scholarly journals World Income Inequality Between and Within Regions: 1820-2008

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Keisuke Kokubun
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Global Inequality ◽  
International Inequality ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The World ◽  
World Income ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
High Level

This study investigates the world income inequality between 1820 and 2008 decomposing international inequality into between- and within-region factors. Our estimates show increase of inequality between 1820 and the 1960s. Within-region inequality increased a lot in the very long run, mainly led by within-West inequality in nineteenth century and by within-East Asia inequality in the latter half of twentieth century. However, between-region inequality increased more significantly and was the main cause behind the very strong increase in global inequality in these two centuries. This process appears to have come to an end during the second half of twentieth century, a high level of stagnation of world inequality inthe 1970s and the 1980s followed by a decline inthe 1990s and more strongly in the 2000s, mainly due to the rapid growth in countries such as China, India, Indonesia, etc. This decline in world inequality was accompanied by decrease of between- and within-region inequality, although the speed of the former is faster than the latter.

scholarly journals What is Really Happening with Global Inequality?

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur S. Alderson ◽  
Roshan K. Pandian
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Upper Bound ◽  
Global Inequality ◽  
The Core ◽  
The World ◽  
World Income ◽  
Core Issues

We use the latest available data from the World Income Inequality Database 3.4 and the Penn World Tables 9.0 to examine some of the core issues and concerns that have animated research on global inequality. We begin by reviewing the evidence on trends in within-country inequality, drawing out some of the implications of this for our thinking about inequality and economic development. We examine between-country inequality, computing updated estimates of trends in both unweighted and population-weighted between-country inequality. The data reveal that inequality between countries increased across the latter half of the twentieth century, then turned to decline measurably thereafter. We show that this decline is robust to a range of methodological and measurement decisions identified as important in previous research. We then examine estimates of true global inequality, situating these in relation to lower- and upper-bound estimates of global inequality. We conclude by noting the critical and contested role of globalization in inequality reduction.

Piketty's critics will shape global inequality debate

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gini Index ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Policy Debate ◽  
Global Inequality ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The World ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
David Ricardo

Subject Inequality debate and empirical findings. Significance French economist Thomas Piketty's book 'Capital in the 21st century' became a bestseller after its publication in English early last year. The book's new account of the long-run dynamics of capitalism was likened to those of Karl Marx and David Ricardo, and its popular reception returned the problem of inequality to the forefront of policy debate around the world. Since then, however, robust critiques have emerged that cast doubt on Piketty's findings, and recommend quite different policies. Impacts Inequality will exacerbate financial instability and could increase the risk of crises. Empirically, there will be different inequality profiles among different countries, unlikely to be identified in the academic literature. The Gini index in OECD countries, which increased from 0.29 in the 1980s to 0.32 in 2012, will rise further.

scholarly journals Income Inequality and Tax Tools to Reduce it in the South-East Asian Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1(50)) ◽  
pp. 55-65
Author(s):  
Anna P. Muranova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Inequality Of Opportunity ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Inequality Problem ◽  
The World

Since the end of the twentieth century. In most countries of the world, there is an increase in economic inequality in its various forms - income inequality, wealth inequality and inequality of opportunity. This article examines aspects of the inequality problem in Southeast Asia, such as income inequality at the intercountry and intracountry levels and the fiscal instruments used by governments to reduce inequality.

scholarly journals Some Reflections on the Social Welfare Bases of the Measurement of Global Income Inequality

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Brandolini ◽  
Francesca Carta
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Global Inequality ◽  
Inequality Measures ◽  
General Family ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
European Statistics ◽  
The Eu

AbstractThis paper examines the social welfare bases of the measurement of income inequality among the inhabitants of the world. We develop a general family of global inequality indices which encompasses different concepts of global equity, from the cosmopolitan to the nationalist view. The analysis also provides an interpretation of the EU-wide inequality measures adopted in European statistics.

