Survival and Growth of Red Pine Planted on a Hardwood Site – A Second Look

1980 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 112-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas M. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
A Site

A 55-year-old stand of second-growth northern hardwood growing on a well-drained sandy loam soil was converted to red pine to compare with an adjacent 1929 plantation. Part of the plantation was cleaned during the second and third growing seasons and second-year survival was 72%. In the non-cleaned portion, which is reverting to maple sprouts, aspen suckers, brush, and weeds, pine survival was 38%. Annual height growth averaged 15.0 and 8.1 cm (6.0 and 3.2. in.), respectively. Differences in early success of the two plantings are attributed to: 1) greater competition after clearing pole-size hardwoods; 2) larger tops and better developed root systems of 2-1-2 transplants used in 1929; 3) planting in prepared spots in 1929; and 4) above normal growing season precipitation during 1929, and below normal in 1976. Converting pole-size northern hardwoods to red pine will be difficult and expensive. Competing vegetation will be the most serious problem, particularly on good hardwood sites. Investments in converting hardwoods to red pine should be concentrated in poor quality stands on well drained soils with a site index for maple of 50 or less.

scholarly journals Biomass and nutrient distribution in aspen, pine, and spruce stands on the same soil type in Minnesota

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Alban ◽  
Donald A. Perala ◽  
Bryce E. Schlaegel
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Nutrient Distribution ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Soil Complex ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Understory Biomass ◽  
Total Tree

Vegetation and soils were sampled in adjacent 40-year-old stands of red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.), jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.), white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench.) Voss), and aspen (Populustremuloides Michx., P. grandidentata Michx.) on a very fine sandy loam soil in north-central Minnesota. Total tree biomass was greatest for red pine followed by aspen, spruce, and jack pine. Nutrient weights (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) in the trees were greatest in aspen followed generally by spruce, red pine, and jack pine. Particularly large proportions of biomass and nutrients were found in aspen bark and spruce foliage and branches. Understory biomass contributed less than 1.2% of the total organic matter in the vegetation–soil complex but contributed up to 5.0% of the nutrients. Exchangeable Ca in the surface soil was much lower under aspen and spruce than under the pines. No significant soil differences between species were detected below 36 cm. Harvesting the entire aboveground portion of the tree would remove up to three times more nutrients from the site than would harvesting only the bole.

Effects of selective tree harvests on aboveground biomass and net primary productivity of a second-growth northern hardwood forest

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 2360-2369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob H. Dyer ◽  
Stith T. Gower ◽  
Jodi A. Forrester ◽  
Craig G. Lorimer ◽  
David J. Mladenoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Hardwood Forest ◽  
Northern Hardwood Forest ◽  
Aboveground Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Transition Zones ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Second Growth

Restoring structural features of old-growth forests, such as increased canopy gap sizes and coarse woody debris, is a common management goal for second-growth, even-aged stands. We experimentally manipulated forest structure by creating variable-size canopy gaps in a second-growth northern hardwood forest in north-central Wisconsin following two growing seasons of pre-treatment monitoring. The objectives of this study were to quantify the influence of canopy gaps of different sizes (50–380 m2) on aboveground biomass and productivity of each vegetation stratum two growing seasons following treatment. Two years after treatment, ground layer biomass in canopy openings increased significantly relative to surrounding undisturbed transition zones. The response of ground layer biomass was greatest in the large versus the medium and small gaps. Sapling aboveground net primary productivity was significantly greater in undisturbed transition zones than within gaps across gap sizes following the second post-treatment growing season. Annual stem diameter increment was greatest for trees along gap borders and was correlated with crown class, percentage of crown perimeter exposed, gap area, and shade tolerance. Total aboveground net primary productivity was significantly lower in the gap addition plots the first year but by the second post-treatment growing season no longer differed from that in the control plots.

Spotgun-Applied Hexazinone: Release of Red Pine (Pinus resinosa) from Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides) Competition and Residue Persistence in Soil

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raj Prasad ◽  
Joseph C. Feng
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Quaking Aspen ◽  
Lateral Movement ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Grid Pattern ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Loam Soil

Weed control and red pine release by spotgun-applied hexazinone in a northern Ontario plantation were evaluated 3 yr after treatment, while hexazinone residues and lateral movement in the sandy loam soil were determined 1 yr after treatment. Hexazinone, grid pattern spot applied at 480 mg ai/spot, approximating 1.6 kg ai/ha, resulted in 88% quaking aspen stem dieback and variable suppression of white birch and pin cherry. The height and basal diam of treated red pine were 131 and 150% of control, respectively, after 3 yr. Hexazinone residues were reduced to 1% at the treated spot and did not move laterally beyond 0.5 m, 1 yr after treatment. Detection of small amounts of metabolites A and B (0.2 and 0.3%) indicated the non-cumulative degradation of hexazinone in soils.

