scholarly journals Post-vaccination Monitoring to Assess Foot-and-Mouth Disease Immunity at Population Level in Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mi-Young Park ◽  
You Jin Han ◽  
Eun-Jin Choi ◽  
HeeYeon Kim ◽  
Rokeya Pervin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serological Test ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Vaccination Program ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
Foot And Mouth

In South Korea, domestic cattle, pigs, and goats were subjected to mandatory foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination and year-round serosurveillance since 2011. In 2020, approximately USD 95 million was spent solely for FMD vaccine purchase for 59 million livestock, and 1.25 million samples were tested to estimate the population immunity and demonstrate the absence of virus circulation. As the FMD vaccination program was revised in 2018, the post-vaccination monitoring (PVM) was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the vaccine program of three vaccines approved for routine use. To this end, monitoring post-vaccination immunity has been conducted by collecting 35,626 serum samples at 28 days post-vaccination following regular national vaccinations, which were carried out in April and in October in 2020. The design of the serological test for PVM was specially targeted at particular livestock groups, including dairy cattle, goats, and beef cattle aged 6–12 months, which were generally estimated to have a low expected seroprevalence. The risk factors had also been identified, considering the increased likelihood of infection in a particular location, herd size, and husbandry system applied in a targeted sample collection. Serum sample collection and SP-O and NSP antibody tests were performed by local veterinary laboratories using commercially available ELISAs. The current FMD vaccination program, which was performed twice a year following the regimen of primary vaccination and boost, resulted in over 80% population immunity. The seroprevalence monitored after the vaccination in fall was higher than the one studied in spring except in pigs. It was demonstrated that the seroprevalence of risk-based targeted samples ranged from 93.8 to 100% in cattle, 63.2 to 100% in pigs, and 20.0 to 100% in goats. Of note is the area near the North Korean borders which showed a relatively low seroprevalence among the targeted regions, and no NSP sero-positive reactor was detected in this region. When subpopulation immunity at the individual level was assessed, the seroprevalence in young cattle stock was slightly lower (95.8%) than that of adults (98.4%). In conclusion, the FMD vaccination campaign has been successfully implemented in Korea, and the PVM can be a supplementary program for massive routine surveillance in terms of providing timely information needed both to estimate population immunity and to properly target “risk-based surveillance.”

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal dynamics of foot and mouth disease outbreaks in India, 2008-2016

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umanga Gunasekera ◽  
Jitendra Biswal ◽  
Gustavo Machado ◽  
Rajeev Ranjan ◽  
Saravanan Subramaniam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Titer ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Spatiotemporal Dynamics ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Mass Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Program ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
The Impact

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in India, where circulation of serotypes O, A and Asia 1 is frequent. In the past two decades, many of the most widespread and significant FMD lineages globally have emerged from the South Asia region. Here, we provide an epidemiological assessment of the ongoing mass vaccination programs in regard to post-vaccination monitoring and outbreak occurrence. The objective of this study was to quantify the spatiotemporal dynamics of FMD outbreaks and to assess the impact of the mass vaccination program between 2008 to 2016 with available antibody titer data from the vaccination monitoring program, alongside other risk factors that facilitate FMD spread in the country. We first conducted a descriptive analysis of epidemiological outcomes of governmental vaccination programs in India, focusing on antibody titer data from >1 million animals sampled as part of pre- and post-vaccination monitoring and estimates of standardized incidence ratios calculated from reported outbreaks per state/administrative unit. The percent of animals with inferred immunological protection (based on ELISA) was highly variable across states, but there was a general increase in the overall percent of animals with inferred protection through time. In addition, the number of outbreaks in a state was negatively correlated with the percent of animals with inferred protection. Because standardized incidence ratios of outbreaks were heterogeneously distributed over the course of eight years, we analyzed the distribution of reported FMD outbreaks using a Bayesian space-time model to map high-risk areas. This model demonstrated a ~50% reduction in the relative risk of outbreaks in states that were part of the vaccination program. In addition, states that did not have an international border experienced reduced risk of FMD outbreaks. These findings help inform risk-based control strategies for India as the country progresses towards reducing reported clinical disease.

scholarly journals Isotype-specific antibody responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus in sera and secretions of ‘carrier’ and ‘non-carrier’ cattle

1996 ◽  
Vol 117 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Salt ◽  
G. Mulcahy ◽  
R. P. Kitching
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

