scholarly journals THE EVALUATION OF CLIMATE EVOLUTION TENDENCY AND OF WATER-TABLE LEVELS IN THE AREA COVERED BY FANTANELE-SAGU IRRIGATION SYSTEM

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Gabor
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Climate Evolution ◽  
Evolution Tendency

Irrigation of Geraniums with an Automatic Controlled Water Table System

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 522d-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.W. Buxton ◽  
D.L. Ingram ◽  
Wenwei Jia
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Optimum Water

Geraniums in 15-cm pots were irrigated automatically for 8 weeks with a Controlled Water Table (CWT) irrigation system. Plants were irrigated with a nutrient solution supplied by a capillary mat with one end of the mat suspended in a trough below the bottom of the pot. The nutrient solution remained at a constant level in the trough. Nutrient solution removed from the trough was immediately replaced from a larger reservoir. The vertical distance from the surface of the nutrient solution and the bottom of the pot determined the water/air ratio and water potential in the growing media. Treatments consisted of placing pots at 0, 2, 4, and 6 cm above the nutrient solution. Control plants were irrigated as needed with a trickle irrigation system. Geraniums grown at 0,2 and 4 CWT were ≈25% larger than the control plants and those grown at 6 CWT as measured by dry weight and leaf area. Roots of plants grown at 0 CWT were concentrated in the central area of the root ball; whereas roots of plants in other treatments were located more near the bottom of the pot. Advantages of the CWT system include: Plant controlled automatic irrigation; no run off; optimum water/air ratio.

scholarly journals The Foggara: A Traditional System Of Irrigation In Arid Regions

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remini Boualem ◽  
Achour Bachir ◽  
Kechad Rabah
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Traditional System ◽  
Traditional Irrigation ◽  
Water Catchment

Abstract This article discusses the traditional irrigation system in the oases of Touat, Gourara and Tidikelt. Since centuries, farmers use the system of foggaras for irrigation of palm groves and gardens. The results obtained following the inquiries and investigations carried out on the sites of foggaras, showed that since the eighties, drilling works multiplied in the oases of Touat, Gourara and Tidikelt. However, despite the application of these new techniques of water catchment, farmers still irrigate their gardens by traditional methods. For social, economic and environmental problems, foggaras degrade more and more; 50% of the foggaras decayed. Currently, the discharge of foggaras in service greatly diminished. The adoption of modern catchment techniques entails to the lowering of the water table.

scholarly journals Automatic Irrigation of Container Plants in Outdoor Sales Area

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 769B-769
Author(s):  
Kyle P. Lewis* ◽  
Jack W. Buxton
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Outdoor Environment ◽  
Back Side ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Diameter Pipe ◽  
Pvc Pipe ◽  
Mass Marketing

Maintaining adequate water for container plants in outdoor sales areas is difficult during the late spring and summer. In mass marketing areas employees are uninformed about the water requirements of plants under various environmental conditions. Plants often are severely stressed and over all quality reduced. A system was developed to automatically irrigate container plants in an outdoor sales area. The system is a modification of the Controlled Water Table (CWT) irrigation system developed at the Univ. of Kentucky (U.K.). The sales area consisted of 2 shelves each 2.44 m long and 0.28 m wide. A trough was constructed from a 5-cm diameter pipe with a 1/4 slot; it was attached to the back side of the shelf. One side of a capillary mat, placed on the shelves, was suspended in the trough containing water. Two systems were used to maintain the level of water in the trough. One was a small float valve installed in a 10-cm PVC pipe which was attached to the 5-cm PVC pipe. The float was adjusted to maintain the water in the trough 2 cm below the top of the shelf. The water reservoir consisted of a 20-cm diameter PVC pipe, 1.22 m long that held 70 L of water. A second system maintained a constant water level in the trough using Torricellian tube principle. The water reservoir was the same as above except it was tightly sealed so no air could leak from the system. The water table was maintained 2 cm below the bench surface by rotating a hole in small cap. A variety of plants in containers, ranging from 10 cm to 5 L pots were maintained without water stress, in a greenhouse environment as well in an outdoor environment for several weeks.

scholarly journals Production of Vegetable Transplants with the Controlled Water Table Irrigation System

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 633a-633
Author(s):  
Jack W. Buxton ◽  
Wenwei Jia
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Growing Medium ◽  
Cabbage Seed ◽  
The Media ◽  
Greenhouse Vegetable ◽  
Solution Surface