Nitrous oxide emissions as affected by liquid and solid pig manures applied to annual and perennial forage crops on a sandy loam soil

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paligwendé Nikièma ◽  
O.O. Akinremi ◽  
M. Tenuta
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Loam Soil

Emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O-N) from manure applied to annual crop (AC) and perennial forage (PF) are poorly quantified for the Canadian Prairie Region. This study used static chambers over two growing seasons to assess soil N2O-N emissions from solid pig manure (SPM) and liquid pig manure (LPM) in AC and PF systems on a sandy loam soil. In 2011, when manure application coincided with hot and wet soil conditions, both manure treatments in AC induced N2O-N emission episodes a week later. In the PF, however, only LPM resulted in an N2O-N emission peak after 8 d. In 2012, manure application did not coincide with hot and wet soil conditions, and emission rates were smaller. Overall, the effect of manure type was inconsistent. In 2011, cumulative emissions in AC from LPM and SPM were 5.8 and 7.8 kg N2O-N ha−1, respectively, and in PF were 10.7 and 0.6 kg N2O-N ha−1, respectively. In 2012, cumulative emissions were <1 kg N2O-N ha−1, except LPM in PF.  In 2011, LPM had significantly higher emission factor (EF ≍ 7%) than SPM (≤0.2%) in both AC and PF, whereas in 2012 manure type had no effect on EF (≍ 0). Over the two growing seasons and across manure types, EF did not differ between AC and PF. These results suggest that SPM would reduce N2O-N emission relative to LPM when conditions favor intense denitrification.

scholarly journals Ecology and distribution of desert Truffles in Algeria.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zohra Fortas ◽  
Soulef Dib-Bellahouel ◽  
Gérard Chevalier
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Phylogeny ◽  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Ecological Requirements ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Desert Truffles

Abstract This first study focuses on geographical distribution of desert truffles in Algeria, their diversity and their ecological requirements during growing seasons according to field surveys carried out during thirty years (1986–2016). Investigations in 61 productive sites of desert truffles spread over several bioclimatic areas revealed the presence of nine species to genera Terfezia, Tirmania and Picoa and their host plants Helianthemum spp. This study complements our earlier work on characterization of Terfezia and Picoa samples harvested throughout Algeria by macro-and micromorphological studies and by molecular phylogeny. Pedoclimatic factors were evaluated, host plants species were identified and mycorrhizal relationships of these fungi species under field conditions were examined. Results revealed that good natural yield desert truffles species is closely linked to intensity and distribution of rainfall, the temperature, frequency of storms during ascomata growing seasons. Nine desert truffles species grow on sandy loam soil and form with annual or perennial Helianthemum spp. endomycorrhizae on calcareous soil and also ectomycorrhizae without mantle on acidic soil in Helianthemum guttatum..

scholarly journals Initial Findings from the Archeological Investigations of the Hardin A Site (41GG69), Gregg County, Texas

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan E. Boyd ◽  
Timothy K. Perttula
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
Senior Author ◽  
Animal Bone ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
River Flood ◽  
High Terrace ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
A Site ◽  
Sabine River

The Hardin A site (41GG69) is a prehistoric Caddo Indian settlement located on a high terrace overlooking the Sabine River flood-plain in Gregg County, Texas. The modem channel of the river is about 650 m to the south, and there is a small, intermittent tributary ca. 180 m to the west. The senior author discovered the Hardin A site in 1997, after he was told about it by informants who were looting a midden and cemetery area, and he formally recorded it in February 2000. In an effort to better understand the temporal and archeological context of the prehistoric Caddo occupation at the Hardin A site, limited hand excavations (Unit 1, a l x 2 m unit) were completed in the midden area by the senior author, with the assistance of Mark Walters, Texas Archeological Steward, in the spring of 2000. That work exposed deep (+90 cm) archeological deposits in a sandy loam soil with some preserved midden, as well as part of a pit feature in the northern and eastern part of the unit. The pit feature extended to approximately 160 cm below surface (bs), and contained dark brown to very dark grayish-brown fill with large amounts of ceramics (including about 50 decorated sherds), animal bone, and charred plant remains (especially hickory nutshells). Analyses are ongoing on these remains. In this paper, we discuss the results of our radiocarbon and oxidizable carbon ratio (OCR) studies in the Hardin A midden.

