Polyamines in Cell Walls of Chlorococcalean Microalgae

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Burczyk ◽  
Maria Zych ◽  
Nikolaos E. Ioannidis ◽  
Kiriakos Kotzabasis
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Scenedesmus Obliquus ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Green Microalgae ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Chlorella Saccharophila ◽  
Isolated Cell

Biotechnology of microalgae represents a very attractive alternative as a source of energy and substances of high value when compared with plant cultivation. Cell walls of green microalgae have an extraordinary chemical and mechanical resistance and may impede some steps in the biotechnological/industrial exploitation of algae. The aim of the present contribution was to check the presence of polyamines in the cell walls of chlorococcalean green microalgae. Polyamines are nitrogenous compounds synthesized normally in cells and may affect the properties of the cell wall. Our work included strains either forming or not forming the polymer algaenan, allowing us to conclude that algaenan is not a prerequisite for the presence of polyamines in the cell walls. Polyamines were detected in isolated cell walls of Scenedesmus obliquus, Chlorella fusca, Chlorella saccharophila, and Chlorella vulgaris. Their concentration in isolated cell walls ranged between 0.4 and 8.4 nmol/mg dry weight.

scholarly journals Increasing lipid content from biomass of microalgae to produce biofuels with optimization of nitrogen source

2018 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 13011
Author(s):  
Istikhomah Putri Ayuwaningsih ◽  
Melati Ferianita Fachrul ◽  
Astri Rinanti
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Scenedesmus Obliquus ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Total Lipid Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Green Microalgae ◽  
Urea Fertilizer ◽  
Operational Conditions

The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of urea fertilizer as a nitrogen source to lipid productivity of mixed culture of green microalgae consisting of Monoraphidium sp., Chlorella sorokiniana, and Scenedesmus obliquus as lipid sources. In research, cultures were cultivated in a 1.5 L glass photobioreactor with batch culture system. The operational conditions of this research were carried out at pH 6.0, 27 °C, aeration with air flow 150 mL/sec, and 2400 lux with vary amount of urea as a source of nitrogen as much (grams) 0.0; 0.5; 1.0. The Bligh and Dyer extraction is performed to produce biofuels after harvesting process and to analyze lipid content. Analysis of fatty acids using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) Method, analysis of dry weight using Gravimetric Method, and analysis of cell density using Spectrofotometry Method. This research concludes that with 0.5 grams of urea fertilizer can produce dry weight and total lipid content optimally that were 0.26% (w/w) and 36,35% (w/w). This research concludes that increasing amount of nitrogen source could be increasing green microalgae biomass but is not for increased lipid content. The high lipid content can be produced by decreasing 50% nitrogen source.

Composition and properties of the cell wall of Methanospirillum hungatii

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Sprott ◽  
R. C. McKellar
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Bond Breaking ◽  
High Molecular Weight Fraction ◽  
Cell Wall Proteins ◽  
Isolated Cell

Dithiothreitol reacted, at pH 9.0, with the isolated cell walls of Methanospirillum hungatii, to release about 23% of the cell wall dry weight as a high molecular weight fraction (> 0.5 million daltons). Untreated walls consisted of 70% amino acids, 11% lipid, and 6.6% carbohydrate. Sugars were identified as rhamnose, ribose, glucose, galactose, and mannose. The wall material that was released contained only 47% amino acids and was enriched in lipid, glucose, and phosphate. These results support data from electron micrographs, showing the localized release of cell wall material by the disulfide bond-breaking reagent at alkaline pH. In amino acid composition the untreated walls did not differ greatly from the material released by dithiothreitol, but differed considerably from the walls of another strain of M. hungatii. The ratios of the amino acids found in the cell wall proteins of several archaebacteria and of Bacillus cereus spore coats were similar.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON BACTERIOPHAGES OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI

1957 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Krause
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Receptor Site ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Phage Antibody ◽  
Group A ◽  
Phage Receptor ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid Capsule ◽  
Isolated Cell

The host ranges of bacteriophages for group A, types 1, 6, 12, and 25 and group C streptococci have been determined. The findings indicate that the susceptibility to these phages is primarily a group-specific phenomenon, although it is modified by several factors such as the hyaluronic acid capsule, lysogeny, and possibly the presence of surface proteins. Phage antibody studies indicate that while the group A phages are antigenically related, they are distinct from the group C phage. This is in agreement with the observation that group A phages are not specific for their homologous streptococcal types. The purified group C carbohydrate inactivates group C phage but not the group A phages, thus suggesting that the carbohydrate, a component of the cell wall, may serve as the phage receptor site. It has not been possible to inactivate the group A phages with group A carbohydrate. Phage lysis of groups A and C streptococci is accompanied by fragmentation of the cell wall since the C carbohydrate has been identified serologically and chemically in the supernate of centrifuged lysates. The immediate lysis of groups A and C hemolytic streptococci and their isolated cell walls by an accesory heat-labile lytic factor in fresh group C lysates is also described.

