BCG Induced Lymphadenitis: A Prerequisite in Parental Counseling during Pre and Post Vaccination Program

Since the end of 2020, the mass vaccination has been actively promoted and seemed to be effective to bring the COVID-19 pandemic under control. However, the fact of immunity waning and the possible existence of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) make the situation uncertain. We developed a dynamic model of COVID-19 incorporating vaccination and immunity waning, which was calibrated by using the data of accumulative vaccine doses administered and the COVID-19 epidemic in 2020 in mainland China. We explored how long the current vaccination program can prevent China in a low risk of resurgence, and how ADE affects the long-term trajectory of COVID-19 epidemics. The prediction suggests that the vaccination coverage with at least one dose reach 95.87%, and with two-doses reach 77.92% on August 31, 2021. However, even with the mass vaccination, randomly introducing infected cases in the post-vaccination period can result in large outbreaks quickly in the presence of immunity waning, particularly for SARS-CoV-2 variants with higher transmission ability. The results showed that with the current vaccination program and a proportion of 50% population wearing masks, mainland China can be protected in a low risk of resurgence till 2023/01/18. However, ADE effect and higher transmission ability for variants would significantly shorten the protective period for more than 1 year. Furthermore, intermittent outbreaks can occur while the peak values of the subsequential outbreaks are decreasing, meaning that subsequential outbreaks boosted the immunity in the population level, which further indicating that catching-up vaccination program can help to mitigate the possible outbreaks, even avoid the outbreaks. The findings reveal that integrated effects of multiple factors, including immunity waning, ADE, relaxed interventions, and higher transmission ability of variants, make the control of COVID-19 much more difficult. We should get ready for a long struggle with COVID-19, and should not totally rely on COVID-19 vaccine.

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Spatiotemporal dynamics of foot and mouth disease outbreaks in India, 2008-2016

10.22541/au.162314532.27755027/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Umanga Gunasekera ◽

Jitendra Biswal ◽

Gustavo Machado ◽

Rajeev Ranjan ◽

Saravanan Subramaniam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibody Titer ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Spatiotemporal Dynamics ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Mass Vaccination ◽

Vaccination Program ◽

Post Vaccination ◽

Vaccination Programs ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

The Impact

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in India, where circulation of serotypes O, A and Asia 1 is frequent. In the past two decades, many of the most widespread and significant FMD lineages globally have emerged from the South Asia region. Here, we provide an epidemiological assessment of the ongoing mass vaccination programs in regard to post-vaccination monitoring and outbreak occurrence. The objective of this study was to quantify the spatiotemporal dynamics of FMD outbreaks and to assess the impact of the mass vaccination program between 2008 to 2016 with available antibody titer data from the vaccination monitoring program, alongside other risk factors that facilitate FMD spread in the country. We first conducted a descriptive analysis of epidemiological outcomes of governmental vaccination programs in India, focusing on antibody titer data from >1 million animals sampled as part of pre- and post-vaccination monitoring and estimates of standardized incidence ratios calculated from reported outbreaks per state/administrative unit. The percent of animals with inferred immunological protection (based on ELISA) was highly variable across states, but there was a general increase in the overall percent of animals with inferred protection through time. In addition, the number of outbreaks in a state was negatively correlated with the percent of animals with inferred protection. Because standardized incidence ratios of outbreaks were heterogeneously distributed over the course of eight years, we analyzed the distribution of reported FMD outbreaks using a Bayesian space-time model to map high-risk areas. This model demonstrated a ~50% reduction in the relative risk of outbreaks in states that were part of the vaccination program. In addition, states that did not have an international border experienced reduced risk of FMD outbreaks. These findings help inform risk-based control strategies for India as the country progresses towards reducing reported clinical disease.

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EFFECT OF PHYLLANTHUS NIRURI L. EXTRACT AS IMMUNOSTIMULATOR ON CHICKEN VACCINATED BY NEWCASTLE DISEASE

jurnal veteriner ◽

10.19087/jveteriner.2021.22.1.125 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 125-132

Author(s):

Jola Rahmahani ◽

Rahaju Ernawati ◽

Didik Handijatno

Keyword(s):

Antibody Titre ◽

Newcastle Disease ◽

Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽

Vaccination Program ◽

Not Given ◽

Poultry Industry ◽

Phyllanthus Niruri ◽

Antibody Synthesis ◽

Post Vaccination ◽

Before And After

Newcastle Disease or tetelo is one of main problem in poultry Industry in Indonesia. Prevention such as biosecurity control and routin vaccination program have been conducted to overcome this problem, but they have not given any great impact. Phyllanthus Niruri L. or meniran is well known as immunostimulatory. This research was aimed to reveal effect of Phyllanthus Niruri L. extract on chicken vaccinated with live vaccine LaSota. Administration of Phyllanthus Niruri L. extract was conducted on three different time which were 7 days before vaccination, 1 days after vaccination, and 3 days before and after vaccination. The amount of Phyllanthus Niruri L. extract administered were 2 ml, 2.5 ml, and 3 ml orally. Data of antibody titre were collected for 4 weeks after the treatment. It was obtained by measuring the antibody through Haemagglutination Inhibition test each week. According to the result Phyllanthus Niruri L. extract could increase the amount of antibody titre against Newcastle Disease. The amount of Phyllanthus Niruri L. extract given that capable to induced maximum of antibody titre was administered 1 days after the vaccination with amount 2.5 ml. It is suggested that Phyllanthus Niruri L. extract should be administered post vaccination to boost antibody synthesis.

