scholarly journals Surveillance and molecular epidemiology study of avian influenza for the migratory birds

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (03) ◽  
pp. 66-73
Author(s):  
Baljidmaa B ◽  
Erdene-Ochir Ts ◽  
Jugjinnorov O ◽  
Garmaa L ◽  
Tungalag Ch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
East Region ◽  
Water Birds

Avian influenza is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by influenza virus. In order to study avian influenza risks through migratory water birds, virus detection, identification and possibility of viruses for the mutation, 1519 bird excrement samples were collected from the lakes of Binder, Dadal, Umnudelger, Khurkh village of Khentii aimag, and Saikhan soum of Bulgan aimag in 2017-2018. Samples taken in the study were injected into the embryo chicken eggs and viral titration checked by Hemagglutination test.  Real-time PCR determined subgroup of the influenza A and the reverse transcription PCR detected subtype of avian flu. Gene sequence and phylogenetic tree were studied. The study found that H3 avian influenza virus circulating in the migratory water birds. Over the years, H3 avian influenza viruses in Mongolia are similar to genetically identifiable strains of nomadic and migratory birds in Asian countries, but H3 subspecies found from east region of Mongolia in 2017, the central region in 2018 are differs, which may be dependent on bird migration routes. Нүүдлийн усны шувуудын томуугийн вирусын тандалт ба молекул эпидемиологийн судалгаа Хураангуй: Шувууны томуу нь инфлюенц вирусаар үүсгэгддэг, амьсгалын замын цочмог халдварт өвчин юм. Нүүдлийн усны шувуудаар дамжих томуугийн эрсдлийг судлах, вирус илрүүлэх, идентификаци хийх, вирусын мутаци үүсэх боломжийг судлах зорилгоор 2017-2018 онуудад Хэнтий аймгийн Биндэр, Дадал, Өмнөдэлгэр, Хурх тосгон, Булган аймгийн Сайхан сум орчмын нууруудаас 1519 шувууны сангасны дээж авч шинжлэв. Судалгаанд авсан сангасны дээжийг хөврөлжүүлсэн тахианы өндгөнд халдвар хийн, цус наалдуулах урвалаар вирусын таньцыг тогтоов. Бодит хугацааны ПГУ-аар томуугийн А хүрээг, буцаан хувиргах ПГУ-аар вирусын дэд хэвшлийг тодорхойлов. Нуклеотидын дараалал тогтоож, вирусын удам зүйн зураглал гаргав. Судалгаагаар нүүдлийн усны шувуудад сул хоруу чанартай шувууны томуугийн H3 хэвшлийн вирус эргэлдэж байгааг тогтоов. Дээрх хугацаанд Монголд илэрсэн H3 шувууны томуугийн вирус нь удам зүйн хувьд Азийн орнууд дахь нүүдлийн болон тэжээвэр шувуудаас илэрсэн омгуудтай төстэй боловч 2017 онд Монгол орны зүүн бүс болон 2018 онд төвийн бүсээс илэрсэн H3 дэд хэвшил нь хоорондоо ялгаатай байгаа нь шувууны нүүдлийн замналаас хамааралтай байх боломжтой. Түлхүүр үг: Шувууны томуу өвчин, тандалт, сул хоруу чанартай шувууны томуу (СХШТ), вирус, хэвшил

scholarly journals Modern application and prospects of the stable isotopes  method for studying avian influenza A virus transmission   in migratory birds

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-100
Author(s):  
O. R. Druzyaka ◽  
A. V. Druzyaka ◽  
M. A. Gulyaeva ◽  
F. Huettmann ◽  
A. M. Shestopalov
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Bird Migration ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Viral Pathogen ◽  
Avian Influenza A Virus

