scholarly journals The progressive and ancestral traits of the secondary xylem within Magnolia clad – the early diverging lineage of flowering plants

2015 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Marta Wróblewska
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Tracheary Element ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Perforation Plate ◽  
Important Trait ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Fossil Records ◽  
Taxonomic Studies ◽  
Wood Science

<p>The qualitative and quantitative studies, presented in this article, on wood anatomy of various species belonging to ancient <em>Magnolia</em> genus reveal new aspects of phylogenetic relationships between the species and show evolutionary trends, known to increase fitness of conductive tissues in angiosperms. They also provide new examples of phenotypic plasticity in plants.</p><p>The type of perforation plate in vessel members is one of the most relevant features for taxonomic studies. In <em>Magnolia</em>, until now, two types of perforation plates have been reported: the conservative, scalariform and the specialized, simple one.</p><p>In this paper, are presented some findings, new to magnolia wood science, like exclusively simple perforation plates in some species or mixed perforation plates – simple and scalariform in one vessel member. Intravascular pitting is another taxonomically important trait of vascular tissue. Interesting transient states between different patterns of pitting in one cell only have been found. This proves great flexibility of mechanisms, which elaborate cell wall structure in maturing tracheary element. The comparison of this data with phylogenetic trees, based on the fossil records and plastid gene expression, clearly shows that there is a link between the type of perforation plate and the degree of evolutionary specialization within <em>Magnolia</em> genus.</p>

Perforation Plate Development in Knightia excelsa R. Br. : A Scanning Electron Microscope Study

1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Meylan ◽  
BG Butterfield
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Microscope Study ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Electron Microscope Study ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope Study ◽  
Perforation Plate ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Scanning Electron

The development of perforation plates in the vessels of Knightia excelsa R. Br. is described. The primary walls and middle lamella in the region of the perforation remain intact late in the differentiation of the adjoining vessel members. Only after the secondary wall has been laid down, forming prominent borders over this perforation partition, does the latter show any sign of degeneration. The breakdown process involves a change in the nature of the partition, which becomes granular in appearance. Small holes then develop in it before its final disappearance.

Vestured Scalariform Perforation Plate Openings in Neomyrtus pedunculata

1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 425 ◽  
Author(s):  
BG Butterfield ◽  
BA Meylan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Micrograph ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrograph ◽  
Perforation Plate ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Scanning Electron

The occurrence of vestures in the corners of the last few openings at each end of the scalariform perforation plates in Neomyrtus pedunculata is recorded and illustrated with a scanning electron micrograph.

How wood evolves: a new synthesis

Botany ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (10) ◽  
pp. 901-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherwin Carlquist
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Character State ◽  
Perforation Plate ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Leaf Physiology ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
New Vision ◽  
Wood Evolution

Recent advances in wood physiology, molecular phylogeny, and ultrastructure (chiefly scanning electron microscopy, SEM), as well as important new knowledge in traditional fields, provide the basis for a new vision of how wood evolves. Woody angiosperms have, in the main, shifted from conductive safety to conductive efficiency (with many variations and modifications) and from ability to resist cavitation (low vulnerability) to ability to refill vessels. The invention of the vessel was a kind of dimorphism (vessel elements plus tracheids) that permitted division of labor and many kinds of wood repatterning that suit conductive safety–efficiency trade-offs. Angiosperms were primarily adapted to mesic habitats but were not failures or “unstable.” They have survived to the present in such habitats well, along with older structural adaptations (e.g., the scalariform perforation plate) that are still suited to such habitats. These “primitive” features are evident in earlier branchings of phylogenetic trees based on multiple genes. Older features may still be functional and thus persist, although newer formulations are overriding in effect. There are, however, numerous instances of “breakouts” in a number of clades (ecological iterations and bursts of speciation and diversification related to new ways of dealing with water economy), whereas in other branchings, other clades show ecological stasis over long periods of time. Newer physiological and anatomical mechanisms have permitted entry into habitats with marked fluctuation in moisture availability. Wood evolves progressively, and literal character state reversal may be unusual: genomic and developmental information holds answers to these changes. Wood is a complex tissue, and each of the histological components shows polymorphism as an evolutionary mechanism. Cell types within wood evolve collaboratively. Shifts in wood features (e.g., simplification of the scalariform perforation plate) are commonly homoplastic. Manifold changes in habit and in leaf physiology, morphology, and anatomy accompany wood evolution, and wood should be studied with relationship to real-world ecology, information that cannot be gleaned from literature or other secondary sources. Heterochrony (protracted juvenilism, accelerated adulthood) characterizes angiosperm xylem extensively, far more so than in other vascular plants, and these mechanisms have resulted in many remarkable changes (e.g., monocots have permanently juvenile xylem, woody trees represent accelerated adulthood). Understanding the many successful features of angiosperm wood evolution must ultimately rest on syntheses.

