Does the Nitrogen Rates, Methods and Times of Application Influences the Corn Nutrition and Yield?

Alternatives to reduce N losses in soil, increasing the nutrient utilization efficiency by the plant with increased grain yield are necessary for the adequate and sustainable management of this nutrient. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the use of N rates at different times and in different methods of application, evaluating the nutritional status and corn grain yield in the Cerrado (Savannah) region. The study was conducted in Selvíria - MS, Brazil, in an Oxisol. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replicates, arranged in a factorial scheme 6 × 2 × 2, being: 6 rates of N (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 kg ha-1), 2 times of application (at seeding or top-dressing) and 2 methods of application (surface or incorporated) with the urea source. The evaluations that were performed: leaf chlorophyll index (LCI), macro and micronutrients concentrations in leaf tissue (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn), and corn grain yield. The N supply at sowing time provided higher levels of K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn in leaf tissue, while nitrogen fertilization at the V4 stage provided greater LCI. The incorporation of urea into the soil provided higher LCI and N, P and K foliar contents. The increase of N doses influenced positively the LCI, N, P, S, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn foliar contents, and increased corn grain yield up to the dose of 164 kg ha-1 of N. The urea application to the surface is more interesting to the incorporated application due to the ease of application, cost, besides propitiating similar corn grain yield.

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Corn yield response to weed and fall armyworm controls

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582010000100013 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 103-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

M.S. Lima ◽

P.S.L. Silva ◽

O.F. Oliveira ◽

K.M.B. Silva ◽

F.C.L. Freitas

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Weed Control ◽

Block Design ◽

Fall Armyworm ◽

Yield Response ◽

Corn Yield ◽

Water Control ◽

Neem Extract ◽

Corn Grain ◽

Corn Grain Yield

The interference imposed the by weeds on corn decreases practically all vegetative characteristics. As consequence, the green ear and grain yield are also reduced. Losses due to the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) attack can reduce corn grain yield up to 34%. In general, weed and insect control issues are addressed separately in research papers. Nevertheless, interaction between weeds and insects may exist. This study aimed to evaluate green ear and corn grain yield response to weed and fall armyworm control. A completely randomized block design with split-plots and five replicates was adopted. Corn cultivar AG 1051 was grown under weedy conditions or with control by hand hoeings performed at 20 and 40 days after planting. Fall armyworm control (applied to subplots) was performed with sprays of water (control), deltamethrin (5g active ingredient ha-1); neem oil, at 0.5% (diluted in water), and neem leaf extract at 5%. Each product was sprayed three times, at seven-day intervals, starting at the 7th day after planting, using 150 L ha-1 of the tank solution. Dry mass of the above-ground part, internode diameter, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, green ear yield and grain yield of corn were reduced due to the lack of weed control. Fall armyworm control in the weeded plots did not influence green ear yield and grain yield, except green mass of marketable, husked ears, which was reduced when the caterpillar was not controlled. Without weed control, neem extracts and deltamethrin sprays provided highest yields of number and total weight of green ears with husks, number and weight of marketable ears with husks and number of marketable ears without husks. The best results for husked ear mass and for grain yield were obtained with neem extract and deltamethrin, respectively.

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Zinc Plus Biopolymer Coating Slows Nitrogen Release, Decreases Ammonia Volatilization from Urea and Improves Sunflower Productivity

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13183170 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (18) ◽

pp. 3170

Author(s):

Maqsood Sadiq ◽

Usama Mazhar ◽

Ghulam Abbas Shah ◽

Zeshan Hassan ◽

Zahid Iqbal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Utilization ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Utilization Efficiency ◽

