-free interval. For Benin, economic calculations considered yield revenue and cost increase due to mechanical weeding operations. Weeding once at the ten-leaf stage of corn resulted already profitable in three out of four cases. One additional weeding operation may optimize and assure profit. Economic calculations for Germany determined a CPWC starting earlier than the four-leaf stage, challenging the decade-long propagated CPWC for corn. Differences between Germany and Benin are probably due to the higher yields and high costs in Germany. This study provides a straightforward method to implement economic data in the determination of the CPWC for chemical and nonchemical weed control strategies.

scholarly journals Water and heat unit requirement in different growth stages of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) at Bhopal

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 537-542
Author(s):  
I. J. VERMA ◽  
H. P. DAS ◽  
V. N. JADHAV
Keyword(s):  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Maturity Stage ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Heat Unit ◽  
Soybean Crop ◽  
Pod Development ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Different Growth Stages

In this study, ET data available on Soybean crop for Bhopal during 1991-95 have been utilized.  With regard to water need of the crop, the life span of soybean has been divided into five important growth stages viz., seedling up to 2 weeks after sowing (WAS), vegetative (3-8 WAS), flowering (9-10 WAS), pod development (11-13 WAS), and maturity (14-15 WAS). In this paper, consumptive use of water (ET), Water Use Efficiency (WUE), Heat Units (HU), Heat Use Efficiency (HUE) and crop coefficient (Kc) for different growth stages of the crop have been computed and discussed.                The study revealed that on an average, Soybean crop consumed about 450 mm of water. The average WUE was found to be 3.23 kg /ha/mm. It was also observed that WUE does not depend only on the total amount of water consumed by the crop but also indicates the importance of its distribution during various growth stages. On an average, the crop consumed nearly 7%, 36%, 24%, 25% and 8% of water during seedling, vegetative, flowering, pod development and maturity stage respectively. The crop consumed maximum amount of water during vegetative stage. However, the average weekly ET rate was found to be highest during flowering stage (nearly 52 mm). Average heat unit requirement of soybean was found to be 1694 degree-days. Maximum heat units were required during vegetative stage (638 degree days) followed by pod development stage (358 degree days). The average HUE was found to be 0.86 kg/ha/degree days. Crop coefficient (Kc) values varied in the range 0.30 – 0.45, 0.55 – 0.90, 1.00 – 1.15, 0.85 – 0.70 and 0.55 – 0.40 during seedling, vegetative, flowering, pod development and maturity stage respectively. The crop coefficient values attained the peak during the flowering stage.  

scholarly journals TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF REMOTE SENSING OBSERVATIONS FOR CITRUS CROP GROWTH STAGE AND EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ESTIMATION

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B8 ◽  
pp. 1037-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Sawant ◽  
M. Chakraborty ◽  
S. Suradhaniwar ◽  
J. Adinarayana ◽  
S. S. Durbha
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Crop Growth Stages ◽  
Crop Growth Stage

Satellite based earth observation (EO) platforms have proved capability to spatio-temporally monitor changes on the earth's surface. Long term satellite missions have provided huge repository of optical remote sensing datasets, and United States Geological Survey (USGS) Landsat program is one of the oldest sources of optical EO datasets. This historical and near real time EO archive is a rich source of information to understand the seasonal changes in the horticultural crops. Citrus (Mandarin / Nagpur Orange) is one of the major horticultural crops cultivated in central India. Erratic behaviour of rainfall and dependency on groundwater for irrigation has wide impact on the citrus crop yield. Also, wide variations are reported in temperature and relative humidity causing early fruit onset and increase in crop water requirement. Therefore, there is need to study the crop growth stages and crop evapotranspiration at spatio-temporal scale for managing the scarce resources. In this study, an attempt has been made to understand the citrus crop growth stages using Normalized Difference Time Series (NDVI) time series data obtained from Landsat archives (<a href="http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/"target="_blank">http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/</a>). Total 388 Landsat 4, 5, 7 and 8 scenes (from year 1990 to Aug. 2015) for Worldwide Reference System (WRS) 2, path 145 and row 45 were selected to understand seasonal variations in citrus crop growth. Considering Landsat 30 meter spatial resolution to obtain homogeneous pixels with crop cover orchards larger than 2 hectare area was selected. To consider change in wavelength bandwidth (radiometric resolution) with Landsat sensors (i.e. 4, 5, 7 and 8) NDVI has been selected to obtain continuous sensor independent time series. The obtained crop growth stage information has been used to estimate citrus basal crop coefficient information (Kcb). Satellite based Kcb estimates were used with proximal agrometeorological sensing system observed relevant weather parameters for crop ET estimation. The results show that time series EO based crop growth stage estimates provide better information about geographically separated citrus orchards. Attempts are being made to estimate regional variations in citrus crop water requirement for effective irrigation planning. In future high resolution Sentinel 2 observations from European Space Agency (ESA) will be used to fill the time gaps and to get better understanding about citrus crop canopy parameters.