Cabbage seed was germinated and grown to transplanting size in a 98-cell tray using an automatic irrigation system based on the principle of maintaining a constant water table (CWT) relative to the growing medium in transplant trays. Seedlings obtained a nutrient solution from a capillary mat with one end suspended in a trough containing the solution. The distance between the nutrient solution surface and the transplant tray bottom was regulated with a water level controller. The nutrient solution was resupplied from a larger reservoir. A polyester material on top of the capillary mat allowed solution movement to the roots but prevented root penetration into the mat. The water table placement below the tray determined the water content in the growing medium. Seedling growth was evaluated using two growing media combined with two water table placements. Excellent quality seedlings were produced; the CWT irrigation system satisfactory provided water and nutrients for the duration of the crop. The only problems observed were dry cells, less than 2%, because of no media–mat contact and algae growth on the media surface using the higher water table. The CWT irrigation system is adaptable to existing greenhouse vegetable transplant production systems. It is automatic and can provide a constant optimum amount of moisture for seedling growing. It can be adjusted for phases of seedling growing such as more water during germination and can create water stress near transplanting time to either harden off or hold plants because of unfavorable planting conditions.

scholarly journals Fluctuating Controlled Water Table Irrigation

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 769D-770
Author(s):  
Jack W. Buxton* ◽  
Janet Pfeiffer ◽  
Darrell Slone
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Optimum Placement ◽  
Growing Medium ◽  
Rate Of Movement

A controlled water table irrigation system (CWT) automatically provides water to plants. One edge of a capillary mat, on the bench surface, draws water from a trough (water table) below the bench. Each treatment trough was 30 cm long. As the distance between the water surface and the bench surface increases, the water in the growing medium decreases, the air increases; and the water potential decreases. In previous studies a constant CWT of 2 cm below the bench surface was the optimum placement for producing 15-cm pots of geranium. In this study the water table fluctuated between two distances below the bench surface. The fluctuating treatments were 2 cm to 3 cm, 2 cm to 4 cm, and 1 cm to 4 cm. The control treatment remained at a constant 2 cm below the bench surface. The fluctuating treatments were established by using two liquid level controllers connected to a switching mechanism that allowed the water table to fluctuate between the treatment settings. The rate of movement from the higher level to the lower level was determined by the rate of transpiration and evaporation occurring in individual treatments. The amount of water used for each treatment was determined by counting the number of times the solenoid turned on and multiplying this by the amount of water added to the trough. The leaf area and dry weight were the same for plants grown in 2 cm, 2 to 3 cm, and 2 to 4 cm treatments and these treatments were significantly greater than plants in the 1 to 4 cm treatment. The amount of water used by all treatments was nearly the same.

scholarly journals 456 An Automatic, Controlled Water-Table Irrigation System for Vegetable Transplant Production

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 523C-523
Author(s):  
J.W. Buxton ◽  
Wenwei Jia
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Growing Media ◽  
System A ◽  
Fixed Distance ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Vegetable Seed ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings ◽  
Water Ratio

The controlled water-table irrigation (CWT) system was evaluated for vegetable seed germination and transplant growth. The system is a modification of capillary mat irrigation except that the mat along one side extends over the edge of the bench into a narrow trough running along the side of the bench. The nutrient solution level in the trough is controlled by a liquid level controller, so it is at a fixed distance below the bench surface. The nutrient solution is drawn by capillarity from the trough upward to the bench surface and then moves by capillarity to the opposite side of the bench. The system automatically maintains a constant air: water ratio in the growing media. Seeds of broccoli, tomato, and pepper were germinated in a 96-cell plug tray and grown to transplanting stage with the CWT system. A factorial experiment consisted of two growing media combined with CWT treatments of 2 and 4 cm. Excellent germination and high-quality seedlings were produced with all treatments. No differences were observed in growth of seedlings at 2 vs. 4 cm or between the two growing media. The CWT system is capable of maintaining a constant uniform water: air ratio in all plug cells on a commercial growing bench. Nutrient solution does not run off the bench. The CWT potentially is an excellent system for the irrigation of vegetable transplants.

scholarly journals 161 Using a Controlled Water Table Irrigation for Class Demonstrations of Plant Growth

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 470A-470
Author(s):  
J.W. Buxton ◽  
T. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Nutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Growing Media ◽  
Set Up

