Efficacy of Dental Lasers on Smear Layer Removal from the Root Canal Walls

ABSTRACT Aim In the present study, the role of three plant extracts as irrigant in root canal cleaning after instrumentation was evaluated. The effect of Syzygium aromaticum (S. Aromaticum), Ocimum sanctum (O. Sanctum) and Cinnamomum zeylanicum (C. zeylanicum) plant extracts was evaluated in smear layer removal. Methods The study was divided into different groups having 5 teeth each using various irrigating agents to evaluate smear layer removal. Group A: O. Sanctum extract; group A1: O. Sanctum extract with EDTA, group B: S. Aromaticum extract; group B1 S. Aromaticum extract with EDTA, group C: C. zeylanicum extract; group C1 C. zeylanicum extract with EDTA and two control group of 5 teeth each in group D: 3% NaOCl; group D1 3% NaOCl with EDTA (as positive control) and group E: Distilled water (as negative control); group E1 3% Distilled water with EDTA. Each tooth was split longitudinally and prepared for examination by scanning electron microscopy. Results The herbal extracts were effective in cleaning root canal walls when combine with EDTA with maximum activity of S. Aromaticum extract with EDTA group. Conclusion Under the condition of present study the three herbal plant extracts were ineffective in removal of smear layer when used alone.

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A Comparative Evaluation of Cleaning Efficacy (Debris and Smear Layer Removal) of Hand and Two NiTi Rotary Instrumentation Systems (K3 and ProTaper): A SEM Study

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1445 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 1028-1035

Author(s):

Sangeetha Vallikanthan ◽

K Balakoti Reddy ◽

Shreemoy Dash ◽

Sowmya Kallepalli ◽

N Chakrapani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Canal ◽

Comparative Evaluation ◽

Group Iv ◽

Smear Layer ◽

Layer Removal ◽

Group I ◽

Rotary Instruments ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Sem Study ◽

Cleaning Efficacy

ABSTRACT Objectives The present study was conducted to compare the cleaning efficacy (debris and smear layer removal) of hand and two NiTi rotary instrumentation systems (K3 and ProTaper). Materials and methods Sixty single rooted human maxillary anterior teeth decoronated at the cementoenamel junction were used. All the specimens were divided into four groups of 15 teeth each, group I—ProTaper rotary instrumentation done, group II—K3 rotary instrumentation done, group III—Stainless steel K-file instrumentation done, group IV—root canal irrigation without instrumentation. Root canal preparation was done in a crown down manner and 3% sodium hypochlorite was used as irrigant after each file followed by final rinse with 5 ml of 17% EDTA solution, then specimens were scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination. Results Statistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey's HSD test. Group I showed highly statistical significant difference compared to other groups. There was no statistically significant difference considering smear layer at any levels among the groups with no smear layer formation in group IV. Conclusion ProTaper rotary instrumentation showed the maximum cleaning efficacy followed by K3 rotary instrumentation in the coronal, middle and apical thirds of the root canal. Clinical significance ProTaper rotary instruments are more efficient than hand and K3 rotary instruments during root canal treatment. How to cite this article Reddy KB, Dash S, Kallepalli S, Vallikanthan S, Chakrapani N, Kalepu V. A Comparative Evaluation of Cleaning Efficacy (Debris and Smear Layer Removal) of Hand and Two NiTi Rotary Instrumentation Systems (K3 and ProTaper): A SEM Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(6):1028-1035.

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In Vitro Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties and Smear Layer Removal/Sealer Penetration of a Novel Silver-Citrate Root Canal Irrigant

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13010194 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 194 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Riccardo Tonini ◽