SummaryIsotype-specific antibody responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) were measured in the sera and upper respiratory tract secretions of vaccinated and susceptible cattle challenged with FMDV by direct contact or by intranasal inoculation. A comparison was made between cattle that eliminated FMDV and those that developed and maintained a persistent infection. Serological and mucosal antibody responses were detected in all animals after challenge. IgA and 1gM were detected before the development of IgG1and IgG2responses. 1gM was not detected in vaccinated cattle. Challenge with FMDV elicited a prolonged biphasic secretory antibody response in FMDV ‘carrier’ animals only. The response was detected as FMDVspecific IgA in both mucosal secretions and serum samples, which gained statistical significance (P< 0·05) by 5 weeks after challenge. This observation could represent the basis of a test to differentiate vaccinated and/or recovered convalescent cattle from FMDV ‘carriers’.

scholarly journals Epidemiological study on foot-and-mouth disease in small ruminants: sero-prevalence and risk factor assessment in Kenya

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eunice C. Chepkwony ◽  
George C. Gitao ◽  
Gerald M. Muchemi ◽  
Abraham K. Sangula ◽  
Salome W. Kairu-Wanyoike
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Production Type ◽  
Foot And Mouth

AbstractFoot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Kenya affecting cloven-hoofed ruminants. The epidemiology of the disease in small ruminants (SR) is not documented. We carried out a cross-sectional study, the first in Kenya, to estimate the sero-prevalence of FMD in SR and the associated risk factors nationally. Selection of animals to be sampled used a multistage cluster sampling approach. Serum samples totaling 7564 were screened for FMD antibodies of Non-Structural-Proteins using ID Screen® NSP Competition ELISA kit. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Studies Version 20. To identify the risk factors, chi-square and logistic regression analyses were used. The country animal level sero-prevalence was 23.3% (95% CI: 22.3-24.3%) while herd level sero-prevalence was 77.6% (95% CI: 73.9-80.9%). Sero-positivity was significantly higher in the pastoral zone (31.5%) than in the sedentary zone at 14.5% (χ2 =303.2, p<0.05). In the most parsimonious backward fitting logistic multivariable regression, the only risk factors that were significantly positively associated with FMD sero-positivity in SR were multipurpose (OR=1.150; p=0.034) and dairy production types (OR=2.029; p=0.003). Those that were significantly negatively associated with FMD sero-positivity were male sex (OR=0.856; p=0.026), young age (OR=0.601; p=0.037), sedentary production zone (OR=0.471; p<0.001), bringing in of SR (OR=0.838; p=0.004), purchase of SR from market/middlemen (OR=0.877; p=0.049), no interaction with wildlife (OR=0.657; p<0.001), mixed production type (OR=0.701; p=0.016), enclosure of SR day and night (OR=0.515; p=0.001), migratory grazing system (OR=0.807; p=0.047), on-farm watering system (OR=0.724; p=0.002), male-from-another-farm (OR=0.723; p=0.030) and artificial insemination (OR=0.357; p=0.008) breeding methods.This study showed that there is widespread undetected virus circulation in SR indicated by ubiquitous spatial distribution of significant FMD sero-positivity in the country. The risk factors were mainly husbandry related. Strengthening of risk-based FMD surveillance in carrier SR which pose potential risk of virus transmission to other susceptible species is recommended. Adjustment of husbandry practices to control FMD in SR and in-contact species is suggested. Cross-transmission and more risk factors need to be researched.

scholarly journals Use of Slaughterhouses as Sentinel Points for Genomic Surveillance of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Southern Vietnam

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2203
Author(s):  
Umanga Gunasekara ◽  
Miranda R. Bertram ◽  
Do H. Dung ◽  
Bui H. Hoang ◽  
Nguyen T. Phuong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Southern Vietnam ◽  
Serotype O ◽  
Healthy Cattle ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

The genetic diversity of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) poses a challenge to the successful control of the disease, and it is important to identify the emergence of different strains in endemic settings. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sampling of clinically healthy livestock at slaughterhouses as a strategy for genomic FMDV surveillance. Serum samples (n = 11,875) and oropharyngeal fluid (OPF) samples (n = 5045) were collected from clinically healthy cattle and buffalo on farms in eight provinces in southern and northern Vietnam (2015–2019) to characterize viral diversity. Outbreak sequences were collected between 2009 and 2019. In two slaughterhouses in southern Vietnam, 1200 serum and OPF samples were collected from clinically healthy cattle and buffalo (2017 to 2019) as a pilot study on the use of slaughterhouses as sentinel points in surveillance. FMDV VP1 sequences were analyzed using discriminant principal component analysis and time-scaled phylodynamic trees. Six of seven serotype-O and -A clusters circulating in southern Vietnam between 2017–2019 were detected at least once in slaughterhouses, sometimes pre-dating outbreak sequences associated with the same cluster by 4–6 months. Routine sampling at slaughterhouses may provide a timely and efficient strategy for genomic surveillance to identify circulating and emerging FMDV strains.

