scholarly journals Otkrivanje homerovskog koda / Discovering the Homeric code

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-82
Author(s):  
Salmedin Mesihović
Keyword(s):  
Archaic Period ◽  
Late Archaic ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Trojan War ◽  
Alter Ego ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Made In

From the late Archaic period of Hellenic history to modern times, a large number of papers, studies, and books dealing with the Iliad and the Odyssey have been published. One reason for this is that Homer’s epics offer so many opportunities for exploration. This was also the motivation for writing this paper which deals with the question of the appearance of Thersites in the Iliad. Thersites appears in only one episode, with unusual speech and behavior in relation to what other characters in the epic say and do. This conspicuous and unique appearance of his must have been the result of a certain hidden desire of the author of the Iliad himself. It is possible that in fact Thersites in this case served as a kind of alter ego of the author who sought to conceal, within the aristocratic and elitist milieu for which the epic itself was made, in a very skillful way his real opinion of the Trojan War and the aristocracy. Thersites and his rage could also represent a kind of hidden Homeric code, of which there may be several more in the Iliad.

PERSEPSI MASYARAKAT DESA SAYANG RW 03 KECAMATAN JATINANGOR KABUPATEN SUMEDANG TERHADAP PENTINGNYA PROTEKSI KENDARAAN BERMOTOR

Dharmakarya ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Lienda Noviyanti
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Vehicle Ownership ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Individual Knowledge ◽  
The Times ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Motorized Vehicles ◽  
Perception Survey ◽  
Made In ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

As the times and technology became more sophisticated, human needs and mobility also increased. One such technology is vehicle. It cannot be denied that motorized vehicles and cars have now become the most important parts of everyday life. Vehicle protection is very important to keep vehicles safe, especially in areas prone to theft. Protection of the vehicle itself is divided into two ways, namely by personal and insurance methods. The fact is that vehicle protection carried out by Desa Sayang residents is still very minimal, which is caused by a lack of knowledge and understanding of citizens about the importance of vehicle protection. Seen from only a few residents who have insurance services to protect their vehicles. Measuring the perceptions of residents of RW 03 Desa Sayang, Jatinangor Subdistrict, Sumedang Regency is divided into 2 things, namely knowledge (cognition) and behavior (konasi). Of the 97 informants interviewed, it was found that people's knowledge of insurance was not good. While their knowledge of vehicle protection in general is quite good. In addition, vehicle ownership also affects individual knowledge of insurance and vehicle protection. Unfortunately, protection of vehicles in the form of insurance is rarely done by residents because most are hampered in terms of costs and feel they do not need it. Therefore, a perception survey and vehicle protection socialization were made in Sayang Village, Jatinangor Sub-District, Sumedang Regency so that residents would be more aware of maintaining their vehicles.

A Multi-proxy assessment of the impact of climate change on Late Holocene (ca 4500-3800 BP) Native American villages of the Georgia coast

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carey James Garland ◽  
Victor D Thompson ◽  
Matthew C Sanger ◽  
Karen Y Smith ◽  
Fred T Andrus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
Late Archaic ◽  
Shell Ring ◽  
Shell Rings ◽  
Georgia Coast ◽  
The Impact

Circular shell rings along the Atlantic Coast of southeastern North America are the remnants of some of the earliest villages that emerged during the Late Archaic Period (5000 – 3000 BP). Many of these villages, however, were abandoned during the Terminal Late Archaic Period (ca 3800 – 3000 BP). Here, we combine Bayesian chronological modeling with multiple environmental proxies to understand the nature and timing of environmental change associated with the emergence and abandonment of shell ring villages on Sapleo Island, Georgia. Our Bayesian models indicate that Native Americans occupied the three Sapelo shell rings at varying times with some generational overlap. By the end of the complex’s occupation, only Ring III was occupied before abandonment ca. 3845 BP. Ring III also consists of statistically smaller oysters ( Crassostrea virginica ) that people harvested from less saline estuaries compared to earlier occupations. These data, when integrated with recent tree ring analyses, show a clear pattern of environmental instability throughout the period in which the rings were occupied. We argue that as the climate became unstable around 4300 BP, aggregation at shell ring villages provided a way to effectively manage fisheries that are highly sensitive to environmental change. However, with the eventual collapse of oyster fisheries and subsequent rebound in environmental conditions ca. 3800 BP, people dispersed from shell rings, and shifted to non-marine subsistence economies and other types of settlements. This study provides the most comprehensive evidence correlations between large-scale environmental change and societal transformations on the Georgia coast during the Late Archaic period.