Massimo Giovarruscio ◽

Fabio Gorni ◽

Andrei Ionescu ◽

Eugenio Brambilla ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Canal ◽

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽

Antibacterial Properties ◽

Phosphate Buffer Solution ◽

Smear Layer ◽

Tetrazolium Salt ◽

Apical Portion ◽

Layer Removal ◽

Root Canal Irrigation ◽

Group I

This study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of a novel silver-citrate root canal irrigation solution (BioAKT) on smear layer removal, sealer penetration after root canal instrumentation and antibacterial activity. Single-root teeth were endodontically treated, sealed with an epoxi-amine resin sealer and irrigated using: Group I: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); Group II: silver-citrate solution (BioAKT); Group III: phosphate buffer solution (PBS); Group IV: 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Smear layer removal and silver deposition at the coronal, middle and apical portion of each canal were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Sealer penetration into dentinal tubules at coronal, middle and apical portion was assessed through dye-assisted confocal microscopy (CSM). Both SEM and CSM micrographs were evaluated by two examiners (κ = 0.86), who were blind to the irrigation regimens; scores were given according to the degree of penetration of the sealer. Data analysis included Pearson’s x2 and Sidak’s multiple comparisons. Dentin discs were polished and sterilized. Enterococcus faecalis biofilms were grown using a continuous-flow bioreactor under anaerobic conditions for 72 h. Specimens were irrigated with the tested solutions, and bacterial viability was assessed using a tetrazolium salt assay (MTT). Statistical analysis included one-way ANOVA and Student’s post-hoc t-test (p < 0.05). BioAKT and EDTA were the most efficient solutions both in removing the smear layer and allowing sealer penetration. However, at the apical portion BioAKT performed significantly better compared to EDTA both in smear layer removal and sealer penetration (p < 0.05). BioAKT and NaOCl showed comparable antibacterial effect (p = 0.53). In conclusion, BioAKT represents a suitable smear layer removal agent, which allows for reliable sealer penetration at the apical portion of the root canal system and offers significant antibacterial properties.

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Evaluation of four final irrigation protocols for cleaning root canal walls

International Journal of Oral Science ◽

10.1038/s41368-020-00091-4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Qiang Li ◽

Qian Zhang ◽

Xiaoying Zou ◽

Lin Yue

Keyword(s):

Root Canal ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽

Smear Layer ◽

Confocal Laser ◽

Bacterial Survival ◽

Bacterial Inhibition ◽

Layer Removal ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Canal Systems

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of four final irrigation protocols in smear layer removal and bacterial inhibition in root canal systems. Thirty roots inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis were prepared with ProTaper Universal files. The teeth were disinfected by conventional needle irrigation, sonic agitation using the EndoActivator device, passive ultrasonic irrigation, or an M3 Max file. Teeth with no root canal preparation served as blank controls for the establishment of the infection baseline. Teeth with preparation but no final irrigation served as a post-instrumentation baseline. After the final irrigation, the teeth were sectioned in half. One half of each tooth was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to assess smear layer removal using a five-point scale. The other half was examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) using the LIVE/DEAD BackLight bacterial viability kit to evaluate the depth of bacterial survival in dentinal tubules. SEM analysis revealed no significant difference in smear layer removal throughout the whole canal among the EA, PUI, and M3 Max groups (P > 0.05). CLSM revealed that PUI achieved the greatest bacterial inhibition depth in the coronal ((174.27 ± 31.63) μm), middle ((160.94 ± 37.77) μm), and apical ((119.53 ± 28.49) μm) thirds of the canal (all P < 0.05 vs. other groups). According to this comprehensive SEM and CLSM evaluation, PUI appears to have the best infection control ability in root canal systems.

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Scanning Electron Microscopic Preliminary Study of the Efficacy of SmearClear and EDTA for Smear Layer Removal after Root Canal Instrumentation in Permanent Teeth

Journal of Endodontics ◽

10.1016/j.joen.2008.08.007 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 34 (12) ◽

pp. 1541-1544 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Lea Assed Bezerra da Silva ◽

Ana Carolina Meng Sanguino ◽

Cristiane Tomaz Rocha ◽

Mario Roberto Leonardo ◽

Raquel Assed Bezerra Silva

Keyword(s):

Root Canal ◽

Smear Layer ◽

Permanent Teeth ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Layer Removal ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopic ◽