Aim. The circulation and transmission of pathogens is a global biological phenomenon that is closely associated with bird migration. This analysis was carried out with  the aim of understanding and assessing the prospects of using the stable isotope  method to study the circulation and transmission of the avian influenza A virus via  migratory birds. Discussion. Insufficient data on the distances of migration of infected birds and their  interpopulational relationships leaves open the question of the transmission of highly pathogenic influenza viruses (HSV) in the wild bird population. A deeper study of  the role of migrations in the spread of HSV may possibly allow the more effective  investigation of the transmission of the viral pathogen between individuals at migration stopover sites and the clarification of global migration routes. New methodological approaches are providing a more complete picture of the geography and phenology of migrations, as well as of the consequences of migratory behavior for species biology. The study of the quantitative component of migratory flows based on  the analysis of the content of stable isotopes (SIMS) in bird tissues seems very promising. This method is being applied to the solution of various environmental issues,  including the study of animal migrations.   Conclusion. Based on data from the scientific literature, it is shown that SIMS is  promising for the clarification of bird migration routes and the quantification of their  intensity. The resolving power of the method is sufficient to determine the migration  pathways of carriers of viral pathogens on the scale of zoogeographic subdomains  and in even further detail. However, to date, there have been few such studies: in  Russia they have not been conducted at all. The increased use of the SIMS methodology may possibly reveal new ways in which viral infections are spread via birds.  

scholarly journals Seroepizootiological investigations of animals from Obedska bara locality for presence of Avian influenza virus

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 307-317
Author(s):  
Bosiljka Djuricic ◽  
Ana Samokovlija ◽  
Zivka Ilic ◽  
Dragan Bacic ◽  
Sonja Radojicic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Type A ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Virus Serotype

The disease caused by Influenza viruses has been well known for a very long time. In the recent period there has been noted an occurrence of pandemics caused by Influenza viruses type A with a high rate of mortality. The ongoing pandemic caused by avian influenza virus serotype H9N9 began in Hong Kong in 1992, and another pandemic caused by serotype H5N1 began in China (Hong Kong) in 1999. The world wide spreading of these viruses occurred due to migratory birds. Avian influenza was confirmed in Serbia in 2007. The goal of this study was to examine whether the avian influenza viruses type A circulate in the region of the Obedska bara marsh, which is a famous resort for many birds in Serbia, as well as many birds migrating from Europe to Africa and vice versa. The samples of blood sera of many animal species (123 samples from fowl, 64 samples from donkeys, 40 samples from horses) were tested by serologic reaction of inhibition of haemmaglutination (IHA) for the presence of antibodies to influenza A subtypes H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H7N1 and H7N2. Also, the samples of blood sera of experimental chicken exposed to wild life in Obedska bara (sentinel species) were tested. Antibodies to subtypes H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H7N1 and H7N2 were found in chicken from Dec, Boljevci, Petrovcic and Kupinovo villages but no antibodies were found in blood sera from hams from Dobanovci, Jakovo, Becmen and Surcin villages. From 23 samples from ducks antibodies were detected in 3 samples, and from 22 geese blood sera antibodies were found in 4 samples. From a total of 40 horse blood sera tested one was tested positive, and from 64 donkey sera 17 were positive for the presence of antibodies for avian influenza type A. In blood sera of experimental chicken antibodies were found by subtype H5N1 with corrections with H5N2 and H7N1.

Equine and canine influenza: a review of current events

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Paul J. Gibbs ◽  
Tara C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
One Health ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Canine Influenza

AbstractIn the past decade, the pandemics of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 and the novel H1N1 influenza have both illustrated the potential of influenza viruses to rapidly emerge and spread widely in animals and people. Since both of these viruses are zoonotic, these pandemics have been the driving force behind a renewed commitment by the medical and veterinary professions to practice One World, One Health for the control of infectious diseases. The discovery in 2004 that an equine origin H3N8 influenza virus was the cause of an extensive epidemic of respiratory disease in dogs in the USA came as a surprise; at that time dogs were thought to be refractory to infection with influenza viruses. In 2007, a second emerging canine influenza was confirmed in Korea, but this time the causal virus was an H3N2 avian influenza virus. This review focuses on recent events associated with equine and canine influenza viruses. While these viruses do not appear to be zoonotic, the close association between humans and dogs, and to a lesser extent horses, demands that we develop better surveillance and control strategies for emerging diseases in companion animals within the context of One World, One Health.

