scholarly journals Analysis of economic efficiency of horse production

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-116
Author(s):  
Uranbaigal Dejidbal ◽  
Lkhagvadorj Batsambuu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Efficiency Analysis ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Average Efficiency ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Survey Results

One of the main sources of development and livelihood in our country comes from  the production of the agricultural sector, only second after the mining industry. Agricultural sector not only supplies food and essential nutrients but it is a source of income and employment. The main labor force in this sector  consists of herders, and the  best way to ensure their livelihood is to increase the number of  livestock. However, there are different ways to calculate costs and revenues of pastoral livestock production. Nomadic herder households have different income sources and expenses depending on the type of livestock that they herd and it varies by region. The study focuses on households herding horses and aims to conduct    efficiency analysis on the household f income and expenses using  the  data gathered by the survey. The household income and expenses depend on what type of livestock they are herding. Households that are herding horses are surveyed through written surveys in this study. The economic efficiency methodology was used in the analysis. Furthermore, the study analysed statistics of the productivity of livestock. The study finds that a high number of horses are correlated with highly efficient income levels from the livestock. According to the survey results, in the Khangai region, the average efficiency level of all regions is 104.08%, and the steppe zone is 14.55%. Адууны аж ахуйн бүтээгдэхүүн үйлдвэрлэлийн эдийн засгийн үр ашгийн шинжилгээ Манай орны хөгжлийн гол тулгуур багануудын нэг нь  уул уурхайн дараа хөдөө аж ахуйн салбар түүн дотроо мал аж ахуйн  үйлдвэрлэл  ордог. Энэ салбарын хөдөлмөрийн гол нөөц малчид бөгөөд тэдний амьжиргааны баталгаат байдлыг хангах гол эх үүсвэр нь мал, малын тоо толгойн өсөлт байсаар ирсэн байна. Бэлчээрийн мал аж ахуйн үйлдвэрлэлийн зардал, орлогын талаар харьцангуй ялгаатай ойлголтууд байсаар байна. Малчин өрхийн хувьд малын төрлөөс шалтгаалан орлого, зардлын бүтэц ялгаатай бөгөөд адуун сүргийн хувьд орлого болон зардлын хэмжээг өрх бүрээр анкет-асуулгын аргаар бүртгэн авч үр ашгийн түвшнийг тооцоолон, дүгнэлт гаргах зорилго тавьсан болно. Малчин өрхийн адууны аж ахуйгаасаа олох орлого, зардлын зөрүү нь  адууны толгойн тооноос гадна бүс нутгийн байршлаас хамаардаг байна. Бэлчээрийн мал аж ахуйн салбаруудын дотроос оны эхний 1 толгойгоос үйлдвэрлэж буй бүтээгдэхүүний хэмжээгээр хамгийн их нь монгол үхэр, дараа нь тэмээ, адуу, хамгийн бага нь ямаа, хонь байна. [1] Адууны аж ахуйн хувьд бэлчээр, тэжээл, арчилгаа, маллагаа, хашаа саравч зэрэгт зарцуулах зардал бусад малд зарцуулах зардалтай харьцуулбал бага бөгөөд харин амьдаар болон маханд зориулж зах зээлд борлуулах, мах, сүүн ашиг шимийг ашиглах зэргээс олох орлогын хэмжээ бусад малтай харьцуулбал өндөр байгаа нь орлого, зардлын зөрүү их байх нөхцөлийг бүрдүүлдэг учраас адууны аж ахуйн үр ашиг нэлээд өндөр байх болно гэсэн таамаглал дэвшүүлэн судалгааг явууллаа. Бэлчээрийн мал аж ахуйн үйлдвэрлэлийн тэр тусмаа адууны аж ахуйгаас олох орлого болон зардлын бүртгэл харьцангуй бага, бүдэг байгаа учраас судалгааг өрх бүрд очиж гэрийн эзэд, эзэгтэйгээс асуулгын аргаар тодруулан бүртгэж авсан болно. Судалгаанд үр ашгийн түвшнийг тооцох арга зүйг  ашигласан бөгөөд судалгаанд хамрагдсан өрхүүдийг малын тоогоор бүлэглэн шинжилгээг гүйцэтгэсэн юм. Малчин өрхүүдийн адууны толгойн тооны ялгаатай байдал нь адууг адгуулан маллах, өсгөж үржүүлэхэд зарцуулах зардал, адууны ашиг шим, бүтээгдэхүүний борлуулалтаас олох орлогын бүтцэд нэлээд нөлөөтэй байгаа нь ажиглагдсан болно.  Судалгааны үр дүнгээс харахад Хангайн бүсийн  дунджаар үр ашгийн түвшин 104.08%, хээрийн бүс 14.55% байна.  Түлхүүр үг: Гүүний айраг,  Хангайн бүс, Хээрийн бүс, малчин өрх, орлого, зардал.  