scholarly journals Detection of Bovine Antibodies against a Conserved Capsid Epitope as the Basis of a Novel Universal Serological Test for Foot-and-Mouth Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Asfor ◽  
N. Howe ◽  
S. Grazioli ◽  
S. Berryman ◽  
K. Parekh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Serological Test ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Nonstructural Proteins ◽  
Fmd Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Serological Surveillance ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACT Diagnostic tests for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) include the detection of antibodies against either the viral nonstructural proteins or the capsid. The detection of antibodies against the structural proteins (SP) of the capsid can be used to monitor seroconversion in both infected and vaccinated animals. However, SP tests need to be tailored to the individual FMD virus (FMDV) serotype and their sensitivity may be affected by antigenic variability within each serotype and mismatching between test reagents. As a consequence, FMD reference laboratories are required to maintain multiple type-specific SP assays and reagents. A universal SP test would simplify frontline diagnostics and facilitate large-scale serological surveillance and postvaccination monitoring. In this study, a highly conserved region in the N terminus of FMDV capsid protein VP2 (VP2N) was characterized using a panel of intertype-reactive monoclonal antibodies. This revealed a universal epitope in VP2N which could be used as a peptide antigen to detect FMDV-specific antibodies against all types of the virus. A VP2-peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (VP2-ELISA) was optimized using experimental and reference antisera from immunized, convalescent, and naïve animals (n = 172). The VP2-ELISA is universal and simple and provided sensitive (99%) and specific (93%) detection of antibodies to all FMDV strains used in this study. We anticipate that this SP test could have utility for serosurveillance during virus incursions in FMD-free countries and as an additional screening tool to assess FMD virus circulation in countries where the disease is endemic.

Seroprevalence of serotype O of foot-and-mouth disease virus in vaccinated pigs and cattle in Ho Chi Minh City

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-25
Author(s):  
Chi Mai Duong
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Ho Chi Minh City ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Fmd Virus ◽  
Serotype O ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

The aim of this study was to assess the seroprevalence against serotype O FMD (foot and mouth disease) virus in vaccinated pigs and cattle in Ho Chi Minh City, as a basis to serve the prevention of FMD epidemics in these animals. A total of 535 pigs and 366cattle sera were tested by using the Elisa kit for the detection of serotype O FMD antibody (Pirbright, UK). Results of this study showed that most pig farms had the proportions of positive animals for antibodies against FMDV serotype O which met the requirements of Decision no. 07/2016/ Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, except Xuan Thoi Thuong, Thai My and Phu My Hung. All sows had high levels of antibodies against serotype O FMD virus. There were no significant differences in the ratios of positive pigs for antibodies against FMDV serotype O among types of pig and age groups. However, there were significant differences in the seroprevalence of vaccinated pigs across herd sizes and days post-vaccination. Meanwhile, the overall seroprevalence of vaccinated cattle against FMDV at individual-level was over 80.00%. No statistical differences were found in the seroprevalence of vaccinated cattle against type OFMDV among regions, types of cattle, herd sizes, age groups and days post-vaccination. In conclusion, pigs raised in farms of Xuan Thoi Thuong, Thai My and Phu My Hung communes should be revaccinated with FMD vaccine to prevent the risk of pigs being infected with FMD virus and reduce the amount of virus produced by an infected animal.

Investigation of foot-and mouth disease outbreak in a pig farm at Kollam district of Kerala, India

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rout ◽  
S. Subramaniam ◽  
J. K. Mohapatra ◽  
B. B. Dash ◽  
B. Pattnaik
Keyword(s):  
Nonstructural Protein ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Clinical Phase ◽  
Serotype O ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Prophylactic Vaccination ◽  
Pig Farm