In class demonstrations, it is almost impossible to maintain the same water: air ratio in growing media. If some treatments result in greater plant growth than others, treatment effects on plant growth are often confounded with the effect of water: air ratio in the growing media. In a laboratory demonstration of nutrient deficiencies symptoms in plants, a controlled water table irrigation system maintained a constant water: air ratio in the growing media regardless of the nutrient deficiency affect on plant growth. The modified capillary mat irrigation system consists of one mat edge extending over the edge of the bench into a narrow trough on the side of the bench. The nutrient solution level in the trough is controlled by a liquid level controller, so it is at a fixed distance below the bench surface. The nutrient solution is drawn upward by capillarity to the bench surface and then moves by capillarity over the bench. The system automatically maintains a constant air: water ratio in the growing media. A standard Hogland solution was modified to demonstrate deficiencies in N, P, K, Mg, Ca, Cu, Fe, and Zn on corn, squash, radish, soybeans, and marigold. Seeds were germinated and grown to maturity in either a 10- or 15-cm pot. Students set up the demonstration, were provided instruction in preparing solutions, regularly observed plant growth, and answered questions at the end of the study about differences in plant growth observed. However, possibly because low concentrations of some minor elements in the capillary mat, Zn deficiency was not observed and other elements, although resulting in poor growth compared to the control, did not show severe deficiency symptoms.

scholarly journals VELOCIDADE DE REBAIXAMENTO DO NÍVEL FREÁTICO NA QUALIDADE DO CALDO DA CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR

Irriga ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 458-472
Author(s):  
ANTONIO CLARETTE SANTIAGO TAVARES ◽  
SERGIO NASCIMENTO DUARTE ◽  
Nildo Da Silva Dias ◽  
JARBAS HONORIO MIRANDA ◽  
KELLY TAGIANNE SANTOS SOUZA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Juice Quality ◽  
Flood Irrigation ◽  
Saccharum Spp ◽  
Theoretical Yield ◽  
Randomized Block Design

VELOCIDADE DE REBAIXAMENTO DO NÍVEL FREÁTICO NA QUALIDADE DO CALDO DA CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR  ANTONIO CLARETTE SANTIAGO TAVARES1; SERGIO NASCIMENTO DUARTE2; JARBAS HONÓRIO MIRANDA2; NILDO DA SILVA DIAS3; KELLY TAGIANNE SANTOS DE SOUZA4 E FRANCISCO DIRCEU DUARTE ARRAES5 [1]Agrônomo, Prof. Doutor, Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais, IFNMG, Campus Almenara. [email protected]ônomo, Prof. Doutor, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, ESALQ/USP. [email protected], [email protected]ônomo, Prof. Doutor, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, UFERSA/DCAT, Mossoró, RN. [email protected]ônoma, Prof. Doutora, Universidade Federal de Roraima, UFRR. [email protected], Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Biossistemas, ESALQ/USP. [email protected]  1 RESUMO Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de velocidades de rebaixamento do nível freático (NF) na qualidade do caldo da cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp, cultivar RB 867515), aplicadas em três estádios de desenvolvimento de um ciclo de cana planta. Desenvolveu-se um experimento, utilizando 64 lisímetros, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, arranjado em um fatorial de (3 x 5 + 1) com 4 repetições. Aplicou-se a inundação em três estádios de desenvolvimento (67, 210 e 300 Dias Após o Plantio - DAP), com cinco velocidades de rebaixamento do NF (30 cm em 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15 dias) e um tratamento testemunha (apenas irrigação, sem inundação). Os parâmetros de avaliação dos tratamentos foram Brix, Pol, açúcar teórico recuperável (ATR), açúcar redutor da cana (ARC), rendimento de açúcar teórico (RAT) e porcentagem de fibra. Os resultados mostram que os parâmetros ARC, RAT e percentagem de fibra não foram influenciados pelo período de inundação, tão pouco pela velocidade de rebaixamento do NF. Entretanto menores valores de Brix, Pol e ATR foram observados quando a inundação ocorreu aos 305 DAP, sob uma velocidade de rebaixamento do nível freático de 0,3 m em 12 dias. Palavras-chave: drenagem, inundação, Saccharum spp.  TAVARES, A.C.S.; DUARTE, S.N.; MIRANDA, J.H.; DIAS, N. da S.; SOUZA, K.T.S.; ARRAES, F.D.D. DOWNGRADE RATE OF WATER TABLE ON JUICE QUALITY OF SUGARCANE  2 ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effect of downgrade rate of  water table on juice quality of sugarcane (Saccharum spp, cv. RB 867515), applied in three developmental stages of a sugarcane cropping cycle.  The experiment was conducted using 64 lysimeters in a 3 x 5 x 1 factorial randomized block design   with 4 replicates.   Flood irrigation system was applied in  3   stages of development (67, 210 and  300 days after planting  - DAP) using  5 downgrade rates of water (30 cm in  3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days) and   a control (no flood irrigation system).  Brix, Pol, theoretical recoverable sugar (TRS), reducing sugar in sugarcane juice (RS), theoretical yield  (TY) and percentage of fiber were the parameters for treatment evaluation.   The results showed that flood irrigation and downgrade rate of water table had no influence on   RS, TY and percentage of fiber parameters.  However, lower values of Brix, Pol and TRS were found when flooding occurred at 305 DAP under 0.3 m downgrade rate of  water table in 12 days. Keywords: Drainage, flooding, Saccharum spp.