scholarly journals Kerukunan Umat Beragama: Relevansi Pasal 25 Piagam Madinah dan Pasal 29 UUD 1945

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 162
Author(s):  
Nurul Fajriah
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
The State ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Indonesian Government ◽  
Important Concern ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Made In

This article is a study of literature describing religious harmony: the relevance of Article 25 of the Medina Charter and Article 29 of the 1945 Constitution. The Medina Charter was made in the 7th century (classical century) and Article 29 of the 1945 Constitution was born in modern times, around the 20th century. Both have relevancy which states that every citizen is free to adhere to their respective religions. The plurality of society in Indonesia has similarities and differences from the plurality of society in Medina around 622 AD. The stability and harmony of religious communities in the Medina at that time was regulated in the Medina charter which is the constitution of the Medina state. Harmony among religious communities in Indonesia is also an important concern of the Indonesian government as stipulated in Article 29 of the 1945 Constitution. Freedom of religion is guaranteed by the state because the state believes that religious diversity is not a disintegrating factor for the Indonesian people.Abstrak: Artikel ini adalah kajian literatur yang mendeskripsikan kerukunan umat beragama: relevansi pasal 25 Piagam Madinah dan Pasal 29 UUD 1945. Piagam Madinah dibuat pada abad VII (abad klasik) dan pasal 29 UUD 1945 baru lahir pada zaman modern, sekitar abad XX. Keduanya memiliki relevansi yang menyatakan bahwa setiap warga negara bebas menganut agamanya masing-masing. Kemajemukan masyarakat di Indonesia mempunyai sisi-sisi persamaan dan perbedaan dengan kemajemukan masyarakat di Madinah sekitar tahun 622 M. Keberlangsungan dan keharmonisan umat beragama di negara Madinah pada waktu itu diatur dalam piagam Madinah yang merupakan konstitusi negara Madinah. Kerukunan antar umat beragama di Indonesia juga menjadi perhatian penting pemerintah dengan adanya kebijakan Negara Republik Indonesia dari segi agama yang tertuang dalam pasal 29 UUD 1945. Kebebasan beragama ini dijamin oleh negara karena keyakinan bahwa keberagaman agama tidak akan menjadi disentegrating factor bagi bangsa Indonesia

HERMAPHRODITISM: CLASSIFICATION, DIAGNOSIS, SELECTION OF SEX AND TREATMENT

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-302
Author(s):  
Lawson Wilkins ◽  
Melvin M. Grumbach ◽  
Judson J. Van Wyk ◽  
Thomas H. Shepard ◽  
Constantine Papadatos
Keyword(s):  
External Genitalia ◽  
Exploratory Laparotomy ◽  
Ambiguous Genitalia ◽  
Urogenital Sinus ◽  
Sex Characteristics ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
Anatomic Structure ◽  
Before School ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Made In