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Post-vaccination Monitoring to Assess Foot-and-Mouth Disease Immunity at Population Level in Korea

Frontiers in Veterinary Science ◽

10.3389/fvets.2021.673820 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Mi-Young Park ◽

You Jin Han ◽

Eun-Jin Choi ◽

HeeYeon Kim ◽

Rokeya Pervin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Serological Test ◽

Vaccination Campaign ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Vaccination Program ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Post Vaccination ◽

Population Immunity ◽

Foot And Mouth

In South Korea, domestic cattle, pigs, and goats were subjected to mandatory foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination and year-round serosurveillance since 2011. In 2020, approximately USD 95 million was spent solely for FMD vaccine purchase for 59 million livestock, and 1.25 million samples were tested to estimate the population immunity and demonstrate the absence of virus circulation. As the FMD vaccination program was revised in 2018, the post-vaccination monitoring (PVM) was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the vaccine program of three vaccines approved for routine use. To this end, monitoring post-vaccination immunity has been conducted by collecting 35,626 serum samples at 28 days post-vaccination following regular national vaccinations, which were carried out in April and in October in 2020. The design of the serological test for PVM was specially targeted at particular livestock groups, including dairy cattle, goats, and beef cattle aged 6–12 months, which were generally estimated to have a low expected seroprevalence. The risk factors had also been identified, considering the increased likelihood of infection in a particular location, herd size, and husbandry system applied in a targeted sample collection. Serum sample collection and SP-O and NSP antibody tests were performed by local veterinary laboratories using commercially available ELISAs. The current FMD vaccination program, which was performed twice a year following the regimen of primary vaccination and boost, resulted in over 80% population immunity. The seroprevalence monitored after the vaccination in fall was higher than the one studied in spring except in pigs. It was demonstrated that the seroprevalence of risk-based targeted samples ranged from 93.8 to 100% in cattle, 63.2 to 100% in pigs, and 20.0 to 100% in goats. Of note is the area near the North Korean borders which showed a relatively low seroprevalence among the targeted regions, and no NSP sero-positive reactor was detected in this region. When subpopulation immunity at the individual level was assessed, the seroprevalence in young cattle stock was slightly lower (95.8%) than that of adults (98.4%). In conclusion, the FMD vaccination campaign has been successfully implemented in Korea, and the PVM can be a supplementary program for massive routine surveillance in terms of providing timely information needed both to estimate population immunity and to properly target “risk-based surveillance.”

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The Incidence and Severity of Post-Vaccination Reactions after Vaccination against COVID-19

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9050502 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 502

Author(s):

Izabela Jęśkowiak ◽

Benita Wiatrak ◽

Patrycja Grosman-Dziewiszek ◽

Adam Szeląg

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Side Effects ◽

High Risk ◽

Questionnaire Survey ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Statistical Data ◽

Vaccination Program ◽

Immunization Program ◽

Post Vaccination ◽

Anonymous Questionnaire

The pandemic of COVID-19 might be limited by vaccination. Society should be vaccinated to prevent the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to protect persons who are at high risk for complications. In Poland, the National Vaccination Program has been introduced, which is a strategy for planning activities to ensure safe and effective vaccinations among Polish citizens. It includes not only the purchase of an appropriate number of vaccines, their distribution but also monitoring of the course and effectiveness of vaccination and the safety of Poles. The national COVID-19 immunization program has been divided into four stages. Stage 0 covers the healthcare workers to be vaccinated first, as they are most at risk of being infected with the coronavirus. The study aims to prove the thesis that GIS statistical data on the incidence of COVID-19 post-vaccination reactions should be verified, as patients do not report their occurrence through the procedure indicated by GIS. In March 2021, an anonymous questionnaire survey was conducted using an electronic questionnaire among persons belonging to group zero of the National Vaccination Program. The survey consisted of 19 short questions concerning, inter alia, getting COVID-19, post-vaccination reactions after receiving the first and second doses of the COVID-19 vaccine, and motivation to proceed with vaccination. A total of 1678 complete responses were received. It has been shown that only a small number of post-vaccination reactions are reported to the Sanitary Inspection, which makes GIS statistics on the incidence of post-vaccination reactions in COVID-19 unreliable. In addition, having earlier suffered from COVID-19 had an impact on the occurrence of more severe side effects after the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine.

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