scholarly journals The influence of KJ, CuSO4, and Mg(ClO3)2 on defoliation and subsequent frost resistance and growth of apple trees in nurseries

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Basak ◽  
A. Czynczyk ◽  
L. S. Jankiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Frost Resistance ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Frost Injury ◽  
Old Trees

In most cases 2-year-old trees of 3 cultivars responded better to defoliants than 1-year-old ones. Spraying with defoliants on September 25 - 28 was more effective than spraying 10 days earlier. There was also more bark injury in the autumn, and more frost injury on trees defoliated on the ealier date. Mg(ClO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> seemed to be the best defoliant but markedly decreased the frost resistance of McIntosh trees. Defoliants investigated may be applied to limited extent to 2-year-old trees but not to 1-year-old ones.

Herbicide Effects on Weed Control and Shoot Growth of Young Apple (Malus sylvestris) and Peach (Prunus persica) Trees

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 840-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chester L. Foy ◽  
Susan B. Harrison ◽  
Harold L. Witt
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
One Year ◽  
Broadleaf Species ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Peach Trees

Field experiments were conducted at two locations in Virginia to evaluate the following herbicides: alachlor, diphenamid, diuron, metolachlor, napropamide, norflurazon, oryzalin, oxyfluorfen, paraquat, pendimethalin, and simazine. One experiment involved newly-transplanted apple trees; the others, three in apple and one in peach trees, involved one-year-old trees. Treatments were applied in the spring (mid-April to early-May). Control of annual weed species was excellent with several treatments. A broader spectrum of weeds was controlled in several instances when the preemergence herbicides were used in combinations. Perennial species, particularly broadleaf species and johnsongrass, were released when annual species were suppressed by the herbicides. A rye cover crop in nontreated plots suppressed the growth of weeds. New shoot growth of newly-transplanted apple trees was increased with 3 of 20 herbicide treatments and scion circumference was increased with 11 of 20 herbicide treatments compared to the nontreated control. Growth of one-year-old apple trees was not affected. Scion circumference of one-year-old peach trees was increased with 25 of 33 herbicide treatments.

scholarly journals On the frost resistance of red clover with special attention to seed production

1966 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-48
Author(s):  
Arvi Valmari ◽  
Irja Valmari
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Frost Resistance ◽  
Intermediate Phase ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Complete Loss ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Frost Injury ◽  
Spring Cereals ◽  
Clover Seed

The frost-resistance of Finnish red clover has been studied by means of experiments in a cold cabinet and on the basis of samples taken from the field. In the cold cabinet experiments the frost injury of the clover plant’s vegetative parts has reached considerable magnitude when the temperature was about 4° C. Also the unripe heads which did not die immediately could suffer so that the development of the seed stopped. Definitive death of the plants began to occur in the treatment at 5° C, though only when the soil was frozen. The plants recovered after treatment at 10° C if the soil was not frozen. In the field little frost injury of the vegetative parts occurred even with a frost of 6 to 7° C, but the unripe seeds suffered injury in that case. The germination percentage is distinctly dependent on the seed size in absence of frost. The stage of development at which more than 70 % of the corollae are light brown constituted an intermediate phase where the variation in germinative ability was great and covered, when the samples subjected to slight natural frost (–6.6° C) were taken into account, practically the entire per cent range (0—99 %). After the corollae of the heads had turned dark brown, at which time the seed had reached full weight, the seed suffered no injury from –6 to –7° C frost, and even more severe frosts could at the most cause a very slight lowering of germination percentage. Frost seems to injure the seed mainly by stopping the development of the unripe seeds. No lowering of germination from the level corresponding to the seed size has been observed in all cases nor was there any complete loss of germinative ability such as occurs with cereals. The commercial value of frost-injured red clover seed can be considerably increased by sorting. The number of hard seeds is highest in large, early harvested seed. Frost evidently causes »softening» of germinative seeds. The risk implied by frost is less in clover seed cultivation than in the cultivation of spring cereals and potatoes.

scholarly journals HINTS TO FRUIT GROWERS.: PAPER NO. 4

1871 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 149-155
Author(s):  
W. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Bombyx Mori ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Silk Worm ◽  
The Common

Attacus cecropia.–During the winter months, when the apple trees are leafless, the large cocoons of the Cecropia moth may be found here and there, firm1y bound to the twigs, and occasionally I have seen them on young trees attachcd to the stock near the ground. They are about and are entirely constructed of silk, the fibres of which are very much stronger than those of the common silk worm Bombyx mori. This silk has been worked to a limited extent and manufactured into socks and other articles, which have been found very durable; but a drawback to the advancement of this branch of industry lies in the fact that the caterpillars do not bear confinement well, and hence are not easily reared.

RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE ELECTROLYTIC CONDUCTANCE TESTS FOR FROST HARDINESS OF APPLE VARIETIES

1960 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 630-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wilner
Keyword(s):  
Frost Resistance ◽  
Laboratory Method ◽  
Frost Hardiness ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Electrolytic Conductance ◽  
Laboratory Methods ◽  
Total Conductance ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
Artificial Freezing ◽  
Frost Injuries

A laboratory method for testing frost hardiness of apple trees is described. Results demonstrated that diffused electrolytes from pre-hardened twigs provided a reliable means of testing their hardiness. There was a definite association between increased diffusion of electrolytes from hardened tissues and increased injury of twigs. This association was found useful in establishing both the relative degrees of hardiness of three named varieties of apples, Antonovka, McIntosh and Northern Spy, and the absolute values for the ultimate frost resistance of their tissues. Thus, although the total conductance of electrolytes of the three varieties was about the same before the artificial freezing treatments, ranging from 900 to 1000 micromhos, the average survival and the conductance of diffused electrolytes were as follows: hardy Antonovka 71 per cent and 296 micromhos; less hardy McIntosh 53 per cent and 445 micromhos; and least hardy Northern Spy 23 per cent and 611 micromhos. Results also established quantitative values for the ultimate frost hardiness of apple trees, namely: no appreciable injury when the conductance from hardened tissues of twigs was within 200 to 250 micromhos or less. Conductance of electrolytes above 350 to 450 micromhos generally signified total killing; whereas intermediary readings indicated partial injury to twigs.The method used also permitted a study of the effects of several factors considered of vital importance in: (a) developing frost resistance of overwintering plants such as seasonal maturity, cold hardening and dehardening of tissues, and (b) causing excessive frost injuries such as increasing intensities and rates of freezing temperatures. The validity of the used laboratory methods is discussed.

scholarly journals Magnesium nutrition of apple trees I. Preliminary studies

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-177
Author(s):  
A. Sadowski ◽  
J. Pękacki ◽  
W. Szabłowski ◽  
K. Ścibiesz
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Mg Deficiency ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Fruit Drop ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Mg Content

Symptoms of Mg deficiency on apple trees in the Warsaw district, Central Poland are described and illustrated. Results of soil and leaf analyses of deficient and healthy trees and factors affecting Mg deficiency in apples are discussed. Mg deficiency was found mainly in young trees grown on light, sandy or sandy loamy grey-brown podsolic soils; an old trees it was very rare, because of deep root penetration and utilization of Mg from illuvial horizons rich in Mg. Severe Mg deficiency symptoms appeared on old trees, vigorously growing after topworking with Bancroft scions. Low soil and leaf of Mg content a high available potassium to magnesium ratio in the soil and high ratio in the leaves are suggested to be important factors promoting Mg deficiency symptoms. A three years' experiment run on old Bancroft apple trees showed that 400 kg of MgO applied in epsomite to the soil were as effective as 4 sprays of 2% epsomite. Soil or foliar Mg fertilization did not have any significant effect on tree growth, yields, fruit drop and fruit quality.