Microbial Biomass N ◽

Soil Parameters ◽

N Losses ◽

Mineral N ◽

Nh3 Emission ◽

Nutrient Utilization Efficiency ◽

N Utilization

Currently, the global agriculture productivity is heavily relied on the use of chemical fertilizers. However, the low nutrient utilization efficiency (NUE) is the main obstacle for attaining higher crop productivity and reducing nutrients losses from these fertilizers to the environment. Coating fertilizer with micronutrients and biopolymer can offer an opportunity to overcome these fertilizers associated problems. Here, we coated urea with zinc sulphate (ZnS) and ZnS plus molasses (ZnSM) to control its N release, decrease the ammonia (NH3) volatilization and improve N utilization efficiency by sunflower. Morphological analysis confirmed a uniform coating layer formation of both formulations on urea granules. A slow release of N from ZnS and ZnSM was observed in water. After soil application, ZnSM decreased the NH3 emission by 38% compared to uncoated urea. Most of the soil parameters did not differ between ZnS and uncoated urea treatment. Microbial biomass N and Zn in ZnSM were 125 and 107% higher than uncoated urea, respectively. Soil mineral N in ZnSM was 21% higher than uncoated urea. Such controlled nutrient availability in the soil resulted in higher sunflower grain yield (53%), N (80%) and Zn (126%) uptakes from ZnSM than uncoated fertilizer. Hence, coating biopolymer with Zn on urea did not only increase the sunflower yield and N utilization efficiency but also meet the micronutrient Zn demand of sunflower. Therefore, coating urea with Zn plus biopolymer is recommended to fertilizer production companies for improving NUE, crop yield and reducing urea N losses to the environment in addition to fulfil crop micronutrient demand.

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Épocas, formas de aplicação e doses de nitrogênio na cultura do milho em condições de cerrado

Colloquium Agrariae ◽

10.5747/ca.2020.v16.n6.a407 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. 56-66

Author(s):

Maurílio de Sousa Netto ◽

Fernando Castro de Oliveira ◽

Lucas da Silva Araújo ◽

Pedro Marques da Silveira ◽

Paulo César Ribeiro da Cunha

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Nutrient Utilization ◽

Leaf Nitrogen ◽

Utilization Efficiency ◽

Maize Crop ◽

Agronomic Efficiency ◽

Agronomic Characteristics ◽

Nutrient Utilization Efficiency ◽

Stalk Diameter ◽

Spike Number

The objective of this study was to evaluate the different timing, methodsof applicationand nitrogen doses in the agronomic characteristics, production components, grain yield, as well as the nutrient utilization efficiency in the maize crop. The experimental design of randomized blocks, in a factorial scheme (2 x 2 x 4) and four replicates, was used for the experiment. The treatments were two application times, (maize sowing and in V7 stage coverage); two forms of application(superficial and incorporated to the soil at 8 cm depth); and four nitrogen doses (0, 60, 120, 180 kg ha-1). The agronomic characteristics of corn, plant height, spike insertion height, stalk diameter and leaf nitrogen did not differedaccording to the seasons or the application forms, only the nitrogen doses. The components of the production, length and numberof rows per spike, number of grains per row, mass of 100 grains and grain yield presented better results with application of the nitrogen incorporated in the soil and doses of 120 to 180 kg ha-1of nitrogen. The incorporation practice and the 60 kg ha-1dose provided greater agronomic efficiency in the use of nitrogen.

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Maize-crotalaria intercropping systems

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n4p1455 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 1455

Author(s):

Rafael Torres de Souza ◽

Franciele Caroline de Assis Valadão ◽

Daniel Dias Valadão Júnior ◽

Paulo Rogério Guimarães ◽

Vinicius Rossi Ribeiro de Paula

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Block Design ◽

Maize Yield ◽

Maize Seeds ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Water Level Variations ◽

Crop Cycle ◽

Crotalaria Spectabilis ◽

Corn Grain ◽

Corn Grain Yield

The objective of this study was to identify a maize-crotalaria intercropping system feasible for producing straw while maintaining maize yield. A study with a completely randomized block design was performed in 2015 and 2016, with 7 × 2 + 1 split plot and three replications in a clayey Red Oxisol. Seven intercropping systems were allocated to each plot, and two crotalaria species (Crotalaria spectabilis and C. ochroleuca) cultivated with maize in monoculture were allocated to each subplot. Crotalaria yield, total chlorophyll content, nitrogen content, plant height, plant dry matter, thousand grain mass, and corn grain yield were evaluated. C. spectabilis was more sensitive to water level variations during the crop cycle than C. ochroleuca. Crotalaria sown before maize planting with maize seeds incorporated in the soil presented a relatively higher phytomass but decreased corn grain yield. The management system in which crotalaria was sown in the inter-row with a ridge planter at the time of maize planting and the system in which crotalaria was sown in the maize sowing furrow were feasible for straw production because they did not decrease corn grain yield and did not affect maize harvesting operations.