Institutions, Partisanship, and Inequality in the Long Run

2009 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Scheve ◽  
David Stasavage
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Wage Inequality ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Wage Bargaining ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Two Factors

It has been widely suggested by political scientists and economists, based on empirical evidence for the period since 1970, that the institution of centralized wage bargaining and the presence of a government of the left are associated with lower levels of income inequality. The authors make use of new data on top income shares as well as long-run series on wage inequality to examine the effects of partisanship and wage bargaining over a much longer time period, nearly the entire twentieth century. Their empirical results provide little support for the idea that either of these two factors is correlated with income inequality over this period. They then show that a closer look at the introduction of centralized wage bargaining in individual countries during the middle part of the twentieth century reveals that in countries that moved to centralize wage bargaining, income inequality had already been trending downward well before the institutional change, that the move to centralized bargaining did not alter this trend, and that these changes in income inequality were also observed in countries that did not adopt centralized wage bargaining at this time. The results suggest that there were alternative institutional paths to reduced income inequality during most of the twentieth century. This raises the possibility that either structural economic changes or commonly shared economic and political events, such as world wars and economic crises, may ultimately be more important for understanding the evolution of income inequality than are the institutional or partisan characteristics commonly considered to be decisive by political scientists.

scholarly journals Income inequality and religion globally 1970–2050

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 175-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Navarro ◽  
Vegard Skirbekk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Global Inequality ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Affairs ◽  
Social Upheaval ◽  
Distribution Of Income ◽  
Age And Sex

Economic inequality is a paramount issue for the future of global affairs and interreligious relations. This study contributes to the field by providing the first ever estimates of global inequality by religion. We combine estimations and projections of religious compositions and distribution of income by age and sex across the world between 1970 and 2050. Understanding economic inequality from a religious dimension can contribute to decreasing tension, creating targeted pol-icies and reducing the risks of social upheaval and conflict. We find that in societies with higher proportions of religiously unaffiliated populations, income distribution is more equal than in religious ones. We also describe the inequality of distribution of income within religious groups and find that Christian and Jewish societies tend to be the most unequal, while inequality has risen substantially across all societies, concomitant with strong economic growth. Societies formed of Muslim, Hindu and unaffiliated populations are among the more equal ones. Muslim societies have experienced the highest rise in income inequality of all religions since 1990.

scholarly journals CATEGORY «OWN – ALIEN» IN THE SWEDISH FOLKLORE ABOUT THE SAMI NOAIDIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-27
Author(s):  
Elena Safron ◽  
Alena Merenova
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Specific Category ◽  
Informal Leaders ◽  
Christian Worldview ◽  
The World ◽  
High Level

The article is devoted to the search and analysis of the category «our – alien» in Swedish folklore about Sami noaidis a specific category of people with supernatural powers. We have selected Swedish folklore texts, recorded in the second half of the twentieth century, which had never before been translated into Russian. The idiographic, cultural-historical and thematic generalization method are used. It turns out that noaidis were partly «aliens» to the members of their tribe: the Saami believed that noaidis possessed two souls, one of which could be sent to the world of spirits. We establish that the noaidis, as the informal leaders of their tribe, seemed to the Swedes, claiming to have Sami territories, the greatest threat. The Swedes could not classify the Sami sorcerers as «their own» because of their rejection of their claim to possessing abilities that were contrary to the Christian worldview, but easily overcame their prejudice when they were forced to turn to the medicaster skills of the noaidis. Despite the high level of tension, the noaidis allowed the Swedes to be present during their autochthonous sacred rites and rather willingly made contact with people oriented assimilative politics towards them.

scholarly journals Population and Sample Selection Effects in Measuring International Income Inequality

2002 ◽  
pp. 8-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore Babones
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Selection Effects ◽  
World Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
International Inequality ◽  
World Income ◽  
Convergence And Divergence ◽  
Seminal Article

The issue of world income inequality has been debated widely in the literature. At issue is whether inequality has, on the whole, been increasing or decreasing over time. I reexamine results from Firebaugh’s (1999) seminal article on demographic e?ects on inequality, in which he found a 30-year “plateau” of world income inequality when countries are weighted based on their populations. In contrast, I show that the increasing integration of market economies over the past decades has been re?ected in dramatically increasing international inequality. “Inequality” as currently measured, however, may bear little resemblance to a naive under-standing of the term. I conclude with some preliminary ?gures from an alternate characterization of convergence and divergence, based on world-systems categories.

Government Expenditures and the Growth-Inequality Trade-Off: The Swedish Case

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector Sala ◽  
Oriol Roca-Sagalés
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Government Expenditures ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The World ◽  
Vector Auto Regression ◽  
Auto Regression

Sweden is one of the countries with the largest public fiscal intervention and narrowest income inequality in the world. This article investigates to what extent these two features are interconnected and whether economic growth affects and is affected by this relationship. Empirical results from vector auto-regression models reveal the existence of important long-run non-Keynesian effects (i.e., lessening fiscal expansions and, conversely, expansionary fiscal contractions) and significant downward effects of government expenditures on income inequality. The existence of a negative trade-off between growth and inequality is an important stylized fact which deserves close attention by policy makers.

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