scholarly journals Women employment in agricultural sector: Effects on livelihoods

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-379
Author(s):  
Nasrin Nahar Begum ◽  
Md. Nazrul Islam Khan ◽  
Sk. Shafiqur Rahman ◽  
Sheikh Nazrul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Health ◽  
Life Style ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Normal Delivery ◽  
Sector Employee ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Women In Agriculture

Women in Bangladesh are involved with agriculture in planting, harvesting and post-harvest processing. Present study investigated the socio-economic, hygienic and maternal health of the women working in agricultural sector (employee) and women who are involved in other works (non-employee) in the same community to evaluate impacts of agriculture on women life style. Data was collected from Chittagong, Dinajpur and Mymensingh district using questionnaire survey. The survey results revealed that medium household size (61.9% and 57.8%), primary education (51.4% and 49.1%), married (93.6% and 91.4%) was dominant among employee and non-employee women, respectively. Average monthly household income and expenditure of the employees were Tk. 11532 and Tk. 8926, respectively while in non-employee women were Tk. 9686 and Tk. 7848, respectively. Most of the employee and non-employee women had facilities for drinking tube-well water (91.9% and 81.5%) and use polli electricity (69.9% and 68.2%) in the areas. This indicates that higher income from agriculture has a positive impact on life style of employee women. Clean house, hand washing, garbage disposal and ingredients wash before cooking constituted highest percentage of the respondents in both cases. Current study revealed that health check during pregnancy, T.T. coverage and normal delivery process was good among the employee women. Body Mass Index (BMI) results revealed that 68.2% employee women was under normal weight while 42.8% non-employee women was underweight. Besides, obesity rate was significantly higher among the non-employee women (25.4%) which is only 2.9% among the employee community. The study observed and suggesting that employee women in agriculture have better life style, more income, hygiene practice, good maternal health and better nutritional status than the non-employee women in the same community. J Bangladesh Agril Univ 17(3): 375–379, 2019

Stability and mutual impact of perception of parental pressure and infants' social support – A study based on the difference between employment status and household income

2021 ◽  
pp. 002072092199705
Author(s):  
Yong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Working Mothers ◽  
Social Research ◽  
Research Report ◽  
Parental Pressure ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Stability

The purpose of this study is to explore the stability and interaction between parental pressure and social research report, as well as the role of employment status and family income levels in this process. This study used a special study on Korean children (PSKC) 2–4 waves. Use t-test, correlation and autoregressive cross-delay modeling to analyze the data. The main findings of this study are: First, over time, parental pressure and mother’s social research report are consistent. Secondly, the pressure of motherhood and childcare has an obvious lagging effect on upbringing, and vice versa. Third, there is no significant difference between working mothers and non-working mothers in terms of the stability of working parents' pressure, social research report and social research report for children's pressure channels. However, parental pressure can only predict the social research report of working mothers. Fourth, there is no significant difference between the stability and interaction of these two structures in household income levels. In short, the results show that, over time, parental pressure is consistent with mother’s social research report. The results also show that there is a significant cross-lag effect between the mothers’ perceptions of mutual pressure analysis. In the process from parental pressure to social research report, I found the difference between working and non-working mothers. The advantage of this study is that the expected longitudinal design was adopted during infancy and the priority between the two structures can be considered. The results of this study can be used as a source of intervention plans to help parents withstand severe parenting pressure and lack of social research report.

scholarly journals On-farm trees are a safety net for the poorest households rather than a major contributor to food security in Rwanda

Food Security ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Ndoli ◽  
Athanase Mukuralinda ◽  
Antonius G. T. Schut ◽  
Miyuki Iiyama ◽  
Jean Damascene Ndayambaje ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Agroforestry Practice ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Agroforestry Practices