The different types of ambisexual development have been described. It is most important in earliest infancy to differentiate, on the basis of the 17-ketosteroid excretion, female pseudohermaphroditism due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia from other forms of ambisexual development. The female pseudohermaphrodites should be reared as girls and treated with cortisone according to the methods described. Surgical exploration is not indicated. If the clitoris is enlarged it should be removed before school age and the urogenital sinus corrected to form a separate vagina. With cortisone therapy continued normal female development can be assured. When the adreno-genital syndrome has been excluded, all patients with ambiguous genitalia should be submitted to careful urethroscopic study and exploratory laparotomy. This applies also to individuals who appear to be cryptorchid males with hypospadias and those resembling females with gonads in the groins or labia. These procedures should be carried out in the earliest months of life and a definite decision made as to the sex in which the child is to be reared. Abundant evidence has been accumulated that an individual's gender role and erotic orientation are established through the cumulative experiences of years of living as a boy or a girl. Irrespective of chromosomes, gonads or hormones, the child who from earliest infancy has been steadfastly accepted as a girl or as a boy, particularly if the external genitals have been altered to conform to this sex, will not question his own gender and will conform to the habits and behavior of the sex of rearing. When there is prolonged doubt and uncertainty on the part of the parents or when a change of sex is imposed after an early age and before late adolescence the child will be confused and perplexed and psychologic difficulties result. Accordingly, every effort should be made in early infancy to decide the sex of rearing and the parents should be given support, guidance and reassurance. Necessary corrective operations should be undertaken as early in life as possible. No change from the original decision should be made in later childhood. It is advisable to select the sex of rearing according to the anatomic structure of the external genitalia rather than the type of gonads or the sex chromosomal pattern. To attempt to make a boy of an individual who does not have a fairly well-developed phallus is unwise and condemns the patient to a life of misery. Male pseudohermaphrodites who have external genitalia of female configuration invariably feminize at puberty, so that orchidectomy is not necessary to prevent masculinization. Its only indication might be to avoid the possible risk of testicular malignancy. Male pseudohermaphrodites whose genitalia resemble the male or are ambiguous may either masculinize or feminize at puberty. If it is decided to raise such a child as a female because of the small size of the phallus, orchidectomy may be performed in infancy to avoid the risk of masculinization or it may be postponed until masculinization begins. The former course often seems preferable. At puberty estrogen should be given in doses adequate to develop female sex characteristics. In these cases gonadectomy cannot be considered a mutilating operation or one which deprives the patient of fertility. On the contrary it is one which enables the patient to continue as a reasonably normal individual in the sex in which he has been reared and prevents the disastrous psychologic upheaval of a sex reversal.

Discipline and Punishment

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
George W. Holden
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Control ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Inappropriate Behavior ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Positive Discipline ◽  
Child Compliance ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Made In

The discipline and punishment of children by parents is among the most commonly investigated topics in developmental psychology. Discipline has long occupied a central role in views about socialization, specifically the processes by which children are taught the skills, values, and motivations to become competent adults. The types of disciplinary techniques used by parents reflect a core ingredient of those parents’ approach to childrearing. Furthermore, the particular types of disciplinary techniques used have long been related to children’s outcomes. This is true both in theoretical writings and in subsequent empirical evidence. Discipline and punishment is not a simple topic to study for several reasons: there is confusion over terminology and conceptual issues; the subject matter reflects a dyadic event, embedded in larger contexts of ongoing relationships, family, and neighborhoods, as well as culture; and disciplinary practices that are determined by multiple sources and change over time are at the intersection of cognition, emotion, and behavior. Discipline occurs when there is a breakdown in child management and the child has made, in the parent’s view, a transgression. Disciplinary techniques are those methods used by parents to correct misbehavior, discourage inappropriate behavior, and gain compliance from their children. These techniques consist of a variety of actions and reactions and include such common techniques as reasoning, psychological control, coercion by threats or corporal punishment, time-outs, withdrawal of privileges, or ignoring. Some investigators focus on a group of disciplinary techniques labeled “ineffective discipline” but also called “maladaptive,” “dysfunctional,” or “inept” parenting. Such actions inadvertently reinforce misbehavior or model inappropriate behavior. Although most of the research on discipline has focused on parental punishments, attention is now being devoted to the topics of child compliance, autonomy, self-regulation, and ways of engaging children in cooperative interactions rather than control-based ones, under the label of “positive discipline.”