scholarly journals Resurrected ancestral influenza A viruses recapitulate the avian-to-mammalian adaptation of European avian-like swine influenza virus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Su ◽  
Rhodri Harfoot ◽  
Yvonne Su ◽  
Jennifer DeBeauchamp ◽  
Udayan Joseph ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Polymerase Activity ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Sequence Reconstruction

Abstract The emergence of a pandemic influenza virus may be better anticipated if we better understand the evolutionary steps taken by avian influenza viruses as they adapt to mammals. We used ancestral sequence reconstruction to resurrect viruses representing initial adaptive stages of the European avian-like H1N1 virus as it transitioned from avian to swine hosts. We demonstrate that efficient transmissibility in pigs was gained through stepwise adaptation after 1983. These time-dependent adaptations resulted in changes in hemagglutinin receptor binding specificity and increased viral polymerase activity. An NP-R351K mutation under strong positive selection increased the transmissibility of a reconstructed virus. The stepwise-adaptation of a wholly avian influenza virus to a mammalian host suggests a window where targeted intervention may have highest impact. Successful intervention will, however, require strategic coordination of surveillance and risk assessment activities to identify these adapting viruses and guide pandemic preparedness resources.

scholarly journals Detecting influenza and emerging avian influenza virus by influenza and pneumonia surveillance systems in a large city in China, 2005 to 2016

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaorong Guo ◽  
Dong Yang ◽  
Ruchun Liu ◽  
Yaman Li ◽  
Qingqing Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Death Cases ◽  
Positive Results

Abstract Background: Detecting avian influenza virus has become an important public health strategy for controlling the emerging infectious disease. This study aimed to analyze the efficiency of two surveillance systems in detecting the emerging avian influenza viruses. Methods: A modified influenza surveillance system (ISS) and a new built pneumonia surveillance system (PSS) have been used to monitor the viruses in Changsha City, China. The ISS is based on monitoring outpatients in two sentinel hospitals to detect mild influenza and avian influenza cases, and PSS is based on monitoring inpatients in all 49 hospitals to detect severe and death influenza cases. Results: During the study period, 3551917 outpatients were monitored by the ISS system, among which 126076 were influenza-like illness (ILI) cases, with the ILI% of 3.55%. Totally, 14913 throat swabs were collected by the ISS system, among which 2016 were tested positive of influenza or avian influenza virus. Among the positive results, 621 were H3N2, 135 were seasonal H1N1, 610 were influenza A/H1N1 (pandemic in 2009), 106 were untyped influenza A, 540 were B, 1 was H5N6, 1 was H7N9, and 2 were H9N2 virus. 5491560 inpatient people were monitored by the PSS system, among which 6.61% (362743/5491560) were pneumonia cases. 10.55% (38260/362743) of reported pneumonia was severe or death cases. 3401 throat swab or lower respiratory tract samples were collected, among which 2094 were tested positive of influenza or avian influenza virus. Among the positive results, 78 were H3N2, 17 were seasonal H1N1, 1871 were influenza A/H1N1, 103 were untyped influenza A, 16 were B, 1 was H5N6, and 8 were H7N9 virus. Of 15 avian influenza cases reported from January, 2005 to September, 2016, 26.7% (4/15) were mild cases detected by the ISS system, while 60.0% (9/15) were severe or death cases detected by the PSS system. Two H5N1 severe cases were missed by the ISS system in January, 2009 when the PSS system was not available. Conclusion: The two systems seem to be of high efficiency in detecting the emerging avian influenza viruses but need to be verified in other cities or countries.

scholarly journals A Novel Neuraminidase-Dependent Hemagglutinin Cleavage Mechanism Enables the Systemic Spread of an H7N6 Avian Influenza Virus

mBio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyeok-il Kwon ◽  
Young-Il Kim ◽  
Su-Jin Park ◽  
Eun-Ha Kim ◽  
Semi Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Mallard Duck ◽  
Virulence Markers ◽  
Systemic Spread ◽  
Cleavage Motif

