USING EARLY INSTRUMENTAL DATA TO DETERMINE THE SOURCE PARAMETERS OF THE STRONGEST HISTORICAL EARTHQUAKES OCCURRED IN WEST ROMANIA (1900 � 1980)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.N. Oros
Keyword(s):  
Source Parameters ◽  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Instrumental Data

10 July 1894 Istanbul Earthquake: Comparing Damages and Ground Motion Simulations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nesrin Yenihayat ◽  
Eser Çaktı ◽  
Karin Şeşetyan
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Fault Simulation ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Corner Frequency ◽  
Simulation Approach ◽  
Ground Motion Simulations ◽  
Finite Fault ◽  
Intensity Map ◽  
Observed Damage

<p>One of the major earthquakes that resulted in intense damages in Istanbul and its neighborhoods took place on 10 July 1894. The 1894 earthquake resulted in 474 losses of life and 482 injuries. Around 21,000 dwellings were damaged, which is a number that corresponds to 1/7 of the total dwellings of the city at that time. Without any doubt, the exact loss of life was higher. Because of the censorship, the exact loss numbers remained unknown. There is still no consensus about its magnitude, epicentral location, and rupture of length. Even though the hardness of studying with historical records due to their uncertainties and discrepancies, researchers should enlighten the source parameters of the historical earthquakes to minimize the effect of future disasters especially for the cities located close to the most active fault lines as Istanbul. The main target of this study is to enlighten possible source properties of the 1894 earthquake with the help of observed damage distribution and stochastic ground motion simulations. In this paper, stochastic based ground motion scenarios will be performed for the 10 July 1894 Istanbul earthquake, using a finite fault simulation approach with a dynamic corner frequency and the results will be compared with our intensity map obtained from observed damage distributions. To do this, in the first step, obtained damage information from various sources has been presented, evaluated, and interpreted. Secondly, we prepared an intensity map associated with the 1894 earthquake based on macro-seismic information, and damage analysis and classification. For generating ground motions with a stochastic finite fault simulation approach, the EXSIM 2012 software has been used. Using EXSIM, several scenarios are modeled with different source, path, and site parameters. Initial source properties have been obtained from findings of our previous study on the simulation of the 26 September 2019 Silivri (Istanbul) earthquake with Mw 5.8. With the comparison of spatial distributions of the ground motion intensity parameters to the obtained damage and intensity maps, we estimate the optimum location and source parameters of the 1894 Earthquake.</p>

The analysis of historical seismograms: an important tool for seismic hazard assessment. Case histories from French and Italian earthquakes

2011 ◽  
Vol 182 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Alessandro Pino
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Hazard ◽  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
Seismic Hazard Assessment ◽  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Waveform Analysis ◽  
Source Characteristics ◽  
Seismic Waveform ◽  
Earthquake Source Parameters

AbstractSeismic hazard assessment relies on the knowledge of the source characteristics of past earthquakes. Unfortunately, seismic waveform analysis, representing the most powerful tool for the investigation of earthquake source parameters, is only possible for events occurred in the last 100–120 years, i.e., since seismographs with known response function were developed. Nevertheless, during this time significant earthquakes have been recorded by such instruments and today, also thanks to technological progress, these data can be recovered and analysed by means of modern techniques.In this paper, aiming at giving a general sketch of possible analyses and attainable results in historical seismogram studies, I briefly describe the major difficulties in processing the original waveforms and present a review of the results that I obtained from previous seismogram analysis of selected significant historical earthquakes occurred during the first decades of the XXth century, including (A) the December 28, 1908, Messina straits (southern Italy), (B) the June 11, 1909, Lambesc (southern France) – both of which are the strongest ever recorded instrumentally in their respective countries –and (C) the July 13, 1930, Irpinia (southern Italy) events. For these earthquakes, the major achievements are represented by the assessment of the seismic moment (A, B, C), the geometry and kinematics of faulting (B, C), the fault length and an approximate slip distribution (A, C). The source characteristics of the studied events have also been interpreted in the frame of the tectonic environment active in the respective region of interest. In spite of the difficulties inherent to the investigation of old seismic data, these results demonstrate the invaluable and irreplaceable role of historical seismogram analysis in defining the local seismogenic potential and, ultimately, for assessing the seismic hazard. The retrieved information is crucial in areas where important civil engineering works are planned, as in the case of the single-span bridge to be built across the Messina straits and the ITER nuclear fusion power plant to be built in Cadarache, close to the location of the Lambesc event, and in regions characterized by high seismic risk, such as southern Apennines.

scholarly journals A common source for the destructive earthquakes in the volcanic island of Ischia (Southern Italy): insights from historical and recent seismicity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Carlino ◽  
Nicola Alessandro Pino ◽  
Anna Tramelli ◽  
Vincenzo De Novellis ◽  
Vincenzo Convertito
Keyword(s):  
Source Parameters ◽  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Maximum Magnitude ◽  
Risk Area ◽  
Gulf Of Naples ◽  
Fundamental Goal ◽  
Tectonic Earthquakes ◽  
First Time ◽  
Island Of Ischia