Irrigation of field peas (Pisum sativum): response to timing at different crop growth stages

1999 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. KNOTT
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Field Peas ◽  
Crop Growth Stages ◽  
Different Growth Stages

The response of two cultivars of dry harvest field peas (Pisum sativum), Solara and Bohatyr, to irrigation at different growth stages was studied on light soils overlying sand in Nottinghamshire, England in 1990, when the spring was particularly dry, in 1991 which had a dry spring and summer and in contrast, 1992, when rainfall was greater compared with the long-term (40 year) mean.Solara, short haulmed and semi-leafless was more sensitive to drought than the tall conventional-leaved cultivar Bohatyr and gave a greater yield response to irrigation, particularly at the vegetative growth stage in the first two dry years 1990 and 1991, of 108% and 55% respectively, compared with unirrigated plots. Bohatyr was less sensitive to the timing of single applications.In all years, peas irrigated throughout on several occasions produced the highest yields, but this was the least efficient use of water.

scholarly journals Estimation of Rice Yield Loss Using a Simple Linear Regression Model for Bacterial Blight Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-79
Author(s):  
T H Ansari ◽  
M Ahmed ◽  
S Akter ◽  
M S Mian ◽  
M A Latif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Susceptible Variety ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Crop Growth Stages ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

Field experiment was carried out in hot and humid summer (Transplanted Aus) season to realize the yield loss of a susceptible rice variety Purbachi inoculated with bacterial blight (BB). Treatments consist of BB inoculations at different crop growth stages like maximum tillering (MT), panicle initiation (PI), booting (Bt), flowering and heading stages differently including a control (no BB inoculation). Disease severity index (DSI) was measured at 14 days after inoculation (DAI) and harvest. Data on 1000-grain-weight and yield was recorded at harvest. Significant variation on DSI was observed among different BB inoculated crop growth stages. MT, PI and Boot stage inoculations showed similar (DSI 7.1-8.0) but higher DSI than flowering and heading stages inoculation (3.2-5.3) even control (0.00) at 14 DAI. However, all the treatments showed similar DSI 9.0 at harvest. Bacterial blight can affect the grain weight to some extent although it was insignificant among the treatments (0.1-4.5%). DSI showed negative correlation with 1000-grain weight (r=-0.77*) and similarly with the yield (r=-0.97**). The yield ranged from 2.4-3.4 t/ha among the treatments. The yield loss was observed 5.8-30.4% in the BB inoculated treatments. MT, PI and Boot stages inoculation affected the yield much resulting 21-30.4% yield loss. It could be concluded that a susceptible variety can be affected with significant yield loss up to 30.4% with severe outbreak of B B. A simple regression equation = 4.09-0.211X( = Yield, X = BB severity score) is suggested for the prediction of yield loss in susceptible variety in summer season. Bangladesh Rice j. 2019, 23(1): 73-79

Diquat residues in lentil following preharvest treatment

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-418
Author(s):  
Allan Cessna
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Spectrophotometric Determination ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Lens Culinaris ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Crop Growth Stages

In a 2-yr study, residues of diquat were spectrophotometrically determined in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) seed and straw/chaff following preharvest treatment using 0.56 kg ha−1 at three crop growth stages. Diquat residues ranged from 12.9 to 17.3 mg kg−1 in the lentil straw/chaff one day after application and decreased to 1.1 to 6.0 mg kg−1 2 wk later. Diquat residues in the seed were in the order of 0.05 mg kg−1 or less regardless of time of sampling after spraying or growth stage of the crop at application. The limit of quantification of the analytical method was 0.04 mg kg−1, and recoveries of diquat from fortified seed and straw were in the order of 70%. Key words: Diquat, lentil, residues, spectrophotometric determination

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