scholarly journals Comparison of June-budded and Grafted Two-year-old `Chandler' Walnut (Juglans regia) on Paradox Hybrid Root

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 531E-531
Author(s):  
Kathy Kelley ◽  
Dave Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Root Number ◽  
Graft Union ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Fifty trees each of 1-year-old Paradox rootstock June-budded to `Chandler' walnut and 2-year-old Paradox whipgrafted to `Chandler' were planted in a 28 × 28-ft spacing on a Hanford sandy loam soil. Ten trees of each type were selected at time of planting and the number of roots, individual root diameter, trunk diameter, root dry weight, scion dry weight, and total dry weight were compared. All parameters, with the exception of root number, were significantly greater for the grafted 2-year-old rootstocks. Growth of the trees measured as trunk circumference 20 cm above the graft union was significantly greater for the grafted 2-year-old rootstocks following the first season. There was no significant different in trunk circumference between the 1- and 2-year-old rootstocks following the second or third growing seasons.

scholarly journals Root Pruning and Soil Type Affect Pecan Root Regeneration

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.D. McCraw ◽  
M.W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Carya Illinoensis ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Root Regeneration ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Two Sides

Taproots of 2-year-old `Apache' seedling pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang)] trees were pruned to 1 ft (30 cm), 2 ft (60 cm), or 3 ft (90 cm) in combination with wounding treatments consisting of no wounding, scraping through pericycle tissue on one or two sides of the taproot, or longitudinally splitting the taproot for about half its length. The trees were planted in a Port silt loam soil and a Teller sandy loam soil and grown without irrigation. At the end of the first and second growing seasons, top growth was measured, trees were dug and root system regrowth was evaluated. Tree root weight and number of roots per tree decreased with increasing taproot length.

scholarly journals Effects of Wind Barrier Protection on Eleven-Year Growth of Black Walnut Seedlings

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall B. Heiligmann ◽  
Gary Schneider ◽  
Donald P. White
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Black Walnut ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Forest Edges ◽  
Herbaceous Vegetation ◽  
Barrier Effects ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Wind Barrier ◽  
A Site

Abstract Black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) plantings in exposed, open-field sites frequently result in poor seedling growth. The use of artificial wind barriers significantly improved tree growth on such a site in central Michigan on a sandy loam soil, a well-drained Arenic Hapludalfs. The use of a wooden lath (snow fencing) barrier for the first 4 years following planting provided a wind-protected microenvironment that improved the 11-year diameter growth by 60%, and the height growth by 70%, compared to trees grown without the barriers. Annual diameter growth of the protected trees was significantly greater throughout the study, indicating that the barrier effects on growth persisted at least 7 years after the barriers were removed. Trees growing behind the barriers had greater crown and leaf area than those in adjacent exposed plots. The use of existing natural barriers, such as forest edges, fence rows, topography, and tall natural herbaceous vegetation, should be considered when planting trees such as black walnut on exposed sites.

Modeling the influence of tile drainage flow and tile spacing on phosphorus losses from two agricultural fields in southern Québec

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Morrison ◽  
C. A. Madramootoo ◽  
M. Chikhaoui
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Subsurface Drainage ◽  
Tile Drainage ◽  
Agricultural Fields ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Drain Spacing ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
A Site

Tile drainage is a widely adopted water management practice in the eastern Canadian provinces of Québec and Ontario. It aims to improve the productivity of poorly drained agricultural fields. Nevertheless, studies have also shown that subsurface drainage is a significant pollution pathway to surface water. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of tile drain spacing on surface runoff, subsurface drainage flows, and phosphorus (P) loss from two tile-drained agricultural fields located near Bedford, Québec. Field data were used with the DRAINMOD model, and in developed regression models in order to perform the analysis. Both DRAINMOD and the regression models showed good performance. Simulation results indicated that when lateral tile drain spacing is increased, the volume of subsurface drain flow decreases, and the volume of surface runoff increases, at sites with sandy and clay loam soils. For every 5 m increase in drain spacing, total phosphorus (TP) loads in subsurface drainage decreased by 6% at a site with sandy loam soil, and increased by 20% at a site with clay loam soil. TP loads in surface runoff increased as a result of increased drain spacing.

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