Agricultural Innovation and Dispersal in Eastern North America

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kandace D. Hollenbach ◽  
Stephen B. Carmody
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Behavioral Ecology ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Human Behavioral Ecology ◽  
Archaic Period ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Plant Domestication ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Late Archaic ◽  
Native Peoples

The possibility that native peoples in eastern North America had cultivated plants prior to the introduction of maize was first raised in 1924. Scant evidence was available to support this speculation, however, until the “flotation revolution” of the 1960s and 1970s. As archaeologists involved in large-scale projects began implementing flotation, paleoethnobotanists soon had hundreds of samples and thousands of seeds that demonstrated that indigenous peoples grew a suite of crops, including cucurbit squashes and gourds, sunflower, sumpweed, and chenopod, which displayed signs of domestication. The application of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating to cucurbit rinds and seeds in the 1980s placed the domestication of these four crops in the Late Archaic period 5000–3800 bp. The presence of wild cucurbits during earlier Archaic periods lent weight to the argument that native peoples in eastern North America domesticated these plants independently of early cultivators in Mesoamerica. Analyses of DNA from chenopods and cucurbits in the 2010s definitively demonstrated that these crops developed from local lineages. With evidence in hand that refuted notions of the diffusion of plant domestication from Mesoamerica, models developed in the 1980s for the transition from foraging to farming in the Eastern Woodlands emphasized the coevolutionary relationship between people and these crop plants. As Archaic-period groups began to occupy river valleys more intensively, in part due to changing climatic patterns during the mid-Holocene that created more stable river systems, their activities created disturbed areas in which these weedy plants thrive. With these useful plants available as more productive stands in closer proximity to base camps, people increasingly used the plants, which in turn responded to people’s selection. Critics noted that these models left little room for intentionality or innovation on the part of early farmers. Models derived from human behavioral ecology explore the circumstances in which foragers choose to start using these small-seeded plants in greater quantities. In contrast to the resource-rich valley settings of the coevolutionary models, human behavioral ecology models posit that foragers would only use these plants, which provide relatively few calories per time spent obtaining them, when existing resources could no longer support growing populations. In these scenarios, Late Archaic peoples cultivated these crops as insurance against shortages in nut supplies. Despite their apparent differences, current iterations of both models recognize humans as agents who actively change their environments, with intentional and unintentional results. Both also are concerned with understanding the social and ecological contexts within which people began cultivating and eventually domesticating plants. The “when” and “where” questions of domestication in eastern North America are relatively well established, although researchers continue to fill significant gaps in geographic data. These primarily include regions where large-scale contract archaeology projects have not been conducted. Researchers are also actively debating the “how” and “why” of domestication, but the cultural ramifications of the transition from foraging to farming have yet to be meaningfully incorporated into the archaeological understanding of the region. The significance of these native crops to the economies of Late Archaic and subsequent Early and Middle Woodland peoples is poorly understood and often woefully underestimated by researchers. The socioeconomic roles of these native crops to past peoples, as well as the possibilities for farmers and cooks to incorporate them into their practices in the early 21st century, are exciting areas for new research.

scholarly journals Deep-water decapod crustaceans studied with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) in the Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia (Crustacea: Decapoda)

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3550 (1) ◽  
pp. 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSEPH POUPIN ◽  
LAURE CORBARI ◽  
THIERRY PÉREZ ◽  
PIERRE CHEVALDONNÉ
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Density ◽  
French Polynesia ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Decapod Crustaceans ◽  
Remotely Operated Vehicle ◽  
Marquesas Islands ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
First Time ◽  
Made In

Decapod crustaceans were studied in the Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia, between 50–550 m by using a remotelyoperated vehicle (ROV) equipped with high resolution cameras and an articulated arm. Careful examination of videos andphotographs combined with previous inventories made in the area with conventional gears allowed the identification of30 species, including 20 species-level determinations. Species identified belong to shrimps (Penaeoidea, Stenopodidea,and Caridea), lobsters (Astacidea and Achelata), anomurans (Galatheoidea and Paguroidea), and brachyuran crabs(Dromioidea, Homolodromioidea, Raninoidea, Leucosioidea, Majoidea, Parthenopoidea, Portunoidea, and Trapezioidea).Most of these species were observed and photographed in situ for the first time. A discussion is given on the geographic distribution, density, ecology, and behavior.

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