AbstractThe island of Ischia, located in the Gulf of Naples, represents an unusual case of resurgent caldera where small-to-moderate magnitude volcano-tectonic earthquakes generate large damage and catastrophic effects, as in the case of 4 March 1881 (Imax-VIII-IXMCS) and 28 July 1883 (Imax X-XI MCS) historical earthquakes, and of the recent 21 August 2017 MW = 3.9, event. All these earthquakes struck the northern area of the island. With about 65,000 inhabitants, Ischia is a popular touristic destination for thermals baths, hosting more than 3,000,000 visitors per year, thus representing a high seismic risk area. Assessing its seismic potential appears a fundamental goal and, to this end, the estimate of the magnitude of significant historical events and the characterization of their source are crucial. We report here a reassessment of historical data of damage of 1881 and 1883 earthquakes to evaluate the main source parameters of these events (obtained with the BOXER and EXISM software) and quantitatively compare, for the first time, the results with the source characteristics, obtained from instrumental data, of the recent 2017 earthquake. The results allowed us to assess the location, as well as the possible dimension and the related maximum magnitude, of the seismogenic structure responsible for such damaging earthquakes. Our results also provide an additional framework to define the mechanisms leading to earthquakes associated with the dynamics of calderas.

scholarly journals Using Google Earth Images to Extract Dense Landslides Induced by Historical Earthquakes at the Southwest of Ordos, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Du Peng ◽  
Xu Yueren ◽  
Tian Qinjian ◽  
Li Wenqiao
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Historical Earthquake ◽  
Strong Earthquakes ◽  
Ordos Block ◽  
Earthquake Zone

As historical earthquake records are simple, determining the source parameters of historical strong earthquakes over an extended period is difficult. There are numerous uncertainties in the study of historical earthquakes based on limited literature records. Co-seismic landslide interpretation combined with historical documents can yield the possibility of reducing these uncertainties. The dense co-seismic landslides can be preserved for hundreds to thousands of years in Loess Plateau, North China; furthermore, there are notable attribute differences between earthquake landslides and rainfall-triggered landslides. Along the southwestern margin of the Ordos Block, only one severe earthquake has been recorded in the past 3,000 years. The records of “Sanchuan exhaustion and Qishan collapse” provide clues for an investigation of the 780 BC Qishan earthquake. In this study, combined with historical documents, current high-resolution Google Earth images were used to extract historical landslides along the southwestern of the Ordos Block. There were 6,876 landslides with a total area of 643 km2. The landslide-intensive areas were mainly distributed along the Longxian–Qishan–Mazhao Fault in the loess valley area on the northeastern side of the fault. Loess tableland and river terraces occur on the southwest side of the fault; dense landslides have not been examined due to the topographical conditions in this area. By analyzing the spatial distribution of historical earthquake damage in this region, comparing the characteristics of rainfall-triggered landslides, and combining existing dating results for bedrock collapse and loess landslides, the interpretation of dense historical landslides can be linked to the Qishan Earthquake. The interpretation results are associated with historical records. Analyses of current earthquake cases show that the distribution of dense landslides triggered by strong earthquakes can indicate the episeismic area of an earthquake. In addition, the non-integrated landslide catalog without small- and medium-scale coseismic landslides can be used to effectively determine the source parameters of historical strong earthquakes and perform quantitative evaluations. This study evaluates the focal parameters of the 780 BC Qishan earthquake based on interpretations of the spatial distribution range of historical landslides as representations of the range of the extreme earthquake zone.

scholarly journals Do seismologists agree upon epicentre determination from macroseismic data? A survey of ESC Working Group ' Macroseismology'

1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Cecic ◽  
R. M. W. Musson ◽  
M. Stucchi
Keyword(s):  
Working Group ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Parameter Determination ◽  
Macroseismic Data ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
High Noise ◽  
Instrumental Data ◽  
Macroseismic Parameters

In contrast to the case of instrumental data, the procedures for epicentral parameter determination (coordinates and I0) from macroseismic data are not very well established. Although there are some "rules", upon which most seismologists agree (centre of the isoseismal of largest degree, and so on), the practical application of, such rules displays many problems. Therefore, it is commonly seismologists' practice to find their own pro cedures and solutions; this is particularly evident in the more complicated cases, Such as offshore epicentres or, as in many cases of historical earthquakes, poor sets of data. One of the major consequences is that parametric catalogues are not homogeneous with respect to macroseismic parameters; moreover, merging catalogues compiled according to different criteria can introduce high noise in any catalogue built in such a way. In order to survey the current practice of epicentre determination from macroseismic data in Europe, a set of cases was distributed to the participants of the first meeting of the ESC WG "Macroseismology". A comparison of the 15 sets of results provided by 16 authors, who gave their own solutions and the explanation., of the adopted procedures is given, showing that in some cases the ideas and results are rather distant.

scholarly journals KICHI-HAMRINSKY-II EARTHQUAKE on April 16, 2013 with КР=12.7, MS=4.5, I0=6 (Central Dagestan)

