scholarly journals The Tesla Currents in Electrodynamics

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Andrew Chubykalo ◽  
Viktor Kuligin
Keyword(s):  
Maxwell Equations ◽  
Semiconductor Devices ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Lorentz Gauge ◽  
Conduction Electrons

The paper theoretically shows that the Maxwell equations in the Lorentz gauge deal with not only inertial charged particles, but also charged particles that do not have inertia (virtual charges). Virtual charges appear on the surface of metals. Their movement is the currents of Tesla. Experiments confirming their existence are presented, and some features that reveal them. The influence of virtual currents on the process of transfer of conduction electrons in p-n junctions of semiconductor devices is especially interesting. The results obtained can change our understanding of phenomena in the microcosm.

Multicomponent Beam-Plasma Waves

1967 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1935-1939
Author(s):  
Frank G. Verheest
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Induction ◽  
Maxwell Equations ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Plasma Waves ◽  
Plasma System ◽  
First Order ◽  
Multicomponent Plasma ◽  
Beam Plasma ◽  
General Dispersion

The linearization procedure is applied to the equations governing a beam-plasma system, in which the stream velocities and the wavevector are parallel to the external magnetic induction. No special constraints are imposed on the parameters characterizing the constituent fluids in the equilibrium state of this macroscopic picture. From the MAXWELL equations an expression for the electromagnetic field of the wave is obtained and substituted in the equations of motion. The components of the first-order pressure tensors are computed in the low-temperature approximation, but without recurring to the strong magnetic induction CGL hypothesis. Since the equations of motion are now expressed only in the components of the perturbations of the drift velocities, the dispersion relations follow immediately. These relations are applicable to all beam-plasma systems comprised between the now conventional multicomponent plasma and the system of beams of charged particles. Some known cold beam-plasma cases are included in the general dispersion equations.

The g-Based Jordan Algebra and Lie Algebra Formulations of the Maxwell Equations

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-296
Author(s):  
Chein-Shan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Lie Algebra ◽  
Jordan Algebra ◽  
Maxwell Equations ◽  
Wave Equations ◽  
Algebraic Property ◽  
Gauge Condition ◽  
Linear Matrix ◽  
Lorentz Gauge ◽  
Higher Dimensional ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

AbstractWhen it is usually using a bigger algebra system to formulate the Maxwell equations, in this paper we consider a real four-dimensional algebra to express the Maxwell equations without appealing to the imaginary number and higher dimensional algebras. In terms of g-based Jordan algebra formulation the Lorentz gauge condition is found to be a necessary and sufficient condition to render the second pair of Maxwell equations, while the first pair of Maxwell equations is proved to be an intrinsic algebraic property. Then, we transform the g-based Jordan algebra to a Lie algebra of the dilation proper orthochronous Lorentz group, which gives us an incentive to consider a linear matrix operator of the Lie type, rendering more easy to derive the Maxwell equations and the wave equations. The new formulations fully match the requirements for the classical electrodynamic equations and the Lorentz gauge condition. The mathematical advantage of our formulations is that they are irreducible in the sense that, when compared to the formulations which using other bigger algebras (e.g., biquaternions and Clifford algebras), the number of explicit components and operations is minimal. From this aspect, the g-based Jordan algebra and Lie algebra are the most suitable algebraic systems to implement the Maxwell equations into a more compact form.

The symmetrization of Maxwell's equations, and fractionally charged particles

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darryl Leiter
Keyword(s):  
Electric Charge ◽  
Maxwell’S Equations ◽  
Maxwell Equations ◽  
Maxwell's Equations ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Charge Ratio ◽  
Model Universe ◽  
Electromagnetic Interactions ◽  
Electromagnetic Tensor ◽  
Classical Point

It is shown that Maxwell's equations can be consistently symmetrized by the introduction of an additional vector 4-current as the source of the dual of the generalized electromagnetic tensor. The additional 4-current is related to a second type of electric charge which we shall call "m-electric charge," as distinguished from the conventional electric charge (denoted as "e-electric" charge). A Lagrangian formulation of this theory for classical point charges is constructed, yielding the symmetrized Maxwell equations, in which each particle is assumed to carry both an "e-electric" charge and an "m-electric" charge. We show that if the m-electric to e-electric charge ratio is the same for all particles in the model universe, then the predictions of the symmetrized Maxwell equations are the same as that of the unsymmetrized, conventional Maxwell equations. However, if all particles in a detector carry the same m-electric to e-electric charge ratio, not equal to zero, then a detected particle with different m-electric to e-electric charge ratio (than that of the detector) could appear to have only a fractional e-electric charge. This implies that fractionally charged particles could be generated even if only integral multiples of e-charge and m-charge were allowed in the symmetrized theory. This means that it might be experimentally difficult to distinguish between a differently "m-charged" particle, and an SU3-type "quark," in purely electromagnetic interactions alone.

scholarly journals A Model for the Maxwell Equations Coupled with Matter Based on Solitons

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 760
Author(s):  
Vieri Benci
Keyword(s):  
Maxwell Equations ◽  
Gordon Equation ◽  
Mountain Pass Theorem ◽  
Energy Charge ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Matter Field ◽  
Linear Interaction ◽  
Low Energies ◽  
Klein Gordon ◽  
Klein Gordon Equation