ABSTRACT In this study, we demonstrate a novel mechanism for hemagglutinin (HA) activation in a naturally occurring H7N6 avian influenza A virus strain, A/mallard duck/Korea/6L/2007 (A/Mdk/6L/07). This novel mechanism allows for systemic infection of chickens, ducks, and mice, and A/Mdk/6L/07 can replicate in vitro without exogenous trypsin and exhibits broad tissue tropism in animals despite the presence of a monobasic HA cleavage motif (PEIPKGR/G). The trypsin-independent growth phenotype requires the N6 neuraminidase and the specific recognition of glycine at the P2 position of the HA cleavage motif by a thrombin-like protease. Correspondingly, viral growth is significantly attenuated by the addition of a thrombin-like protease inhibitor (argatroban). These data provide evidence for a previously unrecognized virus replication mechanism and support the hypothesis that thrombin-mediated HA cleavage is an important virulence marker and potential therapeutic target for H7 influenza viruses. IMPORTANCE The identification of virulence markers in influenza viruses underpins risk assessment programs and the development of novel therapeutics. The cleavage of the influenza virus HA is a required step in the viral life cycle, and phenotypic differences in viruses can be caused by changes in this process. Here, we describe a novel mechanism for HA cleavage in an H7N6 influenza virus isolated from a mallard duck. The mechanism requires the N6 protein and full activity of thrombin-like proteases and allows the virus to cause systemic infection in chickens, ducks, and mice. The thrombin-mediated cleavage of HA is thus a novel virulence determinant of avian influenza viruses.

scholarly journals Characterization of Low-Pathogenic H5 Subtype Influenza Viruses from Eurasia: Implications for the Origin of Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Viruses

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (14) ◽  
pp. 7529-7539 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Duan ◽  
L. Campitelli ◽  
X. H. Fan ◽  
Y. H. C. Leung ◽  
D. Vijaykrishna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Hpai H5n1

ABSTRACT Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses are now endemic in many Asian countries, resulting in repeated outbreaks in poultry and increased cases of human infection. The immediate precursor of these HPAI viruses is believed to be A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 (Gs/GD)-like H5N1 HPAI viruses first detected in Guangdong, China, in 1996. From 2000 onwards, many novel reassortant H5N1 influenza viruses or genotypes have emerged in southern China. However, precursors of the Gs/GD-like viruses and their subsequent reassortants have not been fully determined. Here we characterize low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H5 subtype viruses isolated from poultry and migratory birds in southern China and Europe from the 1970s to the 2000s. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Gs/GD-like virus was likely derived from an LPAI H5 virus in migratory birds. However, its variants arose from multiple reassortments between Gs/GD-like virus and viruses from migratory birds or with those Eurasian viruses isolated in the 1970s. It is of note that unlike HPAI H5N1 viruses, those recent LPAI H5 viruses have not become established in aquatic or terrestrial poultry. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the dynamic nature of the influenza virus gene pool in Eurasia with repeated transmissions between the eastern and western extremities of the continent. The data also show reassortment between influenza viruses from domestic and migratory birds in this region that has contributed to the expanded diversity of the influenza virus gene pool among poultry in Eurasia.

Influenza A virus transmission: contributing factors and clinical implications

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica A. Belser ◽  
Taronna R. Maines ◽  
Terrence M. Tumpey ◽  
Jacqueline M. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Efficient Transmission

Efficient human-to-human transmission is a necessary property for the generation of a pandemic influenza virus. To date, only influenza A viruses within the H1–H3 subtypes have achieved this capacity. However, sporadic cases of severe disease in individuals following infection with avian influenza A viruses over the past decade, and the emergence of a pandemic H1N1 swine-origin virus in 2009, underscore the need to better understand how influenza viruses acquire the ability to transmit efficiently. In this review, we discuss the biological constraints and molecular features known to affect virus transmissibility to and among humans. Factors influencing the behaviour of aerosols in the environment are described, and the mammalian models used to study virus transmission are presented. Recent progress in understanding the molecular determinants that confer efficient transmission has identified crucial roles for the haemagglutinin and polymerase proteins; nevertheless, influenza virus transmission remains a polygenic trait that is not completely understood. The clinical implications of this research, including methods currently under investigation to mitigate influenza virus human-to-human transmission, are discussed. A better understanding of the viral determinants necessary for efficient transmission will allow us to identify avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential.