scholarly journals Parasitism in Eukaryota - Reconstruction of Ancestral and Unavailable Extant States

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. e25739
Author(s):  
Lydia Buntrock ◽  
Bernhard Renard ◽  
Emanuel Heitlinger
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Species Interaction ◽  
State Information ◽  
Large Sets ◽  
Computational Reconstruction ◽  
Important Trait ◽  
Topology Information ◽  
Available Information

Parasitism can be defined as an interaction between species in which one of the interaction partners, the parasite, lives in or on the other, the host. The parasite draws food from its host and harms it in the process. According to some estimates, over 40% of all eukaryotes are parasites. Nevertheless, it is difficult to obtain information about a particular taxon is a parasite computationally making it difficult to query large sets of taxa. Here we test to what extend it is possible to use the Open Tree of Life (OTL), a synthesis of phylogenetic trees on a backbone taxonomy (resulting in unresolved nodes), to expand available information via phylogenetic trait prediction. We use the Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI) database to categorise 25,992 and 34,879 species as parasites and free-living, respectively, and predict states for over ~2.3 million (97.34%) leaf nodes without state information. We estimate the accuracy of our maximum parsimony based predictions using cross-validation and simulation at roughly 60-80% overall, but strongly varying between clades. The cross-validation resulted in an accuracy of 98.17% which is explained by the fact that the data are not uniformly distributed. We describe this variation across taxa as associated with available state and topology information. We compare our results with several smaller scale studies, which used manual expert curation and conclude that computationally inferred state changes largely agree in number and placement with those. In clades in which available state information is biased (mostly towards parasites, e.g. in Nematodes) phylogenetic prediction is bound to provide results contradicting conventional wisdom. This represents, to our knowledge, the first comprehensive computational reconstruction of the emergence of parasitism in eukaryotes. We argue that such an approach is necessary to allow further incorporation of parasitism as an important trait in species interaction databases and in individual studies on eukaryotes, e.g. in the microbiome.

scholarly journals Vascular Tissue Analysis as a Decisive Tool for Tropical Hardwood Identification: The Case Study of Ekop Species in Cameroon

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Pierre Paul Mbarga ◽  
Armand William Mala ◽  
Marie Marguerite Mbolo
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
International Association ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Tropical Hardwood ◽  
Grain Color ◽  
Taxonomic Class ◽  
Trade Name ◽  
Perforation Plates

The perforation plates and vessel-ray pitting of tropical hardwoods are typical features that make it possible to mark species within a botanical family. This study aims to bring out a consistent and robust framework for a clear distinction through anatomical features among various Ekop woods based on usual nomenclature on trade. Perforations plates and vessel-ray pitting are determining components for the classification of the species. Indeed, several species exploited under the trade name Ekop because of their grain, color, and wooden decoration patterns do not belong to the same taxonomic class. With the natural structure of cells and their intervessel pits observed in xylem and phloem, it appears that the perforation plates and the vessel-ray pitting are decisive components for the classification of Ekop species. Forty-three wood specimens of Ekop were collected from forests in Ebolowa, Mbalmayo, and Abong Mbang. In addition, 155 microscopic sections of Ekop slides with at least 3 representatives of identified species were observed. Thus, macroscopic observations through a hand magnifying glass were performed on wood carrots. Then, the microscopic sections of slides in the first 63 features of the International Association of Wood Anatomists list were analyzed. Correlations were observed between vessels elements and other main features through component analysis. Four groups of Ekop were differentiated by gathering in each genus a matrix of similar features across their vessels groupings, perforation plates, and vessel-ray pittings. A tabular key was used to further define the identity of the Ekop species. This study makes it possible to recognize Ekop wood beyond the dendrological aspects of vegetative and reproductive organs. Finally, a few typical features used for a precise demarcation were identified, for a taxonomic classification within the Ekop group.

KARAKTERISTIK STRUKTUR ANATOMI DINDING SEL JABON MERAH (Anthocephalus macrophyllus) PROVENANSI WAJO

PERENNIAL ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Muhlisah Mompewa ◽  
Andi Detti Yunianti ◽  
Siti Halimah Larekeng
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Perforation Plate ◽  
Teak Wood ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Wall Perforation

Characteristics of anatomy structure cell walls can be used as a reference to determine the quality of wood, especially in the final product. Variability anatomy of wood is varies greatly between species, parts of the stem and place of growth and provenance. For the purpose of the study, teak wood samples from Wajo provenance. This study aims to identify the structure anatomy characteristics cell wall of jabon merah from Wajo provenance. The structure anatomy cell wall observed were a microfibril angle (MFA), a pit in cell wall, perforation plate, and tylosis. Results showed that the structure anatomy cell wall characteristics jabon merah from Wajo provenance had a MFA values of 22.21°,intervessel pits polygonal alternating, scalariform perforation plates, and have a tylosis in the vessel.

