Location of Tatar Settlements in the Middle and Lower Tara Region According to 18th Century Maps

Тhis article discusses the location of Tatar settlements in the lower and middle reaches of the Tara on maps of the Tarsky Uyezd (1784 and 1798) and on topographic plan of the Kartashevskago and Bergamotskaya districts of the Tarsky Uyezd (1798). These maps had not been previously used for reconstructing the history of the region. To test their accuracy, other sources are used, including the Inventory Book of the Tarsky Uyezd, Gerhard Miller’s itineraries, etc., as well as the results of archaeological and ethnographic studies. Based on the analysis of maps, patterns in the locations of Tatar settlements are reconstructed. They were situated between the mouth of Tara and its confl uence with the Chertalinka River on the right bank, and between the Chertalinka and Kalinka rivers on the left bank. The reliability of the late 18th century maps as sources of information about the winter and summer settlements of the Tatars of the Middle and Lower Tara is assessed. These maps do not suggest that the settlements were still seasonal rather than permanent at that time. The winter camps were situated on the Tara high terrace, away from the valley, and summer camps were on the fl ood plain, close to the villages. The general pattern was that people settled along the river, often close to the places where the Tara tributaries fl owed into it. Place names are suggestive of seasonal settlements. Comparison with modern maps suggests that the current settlements pattern on the Lower and Middle Tara emerged in the late 18th century.

Phenology of Oenocarpus mapora H. Karst in Low-Terrace and High-Terrace Forests of the Madre de Dios Region, Peru

Oenacarpus mapora H. Karst (O. mapora) is an Amazon palm with high economic and nutraceutical potential, from which the pulp and oil can be extracted. The objective of this study was to evaluate the phenology of O. mapora in low-terrace and high-terrace forests of the Madre de Dios Region, Peru. Two hundred sixteen individuals of O. mapora were monitored between June 2019 and January 2020, evaluating the presence of flower buds, open flowers, immature fruits and ripe fruits. Weighted mean analyses of the phenological pattern and correlation between climatic and phenological variables were carried out. Higher productivity mediated by a greater number of mature green leaves and bunches was observed in terrace forests located at a lower altitude. In both forest subtypes, flower buds and open flowers were continuous with a peak in July and August, respectively, during the dry season. In both habitats, unripe fruits were also continuous with a peak in September, while ripe fruits showed a peak in December and January in low-terrace and high-terrace forests, respectively, during the rainy season. Our findings show that flowering was continuous during the evaluated period, while fruiting increased during the rainy season associated with a greater number of days with precipitation.

Spatial distribution of the sediments in the Gangkou River catchment: Evidence from chemical composition, rare earth elements, and lead isotopes

<p>    Sediment geochemistry has been widely used to indentify the source of the sediments delivered from catchment to the deposition basin.  In this study, bed load sediments, high terrace soils, beach sediments, and cores drilled at estuary were collected at the catchment of Gangkou River and its tributary, Linlu River, southern Taiwan.  All sediments were sieved by 0.062 μm sifter and exchangeable, carbonate, and iron oxide phases were leached and only residue silicate phase were digested.  Chemical composition, rare earth elements (REEs), and lead isotopes were measured.  The results show that two major catchments, Linlu River and Gangkou River, as well as high terrace soil and beach sediments can be successfully classified by chemical composition and lead isotopes.  However, REEs show signature of upper continental crust and no differences among all the samples, possibly due to the same source of high REEs minerals.  The characteristic of chemical composition and lead isotopes are different between two catchments and the estuary sediments as well as beach sediments near the estuary imply mixing behavior between two catchments.  The upper most of the estuary core samples, presented as modern sediment, have similar chemical composition and lead isotopes compared with the mainstream.  However, the beach sediment on the top of the dune and the lower part of the core samples, which are elder than 7 ka, have distinct chemical and isotopic characteristics, indicating different sediment sources.  In, summary, chemical composition and the lead isotopes are robust tracers for the leached fine sediments in Gangkou River catchment but REEs are not.  The results of estuary core indicate that the sediment source of the estuary before 7 ka is different from the present.</p>

