Species Composition and Development of Second-Growth Hardwood Stands in Quebec

1968 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 31-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl H. Winget
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Minor Components ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Cutting Intensity

Second-growth, tolerant hardwood stands developed rapidly and, almost entirely from shade-tolerant advance growth, regardless of cutting intensity. Non-commercial woody species were seldom important competitors. Sugar maple, associated with beech on upland and balsam fir on lowland sites, was the dominant species. Yellow birch, basswood and hemlock, important contributors to wood volumes harvested, were minor components of second-growth stands. Valuable minor species such as red oak, white ash, and black cherry had practically disappeared. The application of known techniques for regenerating disturbance-dependent species is urgently required.

22-Year Growth of Four Planted Hardwoods

1986 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Laurane Stout
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Forest Landowners ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Initial Spacing ◽  
Preferred Species

Abstract Planting of northern hardwood species interests forest landowners and managers who wish to continue growing pure or nearly pure stands of high-value species, enhance old-field conversion to preferred species, or reforest areas where natural regeneration has failed. Little data on planted hardwoods can be found, however. This paper reports on 22 years of growth of a northern hardwood plantation established in 1961 containing red maple, black cherry, sugar maple, and white ash. The data show that plantings of these species can succeed on good sites with weed control over the first few years, protection from animal predators, and close initial spacing. North. J. Appl. For. 3:69-72, June 1986.

Clearcutting Central New York Northern Hardwood Stands

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell S. Walters ◽  
Ralph D. Nyland
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Site Occupancy ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
American Beech ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Central New York ◽  
Commercial Species ◽  
Uniform Cover

Abstract Clearcutting proved effective for regenerating central New York stands that were dominated by sugar maple along with American beech, black cherry, white ash, red maple, and basswood. Findings from five stands for periods of 7-13 years following clearcutting show densities equivalent to 2,400 to 9,400 saplings of commercial species per acre on 64-100% of the milacres sampled. In each stand, a minimum of 81% of the 6.6 ft radius sample plots were stocked with at least one sapling of a commercial species, suggesting that site occupancy will be fairly complete and uniform as these stands mature. All sites contained abundant regeneration of commercial species immediately after logging, ranging from 15,000 to 57,000 seedlings per acre, but as many as 90% of these were less than 1 ft tall. The species composition generally reflected the original forest with abundant sugar maple and American beech. However, large amounts of black cherry and white ash also appeared on some sites. Many bramble seedlings germinated during the first growing season after logging and developed into a dense uniform cover by the third year. However, the brambles declined as crown closure occurred in the new stands, and disappeared before the tenth year. Clearcutting should successfully regenerate stands of New York northern hardwoods having conditions similar to those of this study. North. J. Appl. For. 6:75-78, June 1989.

scholarly journals Balsam Fir and American Beech Influence Soil Respiration Rates in Opposite Directions in a Sugar Maple Forest Near Its Northern Range Limit

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Bélanger ◽  
Alexandre Collin ◽  
Rim Khlifa ◽  
Simon Lebel-Desrosiers
Keyword(s):  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Range Limit ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
American Beech ◽  
Southern Limit ◽  
Northern Range Limit

Conifers and deciduous trees greatly differ in regard to their phylogenetics and physiology as well as their influence on soil microclimate and chemical properties. Soil respiration (Rs) in forests can therefore differ depending on tree species composition, and assessments of the variation in Rs in various forest types will lead to a more thorough understanding of the carbon cycle and more robust long-term simulations of soil carbon. We measured Rs in 2019 and 2020 in stands of various species composition in a sugar maple forest near the northern range limit of temperate deciduous forests in Quebec, Canada. Seasonal variations in soil temperature had the largest influence on Rs, but conditions created by the stands also exerted a significant effect. Relative to the typical sugar maple-yellow birch forest (hardwoods), Rs in stands with >20% of basal area from balsam fir (mixedwoods) was increased by 21%. Whilst, when American beech contributed >20% of litterfall mass (hardwood-beech stands), Rs was decreased by 11 and 36% relative to hardwoods and mixedwoods, respectively. As a whole, Rs was significantly higher in mixedwoods than in other forest types, and Rs was significantly higher in hardwoods than in hardwood-beech stands. Sugar maple and American beech at the study site are near their northern range limit, whereas balsam fir is near its southern limit. Rs in mixedwoods was therefore higher than in hardwoods and hardwood-beech stands due to high root activity in the presence of fir, despite colder and drier soils. We estimated that root respiration in mixedwoods was more than threefold that in hardwoods and hardwood-beech stands. The lower Rs in hardwood-beech stands compared to hardwoods points to the lower soil temperature as well as the poor quality of beech litter (low decomposability) as indicated by a generally lower heterotrophic respiration. Other than soil temperature, regression models identified mixedwoods, soil water potential and Mg2+ activity in the soil solution as important predictor variables of Rs with about 90% of its variation explained. Our study shows the benefits of combining forest-specific properties to climatic data for more robust predictions of Rs.