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIPS OF LEAF AREA AND TRUNK DIAMETER OF APPLE TREES AFFECTED BY ROOTSTOCK AN D CULTIVAR

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1169c-1169
Author(s):  
Curt R. Rom ◽  
Renae E. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Old Trees

Trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) has been used to estimate leaf area (LA) and yield efficiency but variation in LA and TCA relationships have been unexplored. LA and TCA of 10-yr-old 'Starkspur Supreme Delicious' on 9 rootstocks (STKs) were measured in 1989. LA and TCA of 2-yr-old trees of 3 cultivars (CVs) on 5 STKs were measured in 1991. Regression of LA and TCA was performed for each CV, STK and each CV/STK. On mature trees, LA varied significantly with STK. The number and LA of shoot leaves (LVS) and spur LVS varied with STK but the % of total was not significantly different (approx. 52% spur LVS). The relationships of LA and TCA were linear for mature (r2=.94) and young (r2=.44) trees. On young trees, TCA varied with CV, but LA did not. Both LA and TCA were significantly different among STKs. The linear relationships of LA and TCA had unique intercepts with each CV, STK and CV/STK combination but slopes were not significantly different. Leaf area of Jonagold' and 'Gala' tended to increase more with increasing TCA than 'Empire'.

scholarly journals Effect of pretreatment with SADH on the results of chemical defoliation of nursery apple trees and on their frost resistance and growth

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-288
Author(s):  
A. Basak ◽  
L. S. Jankiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Frost Resistance ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Central Poland ◽  
Leaf Drop

SADH (succLnic acid-2-2-dimethylhydrazide) in the preparation Alar 85 was applied 1-2 months before chemical defoliation of apple trees. SADH rarely promoted leaf drop caused by defoliants and did not improve frost resistance of the trees. These results doesn't show that it can be recomended in the nurseries of Central Poland.

scholarly journals Residual Effects of Chemical Induction of Branching of Apple Trees in the Nursery on Their Performance after Transplanting

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 685f-685
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Jacyna
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Lateral Branch ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Chemical Induction ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Branch Formation ◽  
One Year ◽  
Old Trees

One-year-old trees of three apple selections [NY73334-35 (A), NY75414-1 (B), and NY75413-30 (C)] from the Geneva Breeding Program were transplanted into an orchard. While at the nursery, the trees were treated with Promalin and Accel, by themselves or in combination, to promote lateral branch formation (feathering). After trees were transplanted, no growth regulators were applied to the trees. One year after transplanting, treated trees of B and C had produced more feathers than the controls. This was particularly pronounced with the very difficult-to-branch selection C. No differences between chemical treatments were found. Regardless of selection, each chemical treatment significantly influenced increase in total extension growth compared to the control and contributed to rapid build up of tree structure. There were no differences between the treatments in tree height, tree caliper, or the number of spurs.

The degree of frost resistance of generative buds of promising breeding forms of apple trees in the conditions of the foothill zone of the Crimea

2021 ◽  
pp. 183-189
Author(s):  
Erfan Siranovich Khalilov ◽  
Anatoly Vladimirovich Smykov ◽  
Edem Fakhrievich Chelebiev ◽  
Maxim Konstantinovich Uskov
Keyword(s):  
Frost Resistance ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
The Crimea

Frost Resistance in Eucalyptus : a New Method for Assessment of Frost Injury in Altitudinal Provenances of E. viminalis

1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Paton
Keyword(s):  
Frost Resistance ◽  
Balancing Selection ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Frost Injury ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Sib Families ◽  
Percentage Ratio

Seedlings of E. viminalis were grown under controlled environment conditions and exposed to single frost treatments between - 1 and -5°C. A new objective method for assessment of frost injury was developed on the basis that killed leaf tissue lost water until equilibrium was established with atmospheric moisture. The percentage ratio of dry weight to wet weight was found to increase ? 30% for unaffected plants to 85% for killed plants, and intermediate values provided a reliable quantitative assessment of the severity of intermediate injury. There was no clear relationship between frost resistance and growth rate. Frost resistance increased with increase in altitude of seed source above 1000 ft, but the sea level provenance proved to be as frost-resistant as the provenance at 3600 ft, which suggested that more than an altitudinal cline for frost resistance is involved. Further- more, variation in frost resistance within half-sib families and within provenances was often significant and of the same order as the variation between provenances. Thus frost resistance in E. viminalis appears to involve several different mechanisms. Within-provenance and within-family variability was characterized by a low frequency of plants with intermediate injury, and the implications of balancing selection between susceptible and resistant phenotypes as one possible mechanism for this, are discussed.

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