THE RESEARCH OF THE ANNALISTIC MYCHESK

The city of Mychesk (Mychsk) is mentioned by the Hypatian Chronicle in the episode of the chase of Halich Prince Volodymyr Volodarovych for Prince Iziaslav Mstyslavych during his raid in 1151 to Kyiv occupied at that time by Prince Yurii Dolhorukyi. In the middle of the 19th century E. Rulikovskyi and L. Pokhilevych, having based on local legends, localized Mychesk on the territory of Mykgorod — a suburb of Radomyshl (today the part of city). The remains of the fortifications (ramparts and ditches), located on the peninsula at the influx of the Myka river into the Teteriv, were considered as the rests of Mychesk. For the first time, they were examined and described by V. Antonovych in the late 19th cent. Most of the researchers such as M. Hrushevskyi, A. Kuza, V. Misiats agreed with this version of Mychesk localization. In 1973 and 1985 M. Kuchera has made the survey on the territory of that peninsula and dug the prospect holes on the territory of Mykgorod fortifications. As a result, no artifacts and cultural layers dated to Old Rus period were found on the site or adjoining territory. The researcher considered this site to be the remains of a fortified churchyard in the Late Middle Ages. In 2009 and 2011 the additional researches of Mykgorod were made by the authors of the paper. The artifacts of Old Rus period have not been discovered. Instead of that fact, in 2011, numerous fragments of pottery dated to the middle — the second half of the 11th century and at the 12th—13th century were found in the central historical part of the modern city. Artifacts were located on the high terrace of the left bank of Myka river, in the garden of school # 3 and on the neighboring backyards. Huge cultural layer was obsereved in the prospect hole, the lower horizons of this layer are well preserved and provide the findings of ceramics dated to the middle — the second half of the 11th century. In the autumn of 2019, the authors carried out the rescue exploration on the school territory caused by construction of the school water and sewer system. In the communication trench the cultural layers, its capacity and current state of preservation were traced. The remains of three objects destroyed by modern machines were also recognized, they are dated to the Old Rus period. The ceramics dated to the 10th—18th centuries was collected. It should be noticed that in 2011 and in 2019 the fragments of plinth (a Greek brick) were found on the surface and during exploration. For the first view it can be dated to the late 11th — the first third of the 12th cent. These findings ought to show the existence of the stone church in Mychesk at the Middle Ages. Thus, the question of localization of the annalistic Mychesk consider to be fundamentally resolved. To form the complete scientific understanding of this Old Rus city we need further special historical and archeological research.

Research of holocene soils in the territory of the National historical and cultural reserve "Hetman's capital" in Baturyn, Chernihiv region

Nowadays, cultural monuments deserve increasing attention. A comprehensive study of archeological complexes enables us to more accurately reproduce the conditions of formation and evolution of ancient society. In recent decades, archaeological sites have been investigated using archeology and paleogeography methods to reconstruct the character of landscape changes in the study area. Among such historical and archeological complexes is the famous city of Baturin, which holds a special place for deep and comprehensive study. Less than half a century later, having traveled from a small outpost on the northeastern border of the Commonwealth to the hetman's capital, Baturin died in the flames of the Northern War in the same short period of time. Tragedy of 1708 made Baturin not only a national shrine, but also a reference archaeological monument of the Cossack era, a cultural layer whose level of saturation and informativeness is unmatched. The inter-river basin of the Desna and the Seimas, which is geographically included in the Baturin Family, is one of the most important watersheds of the Dnieper North Left Bank, and the Seim River itself is a kind of natural border between the forest-steppe and forest zones. The territory where Baturin originated had a number of significant advantages. Baturin is located on the edge of the high terrace of the Diet. It is the only such elevated area of the left bank terrace of the Diet in its lower stream, which allowed to control virtually all of its basin. ancient times, which, combined with the wide floodplain of the Seimas with its opportunities for the development of livestock, fishing, hunting, created optimal conditions for economic activity of the population. During paleopedological research it was established that in the territory of the study in the catenary of soils with artifacts of the Bronze Age developed soils of meadow and forest-meadow genesis with well-formed humus horizons close to meadow-sod and alluvial-sod zones of temperate, but temperate climate. In the clearing of the shaft, the findings of the early Iron Age are confined to the surface of the humus horizon of the sod of slightly podzolic soils, formed in the conditions of meadow-steppe landscapes of temperate climate, less humid than the modern (background) soil. In the XVII-XVIII centuries. In the Polissya conditions, meadow-forest landscapes became widespread. In the soils on the high grass meadows there were conditions for the accumulation of organic matter, which made it possible to form well-defined humus horizons and the processes of sod genesis were quite pronounced. Turf-slightly podzolic ash-sandy sandy loamy and sandy soils of the XVII-XVIII centuries had well-defined humus horizons, and often were deeply humus, which provided for their agricultural use with ease of machining. The proximity of a fairly powerful river, as well as the spread of forests (as timber for business purposes), increased the possibility of comfortable living conditions in this area. In the XVIII-XX centuries. Opportunities for cultivation of soils with fertilizers have emerged and soils of clearing № 5,7,8 are characterized by high and deep (almost all over the profile) humus. They are an example of human influence on the cultivation of land and landscapes. In the floodplains, alluvial-marsh silt soils, enriched with the content of Fe and Mn hydroxides, often formed the basis for the development of iron-smelting production in the territories close to Baturin. In the low and high floodplains of the Diet, the formation of sediments was associated with alluvial processes (floods, alluvial sands) and aerial ones (sands, dunes). Among modern Baturin soils (background), typical sod-medium- and highly podzolic, as opposed to the predominance of slightly podzolic sod, aszed alluvial-meadow and alluvial-sod soils are identified. The terraces are characterized by the development of sod, sod-alluvial and sod-swamp soils (the latter on floodplains).