scholarly journals PRODUÇÃO E MATURAÇÃO DE CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR SUBMETIDA A ENCHARCAMENTO EM DIFERENTES ESTÁDIOS DE DESENVOLVIMENTO

Irriga ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Clarette Santiago Tavares ◽  
Sergio Nascimento Duarte ◽  
Nildo Da Silva Dias ◽  
Francisco Vanies Da Silva Sá ◽  
Jarbas Honório de Miranda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Hypoxic Stress ◽  
Flood Irrigation ◽  
Saccharum Spp ◽  
Em 12 ◽  
Maturation Index

PRODUÇÃO E MATURAÇÃO DE CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR SUBMETIDA A ENCHARCAMENTO EM DIFERENTES ESTÁDIOS DE DESENVOLVIMENTO  ANTONIO CLARETTE SANTIAGO TAVARES1; SERGIO NASCIMENTO DUARTE2; NILDO DA SILVA DIAS3; FRANCISCO VANIES DA SILVA SÁ4; JARBAS HONÓRIO DE MIRANDA2 E CLEYTON DOS SANTOS FERNANDES5 Agrônomo, Prof. Doutor, Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais, IFNMG, Campus Almenara. [email protected] Agrônomo, Prof. Associado 2, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, ESALQ/USP. [email protected], [email protected]ônomo, Prof. Doutor, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, UFERSA/CCA, Mossoró, RN. [email protected] Doutorando, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, UFCG. [email protected], Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, UFERSA/CCA, Mossoró, RN. [email protected]  1 RESUMO É de interesse agronômico conhecer os mecanismos fisiológicos das plantas mesófitas sob aeração deficiente no solo. Desse modo, esse trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a produção e a maturação da cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp, cultivar RB867515) sob cultivo inundado com diferentes velocidades de rebaixamento do nível freático, em três estádios de desenvolvimento de um ciclo de cana planta. Um experimento em ambiente protegido foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial (5 x 3 + 1) x 4, isto é, 5 velocidades de rebaixamento do nível freático (30 cm em 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15 dias) e 3 estádios de desenvolvimento (67, 210 e 300 dias após o plantio - DAP) + um tratamento controle (Irrigação sem inundação do solo) com 4 repetições. As análises dos resultados indicaram que o encharcamento não influenciou o acúmulo de biomassas seca e total dos colmos das plantas de cana-de-açúcar, expressando a tolerância desta cultura ao estresse hipóxico. A reversão em biomassa seca dos ponteiros se expressa como um dos mecanismos de tolerância ao estresse hipóxico. Apenas as plantas das parcelas inundadas aos 305 DAP submetida à velocidade de rebaixamento 0,3 m em 12 dias, não apresentou índice de maturação apropriado para a colheita. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Saccharum spp., drenagem, estresse hipóxico, nível freático.  TAVARES, A.C.S, DUARTE, S.N., DIAS, N. da S., SÁ, F.V. da S., MIRANDA, J. H. de, FERNANDES, C. dos S. YIELD AND MATURITY OF SUGARCANE UNDER WATERLOGGING IN DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENT STAGES  2 ABSTRACT It’s interesting to know about the physiological mechanisms of mesophytes plants under soils with deficient drainage. Our objective was to investigate the effects of downgrade rate of water table on yield and maturity of sugarcane (Saccharum spp, cultivate 867515) in three developmental stages of a sugarcane cycle cultivation. The plants were cultivated in a greenhouse in an experimental area of the Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture "Luiz de Queiroz" - ESALQ / USP in Piracicaba-SP. The experiment was carried out applying the flood irrigation system in 3 stages of development (67, 210 and 300 Days After Planting - DAP) with 5 downgrade rate of water table (3, 6, 9; 12 and 15 days) and control (no flood irrigation system). The flooding did not affect the green, dry and total biomass accumulation of sugarcane stems, expressing their tolerance to hypoxic stress. Investment in pointers biomass expressed as mechanisms of tolerance to hypoxic stress. 340 days after sowing only the first and second stems of the plant exhibited satisfactory maturation index harvesting. Keywords: drainage, hypoxic stress, water table. 

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