AbstractThe world is challenged to meet the food demand of a growing population, especially in developing countries. Given the ambitious plans to scale up agroforestry in Africa, an improved understanding of the effect of agroforestry practices on the already challenged food security of rural households is crucial. The present study was undertaken to assess how on-farm trees impacted food security in addition to other household income sources in Rwanda. In each of the six agroecologies of Rwanda, a stratified sampling procedure was used where two administrative cells (4th formal administrative level) were selected in which households were randomly selected for interviews. A survey including 399 farmers was conducted and farmers were grouped in three types of agroforestry practice (i) low practitioners (LAP) represented by the first tertile, (ii) medium practitioners (MAP) represented by the second tertile and (iii) high practitioners (HAP) represented by the third tertile of households in terms of tree number. Asset values, household income sources, crop production, farm size, crop yield, and food security (food energy needs) were quantified among the types of agroforestry practice. A larger proportion of HAP households had access to adequate quantity and diversity of food when compared with MAP and LAP households. Food security probability was higher for households with more resources, including land, trees and livestock, coinciding with an increased crop and livestock income. We found no difference in asset endowment among types of agroforestry practices, while farmers in agroecologies with smaller farms (0.42 ha to 0.66 ha) had more on-farm trees (212 to 358 trees per household) than farms in agroecologies with larger farms (0.96 ha to 1.23 ha) which had 49 to 129 trees per household, probably due to differences in biophysical conditions. A positive association between tree density and food security was found in two out of six agroecologies. The proportion of income that came from tree products was high (> 20%) for a small fraction of farmers (12%), with the more food insecure households relying more on income from tree products than households with better food security status. Thus, tree income can be percieved as a “safety net” for the poorest households.

scholarly journals Mining Eco-Efficiency Measurement and Driving Factors Identification Based on Meta-US-SBM in Guangxi Province, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 5397
Author(s):  
Yonglin Li ◽  
Zhili Zuo ◽  
Deyi Xu ◽  
Yi Wei
Keyword(s):  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Resource Efficiency ◽  
Efficiency Measurement ◽  
Environmental Efficiency ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Beibu Gulf ◽  
Government Control ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Internal And External Factors

The mining industry is one of the pillar industries of Guangxi’s economic and social development. The output value of mining and related industries accounts for 27% of the whole district’s total industrial output value. Therefore, the mining eco-efficiency measurement in Guangxi can be of great significance for the sustainable development of Guangxi’s mining industry. This study adopted Meta-US-SBM to measure the mining eco-efficiency in Guangxi from 2008 to 2018, including economic efficiency, resource efficiency, and environmental efficiency. It used the standard deviation ellipse model to simulate the migration trend of four efficiencies in Guangxi and used GeoDetector and Tobit models to explore the internal and external factors that affect the mining eco-efficiency. The four efficiencies in Guangxi show large temporal and spatial heterogeneity, and the internal and external factors that affect the mining eco-efficiency are different. The following conclusions can be drawn. (1) Environmental efficiency and mining eco-efficiency are improving, while economic efficiency and resource efficiency are deteriorating. Cities bordering other provinces have a significantly better mining eco-efficiency than non-bordering cities. (2) The development center in Guangxi has migrated to the Beibu Gulf Economic Zone. (3) Natural resources index and mining economic scale have a great impact on the mining eco-efficiency, and with the increase of the mining economic scale, the mining eco-efficiency showed a typical “U-shaped” curve. Finally, this study put forward corresponding policy recommendations to improve the mining eco-efficiency in Guangxi from four aspects: opening-up, technological progress, regional coordination, and government control.

scholarly journals Forecasting of Households Consumption Expenditure with Nonparametric Regression: The Case of Turkey

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-32
Author(s):  
Noyan Aydin ◽  
Taner Akmercan
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Household Size ◽  
High Income ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Parametric Regression ◽  
Household Disposable Income ◽  
R Programming ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The relationship between household income and expenditure is important for understanding how the shape of the economic dynamics of the households. In this study, the relationship between household consumption expenditure and household disposable income were analyzed by Locally Weighted Scatterplot Smoothing Regression which is a nonparametric method using R programming. This study aimed to determine relationship between variables directly, unlike making any assumptions are commonly used as in the conventional parametric regression. According to the findings, effect on expenditure with increasing of income and household size together increased rapidly at first, and then speed of increase decreased. This increase can be explained by having greater compulsory consumption expenditure relatively in small households. Besides, expenditure is relatively higher in middle and high income levels according to low income level. However, the change in expenditure is limited in middle and is the most limited in high income levels when household size changes.