scholarly journals Laboratory preparedness in EU/EEA countries for detection of novel avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, May 2013

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Broberg ◽  
D Pereyaslov ◽  
M Struelens ◽  
D Palm ◽  
A Meijer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
World Health ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Rt Pcr

Following human infections with novel avian influenza A(H7N9) viruses in China, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe and the European Reference Laboratory Network for Human Influenza (ERLI-Net) rapidly posted relevant information, including real-time RT-PCR protocols. An influenza RNA sequence-based computational assessment of detection capabilities for this virus was conducted in 32 national influenza reference laboratories in 29 countries, mostly WHO National Influenza Centres participating in the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS). Twenty-seven countries considered their generic influenza A virus detection assay to be appropriate for the novel A(H7N9) viruses. Twenty-two countries reported having containment facilities suitable for its isolation and propagation. Laboratories in 27 countries had applied specific H7 real-time RT-PCR assays and 20 countries had N9 assays in place. Positive control virus RNA was provided by the WHO Collaborating Centre in London to 34 laboratories in 22 countries to allow evaluation of their assays. Performance of the generic influenza A virus detection and H7 and N9 subtyping assays was good in 24 laboratories in 19 countries. The survey showed that ERLI-Net laboratories had rapidly developed and verified good capability to detect the novel A(H7N9) influenza viruses.

scholarly journals Avian Influenza Virus PB1 Gene in H3N2 Viruses Evolved in Humans To Reduce Interferon Inhibition by Skewing Codon Usage toward Interferon-Altered tRNA Pools

mBio ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartram L. Smith ◽  
Guifang Chen ◽  
Claus O. Wilke ◽  
Robert M. Krug
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Codon Usage ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Human Adaptation ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses

ABSTRACTInfluenza A viruses cause an annual contagious respiratory disease in humans and are responsible for periodic high-mortality human pandemics. Pandemic influenza A viruses usually result from the reassortment of gene segments between human and avian influenza viruses. These avian influenza virus gene segments need to adapt to humans. Here we focus on the human adaptation of the synonymous codons of the avian influenza virus PB1 gene of the 1968 H3N2 pandemic virus. We generated recombinant H3N2 viruses differing only in codon usage of PB1 mRNA and demonstrated that codon usage of the PB1 mRNA of recent H3N2 virus isolates enhances replication in interferon (IFN)-treated human cells without affecting replication in untreated cells, thereby partially alleviating the interferon-induced antiviral state. High-throughput sequencing of tRNA pools explains the reduced inhibition of replication by interferon: the levels of some tRNAs differ between interferon-treated and untreated human cells, and evolution of the codon usage of H3N2 PB1 mRNA is skewed toward interferon-altered human tRNA pools. Consequently, the avian influenza virus-derived PB1 mRNAs of modern H3N2 viruses have acquired codon usages that better reflect tRNA availabilities in IFN-treated cells. Our results indicate that the change in tRNA availabilities resulting from interferon treatment is a previously unknown aspect of the antiviral action of interferon, which has been partially overcome by human-adapted H3N2 viruses.IMPORTANCEPandemic influenza A viruses that cause high human mortality usually result from reassortment of gene segments between human and avian influenza viruses. These avian influenza virus gene segments need to adapt to humans. Here we focus on the human adaptation of the avian influenza virus PB1 gene that was incorporated into the 1968 H3N2 pandemic virus. We demonstrate that the coding sequence of the PB1 mRNA of modern H3N2 viruses enhances replication in human cells in which interferon has activated a potent antiviral state. Reduced interferon inhibition results from evolution of PB1 mRNA codons skewed toward the pools of tRNAs in interferon-treated human cells, which, as shown here, differ significantly from the tRNA pools in untreated human cells. Consequently, avian influenza virus-derived PB1 mRNAs of modern H3N2 viruses have acquired codon usages that better reflect tRNA availabilities in IFN-treated cells and are translated more efficiently.

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