We present a simple model of interaction of the Maxwell equations with a matter field defined by the Klein–Gordon equation. A simple linear interaction and a nonlinear perurbation produces solutions to the equations containing hylomorphic solitons, namely stable, solitary waves, whose existence is related to the ratio energy/charge. These solitons, at low energy, behave as poinwise charged particles in an electromagnetic field. The basic points are the following ones: (i) the matter field is described by the Nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation with a suitable nonlinear term; (ii) the interaction is not described by the equivariant derivative, but by a very simple coupling which preseves the invariance under the Poincaré group; (iii) the existence of soliton can be proved using the tecniques of nonlinear analysis and, in particular, the Mountain Pass Theorem; (iv) a suitable choice of the parameters produces solitons with a prescribed electric charge and mass/energy; (v) thanks to the point (ii), the dynamics of these solitons at low energies is the same of classical charged particles.

scholarly journals Electromagnetic Field Equation and Lorentz Gauge in Rindler Space-time

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangwha Yi
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Gauge Transformation ◽  
Maxwell Equations ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Field Equations ◽  
Lorentz Gauge ◽  
Rindler Space ◽  
Differential Operation ◽  
Gauge Fixing

In this paper, we derived electromagnetic field transformations and electromagnetic field equations of Maxwell in Rindler space-time in the context of general theory of relativity. We then treat the Lorentz gauge transformation and the Lorentz gauge fixing condition in Rindler space-time and obtained the transformation of differential operation, the electromagnetic 4-vector potential and the field. In addition, charge density and the electric current density in Rindler spacetimeare derived. To view the invariance of the gauge transformation, gauge theory is applied to Maxwell equations in Rindler space-time. In Appendix A, we show that the electromagnetic wave function cannot exist in Rindler space-time. An important point we assert in this article is the uniqueness of the accelerated frame. It is because, in the accelerated frame, one can treat electromagnetic field equations.

scholarly journals CRITICISM OF "NECESSITY OF SIMULTANEOUS CO-EXISTENCE OF INSTANTANEOUS AND RETARDED INTERACTIONS IN CLASSICAL ELECTRODYNAMICS" BY CHUBYKALO AND VLAEV

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (27) ◽  
pp. 3975-3979 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. JACKSON
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Maxwell Equations ◽  
Electromagnetic Theory ◽  
Classical Electrodynamics ◽  
Lorentz Gauge ◽  
Vector Potentials ◽  
Electromagnetic Interactions ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Made In

The demonstration that the electromagnetic fields derived from the Liénard–Wiechert potentials do not satisfy the Maxwell equations is proved to be false. Errors were made in the computation of the derivatives of retarded quantities. The subsequent inference of the necessity of both instantaneous and retarded electromagnetic interactions cannot be made. Different choices of gauge can lead to a variety of forms for the scalar and vector potentials, always with the same retarded fields. Classical electromagnetic theory is complete as usually expressed. One may choose to work in the Lorentz gauge in which all quantities are retarded.

scholarly journals Shock waves and Cerenkov radiation in electromagnetic substratum

1991 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Wilhelm
Keyword(s):  
Shock Waves ◽  
Relative Velocity ◽  
Maxwell Equations ◽  
Rest Frame ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Cerenkov Radiation ◽  
Physical Vacuum ◽  
Inertial Frames ◽  
Theoretical Predictions

TheEMfields of charged particles moving with velocityvin a physical vacuum with wave carrier (substratum) are determined by means of the generalized, Galilei covariant Maxwell equations for inertial frames∑. with substratum floww. In this Galilean approach, all velocities have absolute meaning relative to the substratum rest frame∑o, and the relative velocity of material particles is given by the linear Galilean relationvG=v1−v2, permitting in principle superluminal relative velocities|vG|>co. Inter alias, the possibility ofEMshock waves and Cerenkov radiation in the vacuum substratum is discussed. Experiments are proposed to test the theoretical predictions.

The Jovian ring

1984 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 203-209
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Burns
Keyword(s):  
Equatorial Plane ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Dynamical Evolution ◽  
Main Band ◽  
Small Grains ◽  
Three Components

ABSTRACTLying in Jupiter's equatorial plane is a diaphanous ring having little substructure within its three components (main band, faint disk, and halo). Micron-sized grains account for much of the visible ring, but particles of centimeter sizes and larger must also be present to absorb charged particles. Since dynamical evolution times and survival life times are quite short (≲102-3yr) for small grains, the Jovian ring is being continually replenished; probably most of the visible ring is generated by micrometeoroids colliding into unseen parent bodies that reside in the main band.

Atomic orientation effects in proton stopping at low velocity

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 708-709
Author(s):  
Kin Lam
Keyword(s):  
Polycrystalline Material ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Target Material ◽  
Stopping Power ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Electronic Density ◽  
Interatomic Distances ◽  
Frame Work ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Atomic Orientation

The energy of moving ions in solid is dependent on the electronic density as well as the atomic structural properties of the target material. These factors contribute to the observable effects in polycrystalline material using the scanning ion microscope. Here we outline a method to investigate the dependence of low velocity proton stopping on interatomic distances and orientations.The interaction of charged particles with atoms in the frame work of the Fermi gas model was proposed by Lindhard. For a system of atoms, the electronic Lindhard stopping power can be generalized to the formwhere the stopping power function is defined as

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