Freezing stresses and hydration of isolated cell walls

Cryobiology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonghyeon Yoon ◽  
Jim Pope ◽  
Joe Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Isolated Cell

Effects of an exogenous fibrolytic enzyme preparation on in vitro ruminal fermentation of three forages and their isolated cell walls

2008 ◽  
Vol 145 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 109-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.J. Ranilla ◽  
M.L. Tejido ◽  
L.A. Giraldo ◽  
J.M. Tricárico ◽  
M.D. Carro
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Enzyme Preparation ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Isolated Cell

Cation exchange in cell walls of gram-positive bacteria

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 975-982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Marquis ◽  
Kathleen Mayzel ◽  
Edwin L. Carstensen
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Teichoic Acid ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Ionic Strength ◽  
Monovalent Cations ◽  
Anionic Sites ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Anionic Groups

The relative affinities of various cations for anionic sites in isolated, bacterial cell walls were assessed by means of a technique involving displacement of one cation by another. The affinity series determined was [Formula: see text]. High affinity was correlated with low mobility of the bound ions in an electric field. The net cation-exchange capacities of walls isolated from a variety of bacteria were estimated by preparing the magnesium forms of the walls, washing them well with deionized water to remove supernumerary ions, and then completely displacing the magnesium with Na+ or H+. Total amounts of magnesium displaced varied from 73 μmol per gram dry weight, for walls of the teichoic acid-deficient 52A5 strain of Staphylococcus aureus to about 520 μmol per gram for Bacillus megaterium KM walls. The amount of displacable magnesium was inversely related to the physical compactness of the walls, except for walls of Streptococcus mutans GS-5. It was found that magnesium or calcium ions can each neutralize, or pair with, two anionic groups in walls suspended in ion-deficient media. Previous work had indicated that these ions may pair with only one anionic group at high ionic strength. Therefore, it appeared that there is a great deal of flexibility in the arrangement of charged groups in the wall. It was concluded also that for cells growing in commonly used laboratory media, which generally contain large excesses of monovalent versus divalent cations, there is a mix of small, cationic counterions in the wall and that monovalent cations may predominate even though the wall has higher affinity for divalent ions.

scholarly journals Ionic Relations of Cells of Ohara Australis I. Ion Exchange in the Cell Wall

1959 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 395 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Dainty ◽  
AB Hope
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Free Space ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
External Solution ◽  
Exchangeable Cations ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
Donnan Free Space ◽  
Isolated Cell

Measurements of ion exchange were made between isolated cell walls of Ohara australis and an external solution. Comparison between intact cells and cell walls showed that nearly all the easily exchangeable cations are located in the cell wall. The wall is hown to consist of "water free space" (W.F.S.) and "Donnan free space" (D.F.S.); the concentration of in diffusible anions in the D.F.S. is about O� 6 equivjl. This finding is contrary to past suggestions that the D.F.S. is in the cytoplasm of plant cells.

THE CONVERSION OF FAT TO CARBOHYDRATE DURING EMBRYONATION OF ASCARIS EGGS

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 511-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard F. Passey ◽  
Donald Fairbairn
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Phosphorus Compounds ◽  
Complete Combustion ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds

While ascaris eggs developed to the vermiform stage (10 days) both lipids and carbohydrates (glycogen and trehalose) decreased in amount. During the next 15 days, in which the embryo became infective, lipids continued to decrease, but at a greater rate, whereas carbohydrate was completely resynthesized. Examination of the possible sources of the required carbon revealed that protein, non-protein nitrogenous compounds, phosphorus compounds, metabolic acids, glycerol, and volatile acids occurring in the triglycerides were not adequate and that carbon dioxide was not extensively fixed. Direct evidence for the conversion of triglyceride acids to carbohydrate was furnished by the increase in lipid-free dry weight, which corresponded closely with the increase in carbohydrate. Moreover, the amount of lipid carbon which disappeared was equal to the sum of the carbon dioxide and carbohydrate carbon which appeared, and oxygen consumption was insufficient to account for the complete combustion of lipid carbon. It was concluded that the carbon of partially oxidized fragments of fatty acids, possibly acetylcoenzyme A, was incorporated into glycogen and trehalose, and hence that ascaris eggs in this stage of their development were able to bring about a net conversion of fat to carbohydrate.

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