Perforation Plates in Vessels of Citharexylum Myrianthum Cham. (Verbenaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Vidal Gomes ◽  
L. Lopes Teixeira ◽  
E. Gomes Schaitza ◽  
R. M. Hofmeister
Keyword(s):  
Central Portion ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Perforation Plate ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Unusual Type

An unusual type of perforation plate is reported for Citharexylum myrianthum (Verbenaceae). It is a multiple perforation variant with a radiating pattern of wall material from a thickened central portion. In C. myrianthum it occurs together with simple and foraminatereticulate perforatio n plates; four types of combination perforation plates are also reported.

scholarly journals Reconstructing the Phylogeny ofCapsosiphon fulvescens(Ulotrichales, Chlorophyta) from Korea Based onrbcL and 18S rDNA Sequences

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Mi Sun ◽  
Seung Hwan Yang ◽  
Kirill S. Golokhvast ◽  
Bao Le ◽  
Gyuhwa Chung
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
18S Rdna ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Filamentous Green Algae ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
18S Rdna Sequences ◽  
Taxonomic Studies

Capsosiphon fulvescensis a filamentous green algae in the class Ulvophyceae. It has been consumed as food with unique flavor and soft texture to treat stomach disorders and hangovers, and its economic value justifies studying its nutritional and potential therapeutic effects. In contrast to these applications, only a few taxonomic studies have been conducted onC. fulvescens. In particular, classification and phylogenetic relationships of theC. fulvescensbelow the order level are controversial. To determine its phylogenetic position in the class, we usedrbcL and 18S rDNA sequences as molecular markers to construct phylogenetic trees. The amplifiedrbcL and 18S rDNA sequences from 4C. fulvescensisolates (Jindo, Jangheung, Wando, and Koheung, Korea) were used for phylogenetic analysis by employing three different phylogenetic methods: neighbor joining (NJ), maximum parsimony (MP), and maximum likelihood (ML). TherbcL phylogenetic tree showed that all taxa in the order Ulvales were clustered as a monophyletic group and resolved the phylogenetic position ofC. fulvescensin the order Ulotrichales. The significance of our study is that the 18S rDNA phylogenetic tree shows the detailed taxonomic position ofC. fulvescens. In our result,C. fulvescensis inferred as a member of Ulotrichaceae, along withUrosporaandAcrosiphonia.

Numerical Simulation of Water Transport through Vessel Perforation Plates

2012 ◽  
Vol 195-196 ◽  
pp. 645-650
Author(s):  
Qi Chen ◽  
Fang Xu ◽  
Qin Lin Ai ◽  
Jiao Liao Chen
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Microscopic Structure ◽  
Water Conductivity ◽  
Flow Equations ◽  
Perforation Plate ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Perforation Plates

The structure of perforation plate had a substantial effect on the water conductivity of plant vessels. As the microscopic structure of vessel and perforation plate is highly complex, it is very difficult to numerically solve the flow equations. The effects of perforation plate structure on water flow in plant xylem vessels were studied using CFD (computational fluid dynamics) approach, the calculation results were used to estimate the effects of the perforation plate on conductance. Results showed that simple plate provided less resistance than scalariform plate. The resistance to flow through the perforation plate increased as the plate angle increased (giving same number of pores). Increasing the pore size would reduce the resistance along the modeled vessel. The results also showed that gravity had hardly effect on flow characteristics in micro vessels of plant and nearly can be neglected.

Scalariform Perforation Plate Development in Laurelia novae-zelandiae A. Cunn. : A Scanning Electron Microscope Study

1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 253 ◽  
Author(s):  
BG Butterfield ◽  
BA Meylan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Electron Microscope Study ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope Study ◽  
Perforation Plate ◽  
Enzymatic Action ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Scanning Electron

The development of the scalariform perforation plates in Laurelia novae- zelandiae A. Cunn. is described and illustrated with scanning electron micrographs. The primary walls and middle lamella in the areas to be perforated remain intact late in the differentiation of .the adjoining vessel members. After the secondary wall has beenlaid down on other areas of the vessel member walls, the perforation partitions are broken down by an enzymatic action on the surface of the partitions. This process leaves a network of fibrils which later disappear, possibly by the action of the transpiration stream.

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