Effect of Elemental Sulfur on Phosphorus Availability and Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Grown on a High Terrace Soil in Northern Sudan

The effect of elemental sulfur on some chemical soil properties and wheat grown was studied by two performing experiments, under high terrace soils of northern region of the Sudan. First experiment (incubation experiment) was executed to quantify the rates and application time of elemental sulfur to be applied in the field experiment. It consisted of five rates of elemental sulfur (0, 165, 330, 495 and 660 kg sulfur feddan-1) and five application times (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks). In the second experiment (field experiment), two wheat varieties (Wadi Elneel and Debeira), three sulfur rates (0 kg S feddan-1, 495 kg S feddan-1 and 660 kg S feddan-1) and three application times (0, 5 and 7 weeks) were arranged in split plot design with four replications. Wheat varieties were assigned to the main plots and the combination of the rates and time application to the sub plots. Results obtained from the incubation experiment indicated differences in soil pH among treatments. Application of elemental sulfur decreased soil pH in each of the two experiments. The effect of elemental sulfur on wheat grain yield and the other studied yield components was not limited the plant height and the 1000 seeds weight. The nitrogen content of the plant tissue was affected by the applied elemental sulfur. Application of 495 kg sulfur feddan-1, 6 weeks before sowing gave the lowest soil pH (7.8) and the least available phosphorus compared to other treatments.

Personal adornments from the Eneolithic necropolis of Chirnogi-Suvita Iorgulescu (Romania):

The Necropolis of Chirnogi – Suvita Iorgulescu (Calarasi county) was located on the high terrace of the Danube and was investigated by Done Serba˘nescu (in 1989) by means of the archaeological excavations carried out for the construction of the Danube-Bucharest Channel. For this study, we analysed the archaeological assemblage preserved in the Museum of Gumelnita civilization from Oltenita (Calarasi county) coming from 10 graves, out of a total of 58, which are attributed to the Gumelnita culture (the second half of the 5th millennium BC). The personal adornments are mainly bracelets made of Spondylus valve (16 specimens) which appear in most of the graves, along with an equal number of perforated plates made of Sus scrofa canine, this time the pieces being grouped into two graves. The funeral inventory is complemented by small cylindrical, tubular or biconvex beads, made of various raw materials: Spondylus valve, bone, malachite, cooper and green slate. At the technical level, attention is drawn towards the technological transformation scheme of the raw material, which is extremely uniform for the two main categories of ornaments. Also, the analysed pieces showed different degrees of use-wear, demonstrating on the one hand that they were worn before the deposition in graves, and on the other that the accumulationof these items took place over time.

Personal adornments from the Eneolithic necropolis of Chirnogi-Suvita Iorgulescu (Romania):

The Necropolis of Chirnogi – Suvita Iorgulescu (Calarasi county) was located on the high terrace of the Danube and was investigated by Done Serba˘nescu (in 1989) by means of the archaeological excavations carried out for the construction of the Danube-Bucharest Channel. For this study, we analysed the archaeological assemblage preserved in the Museum of Gumelnita civilization from Oltenita (Calarasi county) coming from 10 graves, out of a total of 58, which are attributed to the Gumelnita culture (the second half of the 5th millennium BC). The personal adornments are mainly bracelets made of Spondylus valve (16 specimens) which appear in most of the graves, along with an equal number of perforated plates made of Sus scrofa canine, this time the pieces being grouped into two graves. The funeral inventory is complemented by small cylindrical, tubular or biconvex beads, made of various raw materials: Spondylus valve, bone, malachite, cooper and green slate. At the technical level, attention is drawn towards the technological transformation scheme of the raw material, which is extremely uniform for the two main categories of ornaments. Also, the analysed pieces showed different degrees of use-wear, demonstrating on the one hand that they were worn before the deposition in graves, and on the other that the accumulationof these items took place over time.