Response of crop trees of sugar maple, white ash, and black cherry to release and fertilization

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Competition Index ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
White Ash ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Foliar Concentrations

In Grey County, southern Ontario, a crop-tree release and fertilization experiment was carried out in 35- to 85-year-old hardwood stands of variable composition. The objective of the treatments was to improve the growth rate of selected high-quality trees. A method is described for the selection and allocation of crop trees to treatments according to a competition index (CI). Release involved thinning to reduce a tree's CI by nominal levels 0, 50, and 75%. Fertilizer was applied within a circular plot equal to 1.5 times the crown radii at rates of N = 295 and 590 kg/ha (ureaform); P = 227 and 454 kg/ha (triple superphosphate). Fertilization resulted in increased foliar concentrations of N and P in sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.), white ash (Fraxinusamericana L.), and black cherry (Prunusserotina Ehrh), but only black cherry responded to N fertilizer with an increase in diameter growth; none responded to P fertilizer. The diameter growth of sugar maple showed a response that was linearly related to the degree of release. Black cherry and white ash showed only small responses to release. It was concluded that P was not limiting to any species on these soils, and N may be limiting only to black cherry. Crop-tree release was an effective treatment for stimulating the growth of sugar maple, but it appeared to be relatively ineffective for white ash or black cherry at this age.

Pin cherry effects on Allegheny hardwood stand development

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd E Ristau ◽  
Stephen B Horsley
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
High Density ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Ash

Pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica L.) develops an early height advantage over associated species. Data from three long-term studies, extending up to 70 years after complete overstory removal, were used to evaluate the effects of pin cherry density on associates. Survival of seedling-origin stems of black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) at age 15 decreased as the density of pin cherry >1.5 m tall at age 3 increased. The regression of pin cherry with black cherry was particularly strong (R2 = 0.632). Height of the tallest black cherry and white ash (Fraxinus americana L.) at age 15 also decreased. If the density of pin cherry at age 3 was > 1 stem > 1.5 m tall per 0.0004 ha (high density), the number of black cherry fell below full stocking at age 15. When pin cherry occurred in high density, it lived longer than when it occurred at low density (< 1 stem > 1.5 m tall per 0.0004 ha). High pin cherry density early in stand development delayed the time when shade-intolerant and shade-intermediate species reached a stable proportion of the total basal area. In the long term, pin cherry reduced stand diameter and volume growth, particularly of black cherry.

Wood volume increment in thinned, 50- to 55-year-old, mixed-species Allegheny hardwoods

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 819-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Stand Growth ◽  
Volume Increment

A thinning study in 50- to 55-year-old, even-aged, mixed species Allegheny hardwoods produced highly variable merchantable stemwood volume increment responses. Regression equations relating parameters of stand growth (ingrowth, mortality, survivor growth, net growth, and gross growth) to relative stand density had R2 values ranging from 0.07 to 0.48. When study plots with similar pretreatment species composition were assigned to four groups using cluster analysis, R2 values were increased to 0.94–0.99. There were significant differences in the relationships between relative stand density and growth response variables among all plot groups. At all densities, plots with a high percentage of black cherry (Prunusserotina Ehrh.) had the highest volume increment. Plots with a high percentage of black cherry and a low percentage of sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) showed a decrease in volume increment, relatively high ingrowth, and relatively low mortality with a decrease in relative stand density. Plots with a high percentage of sugar maple and low percentage of black cherry showed an increase in volume increment, relatively low ingrowth, and relatively high mortality with decreases in relative stand density. Guidelines for thinning Allegheny hardwoods recommend a residual relative stand density of 60%. These guidelines may need to be revised to incorporate considerations of species composition. Stands of pole-size to small sawtimber-size trees dominated by black cherry may require a residual density higher than 60% to maximize the volume increment of merchantable stemwood. The volume increment in similarly structured stands dominated by sugar maple might be maximized at densities lower than 60%.