Preliminary Study ◽

Root Canal Instrumentation ◽

Scanning Electron

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The Effect of Root Canal Irrigation with Combination of Sodium Hypo-chlorite and Chlorhexidine Gluconate on the Sealing Ability of Obturation Materials

The Open Dentistry Journal ◽

10.2174/1874210601408010184 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 184-187 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Hamed Homayouni ◽

Nima Moradi Majd ◽

Heidar Zohrehei ◽

Behrad Mosavari ◽

Mamak Adel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Root Canal ◽

Chlorhexidine Gluconate ◽

Smear Layer ◽

Fluid Filtration ◽

Layer Removal ◽

Gutta Percha ◽

Sealing Ability ◽

Group 3 ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the precipitate that was formed by combining Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) and Chlorhexidine Gluconate (CHX) on the sealing ability of root canal obturation materials. Materials and Methods: The fluid filtration method was conducted on a total of 100 roots. Samples were randomly divided into two control (n=5) and three experimental groups (n=30). The samples in group 1 were irrigated with 1.5 mL of 2.5% NaOCl, and then the smear layers of the teeth were removed by 17% EDTA, while the specimens of group 2 were irrigated by 1.5 mL of 2.5% NaOCl and 1.5 mL of 2% CHX; after the smear layer removal, a final flush with 1.5 mL of 2.5% NaOCl was performed. The samples of group 3 were irrigated the same as group 1 but after the smear layer removal canals were irrigated again with 1.5 mL of 2.5% NaOCl and then a final flush with 1.5 mL of 2% CHX was performed. Teeth were obturated with gutta-percha and AH26 sealer and after seven days, microleakage was evaluated by the fluid filtration technique. The results were analyzed by the ANOVA and Tukey's test. Results: The samples in group 3 had significantly greater microleakage compared to teeth in group 1, 2 (p<0.05), and the specimens in group 1 showed significantly less amount of microleakage than samples in group 2, 3 (p<0.05). Conclusion: The presence of the precipitate that is formed due to interaction between NaOCl and CHX has negative effect on the sealing ability of gutta-percha and AH26 sealer.

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Smear layer removal capacity of disinfectant solutions used with and without EDTA for the irrigation of canals: a SEM study

Pesquisa Odontológica Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s1517-74912003000400010 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 349-355 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Ana Carolina Silveira Cardoso de Menezes ◽

Caio Gorgulho Zanet ◽

Márcia Carneiro Valera

Keyword(s):

Root Canal ◽

Saline Solution ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Smear Layer ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Significance Level ◽

Layer Removal ◽

Root Canals ◽

Removal Capacity ◽

Group 5

The purpose of this study was to carry out a scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis of the cleaning qualities and smear layer removal from root canal walls, instrumented and irrigated with 2.5% NaOCl, 2.0% chlorhexidine and saline solutions. Fifty extracted teeth were used in this study. All teeth were radiographed to determine the existence of a single canal. The crowns were cut at the cervical limit and the root canals were instrumented with K-type files up to size 45. During root canal preparation, irrigations were made with the different solutions being evaluated: Group 1: 2.5% NaOCl (10 roots); Group 2: 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA for 2 minute (10 roots); Group 3: 2.0% chlorhexidine (10 roots); Group 4: 2.0% chlorhexidine and 17% EDTA for 2 minutes (10 roots); Group 5: saline solution (5 roots); Group 6: saline solution and 17% EDTA for 2 minutes (5 roots). After instrumentation, the canals were irrigated with each one of the solutions and the roots were cut in the buccolingual direction for SEM analysis, at the cervical, middle and apical thirds, to ascertain the presence or absence of smear layer and debris. SEM analysis was performed by three calibrated examiners and scores were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis test at the significance level of p = 5%. Results showed that the use of 17% EDTA decreased the smear layer significantly (p < 0.05) for all evaluated solutions in all thirds. When EDTA was not used, a significantly higher quantity of smear layer on the apical third was observed only in the NaOCl groups. The use of 17% EDTA was significant for debris removal except for the chlorhexidine groups. The following conclusion could be drawn: the use of 17% EDTA was necessary to enhance cleanness of the root canals.

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