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Improvements in grain yield and nutrient utilization efficiency of japonica inbred rice released since the 1980s in eastern China

Field Crops Research ◽

10.1016/j.fcr.2021.108427 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 277 ◽

pp. 108427

Author(s):

Tianyao Meng ◽

Xubin Zhang ◽

Jialin Ge ◽

Xi Chen ◽

Guanglong Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Eastern China ◽

Nutrient Utilization ◽

Utilization Efficiency ◽

Nutrient Utilization Efficiency

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Grain Yield Losses and Economic Threshold Level Of GR® F2 Volunteer Corn in Cultivated F1 Hybrid Corn

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582019370100006 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 ◽

Author(s):

C. PIASECKI ◽

M.A. RIZZARDI

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Block Design ◽

Joint Analysis ◽

Yield Losses ◽

Economic Threshold ◽

F1 Hybrid ◽

Hybrid Corn ◽

Volunteer Corn ◽

Corn Grain ◽

Corn Grain Yield

ABSTRACT: Volunteer corn is competitive with cultivated corn and the degree of interference varies according to their density and origin. This study aimed to determine the grain yield losses of GR® F1 hybrid corn as a function of the interferences with GR® F2 volunteer corn densities from individual plants and clumps, and determine the of economic threshold (ET). Two experiments were carried out in the field in a randomized block design with four replications and eight volunteer corn densities between 0 and 12 individual plants or clumps m-2. Each clump consisted of seven corn plants adhered to a piece of the rachis in the same point. The rectangular hyperbola model fitted to the percentage of grain yield losses of corn, generating the parameters for determining ET, which was calculated as a function of cost (US$ ha-1) and efficiency (%) of corn control, the price paid for corn (US$ kg-1), and corn grain yield (kg ha-1). Grain yield losses ranged from 2.7% to 34% for densities of 0.5 and 12 individual plants m-2 and 6.1% to 42% for 0.5 and 12 clumps m-2, respectively. The joint analysis of the results of experiments showed that from density of 2 m2 clumps are more competitive than individual plants and causes higher yield losses on cultivated corn. The average ET was 0.44 individual plants m-2 and 0.19 clumps m-2. However, from these densities, the control should be performed. Increases in corn grain yield and price paid, higher corn control efficiency, and a decrease in control costs promote a reduction in ET of volunteer corn in corn.

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Weed control in corn via intercropping with gliricidia sown by broadcasting

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582011000300007 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 535-543 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A.M Oliveira ◽

P.S.L Silva ◽

C.C Albuquerque ◽

C.M.S.B Azevedo ◽

M.J Cardoso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Weed Control ◽

Environmental Degradation ◽

Block Design ◽

Planting Density ◽

Seeding Density ◽

Weed Species ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Corn Grain ◽

Corn Grain Yield

There has been interest in reducing the use of herbicides for weed control in order to decrease environmental degradation problems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of gliricidia planting density sown by broadcasting and intercopping on green ear and corn grain yield as well as on weed control. A randomized block design with split-plots and five replicates were adopted. Cultivars AG 1051, BM 2022, and BM 3061, assigned to plots, were submitted to the following treatments: no hoeing, two hoeings (at 20 and 40 days after sowing), and intercropped with gliricidia sown at densities of 10 and 20 seeds m-2. Thirty weed species occurred in the experiment area, with Cucumis anguria as the most frequent ones. Cultivar BM 2022 was the best for the total number of ears (TNE) and number (NMHE) and weight of marketable husked ears. Together with cultivar AG 1051, this cultivar had the highest total weight and marketable unhusked ear weight (MUEW). However, the cultivars did not differ with respect to grain yield (GY). The highest green ear and corn grain yield and weed control percentages were obtained with two hoeings; in MUEW, NMHE and GY, intercropping provided intermediate means in comparison with those obtained in hoed and non-hoed plots, indicating that gliricidia was partially beneficial to corn. Increased gliricidia seeding density heightened the benefits to corn (TNE and MUEW). The lack of hoeing produced the poorest green ear and grain yields.

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