Tree seedling growth, survival, and morphology in response to landscape-level variation in soil resource availability in northern Michigan

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura A Schreeg ◽  
Richard K Kobe ◽  
Michael B Walters
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Soil Resources ◽  
Soil Resource ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Northern Michigan

To investigate causes of tree species distributions across soil resources in northern Michigan, we conducted a seedling transplant experiment with five species showing different site affinities: Acer saccharum Marsh. (sugar maple), Prunus serotina Ehrh. (black cherry), and Fraxinus americana L. (white ash), which are associated with high-fertility mesic moraine; Quercus rubra L. (red oak), associated with intermediate sites; and Quercus velutina Lam. (black oak), associated with low-fertility droughty outwash sites. Seedlings were planted in plots stratified across variation in light and soil nutrient and water availability. After one growing season, under 14%–27% canopy openness, species tended to trade off between high survival on outwash versus high relative growth rate of root + stem mass (RGRrs) on moraine. The high survivorship of black and red oak on outwash was associated with greater root and whole-plant mass in comparison with sugar maple, white ash, and black cherry. High RGRrs on high-fertility moraine for these latter species was associated with high fine root area per unit whole-plant mass and plasticity to increase specific root area in response to increased soil resources. We did not detect a similar survival–growth trade-off for seedlings grown at lower light (3%–10%) on intermediate versus high-fertility sites. Overall, these results suggest that species distributions across soil resource gradients can in part be explained by a trade-off between tolerance of low soil resources versus competitive ability (i.e., growth) under high soil resources.

A reexamination of moose damage to balsam fir–white birch forests in central Newfoundland: 27 years later

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 1388-1395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian D. Thompson ◽  
William J. Curran
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Isle Royale ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
The Mean

A 1960 study from central Newfoundland suggested that moose (Alcesalces L.) would: (i) reduce the commercial value of second-growth forests of central Newfoundland by excessive damage to balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.); (ii) eliminate white birch (Betulapapyrifera Marsh.) from the forest canopy; (iii) alter conifer species composition; and (iv) reduce the carrying capacity of the area for moose. We resurveyed the original study areas in 1987. Our data suggest that moose have altered species composition in favour of white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) and black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) on some sites and have reduced the mean height of balsam fir trees. White birch was generally absent from the canopy. However, contrary to the 1960 prediction, moose appear to have had a positive influence on forest growth by thinning most areas to stem densities comparable with those of precommercially thinned stands. Data from this study were compared with a general model of the influence of moose on balsam fir forests developed for Isle Royale, Michigan. Our data supported two predictions from Isle Royale: moose damage was highest at low balsam fir densities and at highest moose densities. Our results contradicted a third prediction, that height growth was greater in high density stands of saplings. Also, unlike at Isle Royale, despite heavy browsing pressure for extended periods, balsam fir will continue to dominate central Newfoundland forests.

scholarly journals Évolution des forêts québécoises au regard des habitats fauniques : analyse des grandes tendances sur trois décennies

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 368-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Crête ◽  
Lothar Marzell
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Harvest Management ◽  
Yellow Birch

As forest management intensified between the 1970s and the 1990s, we tested the prediction that three forest attributes, likely essential for some wildlife species, became rarer during this time interval: old (> 100 years) stands, dead wood and woody species diversity. We used a network of about 7000 permanent plots, surveyed at least three times, for determining trends followed by these variables during the last three decades of the 20th century. We stratified our analysis according to the six vegetation domains of the southern half of Québec where forest management occurs, i.e., from the sugar maple-bitternut to the spruce-moss domain. The proportion of old stands clearly diminished only in the western part of the sugar maple- and balsam fir-yellow birch domains. However, stands composed of old trees were already very scarce during the 1970s everywhere except in the spruce-moss domain where they could have increased in importance during the study period. Snags tended to become rarer only in the western part of sugar maple- and balsam fir-yellow birch domains whereas their abundance increased elsewhere, sometimes substantially, because of the spruce budworm epidemic that affected Québec between 1975 and 1990. Results suggest that tree diversity was impoverished in the two southernmost forest domains; the same tendency existed also for saplings, particularly because of intense browsing by white-tailed deer. In the boreal forest, the spruce budworm epidemic favoured sapling diversity during the 1980s and 1990s. Our analysis indicates that we must: 1) quickly exclude some typical old stands from forest management in all vegetation domains; 2) determine if some woody species became rarer in forest stands of southern Québec; 3) identify which elements of the forest fauna depend on old stands, rare tree species and senescent trees, and 4) continue to monitor the trend of dead wood present in Québec forests. Key words: conservation, forest, harvest, management, Québec, wildlife

Sampling Deciduous Broadleaved Trees for the Determination of Leaf Weight and Foliar Elemental Concentrations

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 310-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Elemental Concentrations ◽  
Leaf Weight ◽  
Mean Concentration

Foliar samples, collected from forest-grown trees of sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.), white ash (Fraxinusamericana L.), and black cherry (Prunusserotina Ehrh.), were analyzed for mean weight per leaf and for concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Zn. The data were subjected to analysis of variance among branches within trees, among trees within stands, and among stands. Among stands of a species, differences in mean concentration of 20% of the range reported in the literature could be detected (P = 0.05) for most elements by sampling foliage from two small branches taken from the midcrown of each of 15 trees per stand.

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