The present paper describes the investigation of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreak in a private pig farm at Kotty in Kollam district of Kerala during October 2013. During the clinical phase, severe vesicular lesions on snout and skin around the coronary bands were observed in pigs. A total of 48 serum samples and 12 clinical samples (ruptured snout epithelia) were collected. All serum samples were subjected to indirect 3AB nonstructural protein (NSP) ELISA and liquid phase blocking (LPB) ELISA. In 3AB NSP ELISA, all serum samples were found positive for NSP antibodies indicating infection. In LPB ELISA, 42 of 48 (87.5%) pigs were found to have protective log10 antibody titre of ³1.8 against FMD virus serotypes O, A and Asia 1. All the clinical materials were found positive for serotype O in antigen detection ELISA as well as in multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (mRT-PCR). In VP1 region-based phylogenetic analysis, the serotype O isolates causing the outbreak were found to conglomerate within Ind2001 lineage. Pigs infected with FMD may pose rigorous threat to other susceptible domestic livestock as they exhale enormous quantity of virus. As a consequence, they should be included under prophylactic vaccination and surveillance programmes ongoing in the country.

scholarly journals Environmental Sampling as a Low-Technology Method for Surveillance of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in an Area of Endemicity

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Colenutt ◽  
Emma Brown ◽  
Noel Nelson ◽  
Jemma Wadsworth ◽  
Jenny Maud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Environmental Sampling ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Clinical Cases

ABSTRACT Environmental sampling enables disease surveillance beyond regular investigation of observed clinical cases, extending data on the circulation of a pathogen in a specific area. Developing straightforward, low-technology methods suitable for use under field conditions is key to the inclusion of such approaches alongside traditional surveillance techniques. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an economically important livestock pathogen, affecting cloven-hoofed livestock in many countries. Countries with FMDV face severe trade restrictions, and infections can have long-term effects on the productivity of affected animals. Environmental contamination by the virus in excretions and secretions from infected individuals promotes transmission but also presents an opportunity for noninvasive sample collection, facilitating diagnostic and surveillance activities. We present environmental sampling methods that have been tested in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, where FMDV is endemic. A total of nine sites were visited and sampled between November 2016 and November 2017. Environmental swabs collected from sites with reported outbreaks of FMD were used to demonstrate successful detection of FMDV RNA from the environment. The development of methods that can reliably detect FMDV RNA in the environment is significant, since this possibility extends the toolbox available for surveillance for this disease. Similar methods have already been deployed in the effort to eradicate polio, and with FMDV, such methods could easily be deployed in the event of an outbreak to provide additional resources for detection that would relieve pressure on veterinary services. The development of low-technology, straightforward surveillance methods such as these can support a robust response to outbreaks.IMPORTANCE Prompt confirmation and diagnosis of disease are key factors in controlling outbreaks. The development of sampling techniques to detect FMDV RNA from the environment will extend the tool kit available for the surveillance of this pathogen. The methods presented in this article broaden surveillance opportunities using accessible techniques. Pairing these methods with existing and novel diagnostic tests will improve the capability for rapid detection of outbreaks and implementation of timely interventions to control outbreaks. In areas of endemicity, these methods can be implemented to extend surveillance beyond the investigation of clinical cases, providing additional data for the assessment of virus circulation in specific areas.

scholarly journals Development of a Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Antibodies against the 3B Protein of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Yang ◽  
Satya Parida ◽  
Tim Salo ◽  
Kate Hole ◽  
Lauro Velazquez-Salinas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Sensitivity ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Nonstructural Proteins ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

ABSTRACTFoot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most highly contagious and economically devastating diseases, and it severely constrains the international trade of animals. Vaccination against FMD is a key element in the control of FMD. However, vaccination of susceptible animals raises critical issues, such as the differentiation of infected animals from vaccinated animals. The current study developed a reliable and rapid test to detect antibodies against the conserved, nonstructural proteins (NSPs) of the FMD virus (FMDV) to distinguish infected animals from vaccinated animals. A monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the FMDV NSP 3B was produced. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for FMDV/NSP antibody detection was developed using a recombinant 3ABC protein as the antigen and the 3B-specific MAb. Sera collected from naive, FMDV experimentally infected, vaccinated carrier, and noncarrier animals were tested using the 3B cELISA. The diagnostic specificity was 99.4% for naive animals (cattle, pigs, and sheep) and 99.7% for vaccinated noncarrier animals. The diagnostic sensitivity was 100% for experimentally inoculated animals and 64% for vaccinated carrier animals. The performance of this 3B cELISA was compared to that of four commercial ELISA kits using a panel of serum samples established by the World Reference Laboratory for FMD at The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom. The diagnostic sensitivity of the 3B cELISA for the panel of FMDV/NSP-positive bovine serum samples was 94%, which was comparable to or better than that of the commercially available NSP antibody detection kits. This 3B cELISA is a simple, reliable test to detect antibodies against FMDV nonstructural proteins.

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