Enhancing eco-economic efficiency of mineral deposit exploration to achieve sustainable development in the mining industry of Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 212
Author(s):  
Kashamida Tazhibekova ◽  
Aigerim Shametova ◽  
Abay Urazbekov ◽  
Bura Akhmetzhanov ◽  
Serik Akenov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Mineral Deposit

scholarly journals Review on Main Issues Causing Deterioration of Water Quality and Water Scarcity: Case Study of South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Kapuku Bwapwa
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Waste Discharge ◽  
Water Quality Deterioration ◽  
Growing Population

Water shortage in South Africa is a mixture of many factors: limited and highly polluted watercourses, low rainfall, fast growing population and high evaporation rates. Many studies on watercourses have shown a decline on quality due to the ongoing pollution caused by urbanization, mining, industry, power generation, afforestation and agriculture. Given the current forecasts based on population growth versus the country’s limited water resources, it is unlikely to keep existing patterns regarding the use of water and the discharge of wastes. Predictions are also indicating that pollutants will continue to accumulate in freshwater resources independently of the population growth in South Africa. Issues associated with water quality can turn out to be worsened with environmental devastating consequences. For instance, in the agricultural sector it may lead to a drop in yields and quality for fruits and crops followed by soil contamination. It can harmfully affect the population and aquatic health. Furthermore, water quality deterioration can affect the costs related to purification processes resulting in an increased price of clean water. Human induced activities causing salinization, eutrophication, acidification, presence of pathogens in watercourses, inappropriate waste discharge practices and sewage spills are major causes influencing or deteriorating water quality in South Africa. 

scholarly journals Diversification of Livestock-Keeping Smallholders in Mountainous Rural Regions of Azerbaijan and Georgia

Land ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Regina Neudert ◽  
Naiba Allahverdiyeva ◽  
Niyaz Mammadov ◽  
Alexandre Didebulidze ◽  
Volker Beckmann
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Social Benefit ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Farm Work ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Household Incomes

Diversified livelihoods combining farming, livestock keeping and non-farm income are characteristic of many rural households worldwide. For the Central Asian and Caucasian region, livestock keeping is especially important in terms of land use and socio-cultural heritage. We contribute to the literature with data from the under-researched Caucasus region and investigate: (i) the extent of diversification in smallholder households; (ii) the role of livestock keeping in diversification; (iii) the influence of household-specific and location-specific variables and diversification on household income. Based on a dataset of 303 households, we calculate contribution margins for the main agricultural activities, household income, and diversification indices and analyze the influence of diversification, asset and location variables on household income with a regression model. Household income is generally diversified and a combination of four income sources (crops, livestock, poultry/bees and social benefits) was the most frequent. The econometric analysis shows that higher household incomes are positively correlated with higher household land and livestock assets, the presence of non-farm work and social benefit income sources and with an increasing specialization as measured by the diversification index. For enhancing rural household incomes and slowing down rural-urban migration, the development of non-farm job opportunities is recommended.

scholarly journals Reduction of technogenic load from sludge collectors due to separation and dehydration of the stored material

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 00010
Author(s):  
Olena Bubnova ◽  
Oleksandr Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Initial Distribution ◽  
Power Industry ◽  
Material Layer ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Mineral Stock ◽  
Mining Industry Wastes

Purpose: the identification of geomechanical problems of mining industry wastes accumulation and substantiation of the ways for their solution with the possibility of processing the watery technogenic feedstock. It has been shown that in order to reduce the technogenic load, it is necessary to reduce the area of land under the waste ponds and the accumulated volumes themselves of mining and enrichment wastes. It has been revealed that the mineral stock, formed from wide grain-size classes with a high content of particles less than 0.2 mm, is dewatered up to 18 – 22 % by traditional methods and is practically not classified. A mathematical model has been proposed of screening and dewatering kinetics, which takes into account comprehensively the initial distribution of particles and liquid throughout the height of the screened material layer, segregation, mixing, sifting, vibrational transportation features and change in the height of the layer. The use of technology will allow: increase the economic efficiency of enterprises; to expand the feedstock base for construction, coke and chemical industries and power industry; to solve the problems of creating additional containers for storing the wastes; to improve significantly the environmental situation in the mining and processing regions.

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