2019 ◽  
pp. 370-376
Author(s):  
O. Asmanov ◽  
M. Daniyalov ◽  
M. Mirzaliyev ◽  
Kh. Magomedov ◽  
Z. Adilov
Keyword(s):  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Macroseismic Data ◽  
Instrumental Data ◽  
Seismic Stations ◽  
Earthquake Area

The instrumental data on the source and macroseismic manifestations of the earthquake that occurred on April 16, 2013, with MS=4.5 in the territory of Dagestan are given. An isoseist map was compiled on the MSK-64 scale based on macroseismic data and data from the network of seismic stations in the Dagestan branch of the GS RAS. The data on historical earthquakes recorded in the Kichi-Gamra earthquake area are given

scholarly journals Moment tensor inversion of early instrumental data: application to the 1917 High Tiber Valley, Monterchi earthquake

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Bernardi ◽  
Maria Grazia Ciaccio ◽  
Barbara Palombo ◽  
Graziano Ferrari
Keyword(s):  
Focal Mechanism ◽  
Moment Tensor ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
Normal Fault ◽  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Moment Magnitude ◽  
Macroseismic Data ◽  
Natural Period ◽  
Amplitude Spectra ◽  
Tiber Valley

<p>In this paper we present a new study on the High Tiber Valley earthquake occurred on April 26, 1917. Using the digitized data from mechanical seismograph records, we computed the source parameters like focal mechanism and moment magnitude from moment tensor (MT). The study of historical earthquakes from an instrumental perspective is crucial because of the complexity of problems associated with the study of seismograms of moderate to large earthquakes occurred from the late 19th century until the early 1960s. Since historical earthquake records show significant uncertainties in phase arrival times and have been recorded by seismograph generally with short natural period, we developed a code to compute the MT based on a forward modeling technique, which uses the amplitude spectra of the full waveform length and the first P-arrival polarities to constrain the P- and T-axes. The best solution is determined by the best fit between the observed and synthetic amplitude spectra and from the coherency between the observed and the theoretical first P-arrival polarities. The 1917 High Tiber Valley earthquake is one of the most important 20th century earthquake occurred in the Italian Peninsula for which the focal mechanism and moment magnitude from seismic records are not available. Additionally, we apply a multidisciplinary approach to characterize the source of this earthquake, combining instrumental, macroseismic, geological and tectonic data and investigations. The computed MT results in a north-south normal fault mechanism (strike: 147°, dip: 29°, slip: −94°), which is consistent with the strike estimated from the macroseismic data (157°). The moment magnitude calculated from the MT and that derived from the macroseismic data are M<span><sub>w</sub></span>=5.5±0.2 and M<span><sub>w</sub></span>=5.9±0.1, respectively.</p>

scholarly journals Active faults and historical earthquakes in the Messina Straits area (Ionian Sea)

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2311-2328 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Polonia ◽  
L. Torelli ◽  
L. Gasperini ◽  
P. Mussoni
Keyword(s):  
Source Parameters ◽  
Active Faults ◽  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Accretionary Wedge ◽  
Ionian Sea ◽  
Eurasian Plate ◽  
Plate Interface ◽  
Plate Convergence ◽  
Seismogenic Structures

Abstract. The Calabrian Arc (CA) subduction complex is located at the toe of the Eurasian Plate in the Ionian Sea, where sediments resting on the lower plate have been scraped off and piled up in the accretionary wedge due to the African/Eurasian plate convergence and back arc extension. The CA has been struck repeatedly by destructive historical earthquakes, but knowledge of active faults and source parameters is relatively poor, particularly for seismogenic structures extending offshore. We analysed the fine structure of major tectonic features likely to have been sources of past earthquakes: (i) the NNW–SSE trending Malta STEP (Slab Transfer Edge Propagator) fault system, representing a lateral tear of the subduction system; (ii) the out-of-sequence thrusts (splay faults) at the rear of the salt-bearing Messinian accretionary wedge; and (iii) the Messina Straits fault system, part of the wide deformation zone separating the western and eastern lobes of the accretionary wedge. Our findings have implications for seismic hazard in southern Italy, as we compile an inventory of first order active faults that may have produced past seismic events such as the 1908, 1693 and 1169 earthquakes. These faults are likely to be source regions for future large magnitude events as they are long, deep and bound sectors of the margin characterized by different deformation and coupling rates on the plate interface.

Estimation of the Parameters of Historical Earthquakes with a New Attenuation Equation in Yunnan Province, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 2651-2661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoliang Lin ◽  
Jian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Yunnan Province ◽  
Hazard Analysis ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Intensity Data ◽  
Earthquake Parameters ◽  
Intensity Attenuation ◽  
Earthquake Source Parameters ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Optimal Intensity

Abstract Yunnan Province is in southwest China, where the seismicity has been active since ancient times. Generally, the uncertainty of historical earthquake parameters is larger. To amend the parameters of historical earthquakes, we have developed a new intensity attenuation equation. From 2000 to 2018, there were 25 instrumentally recorded earthquakes with Ms 5.0–6.6 in Yunnan. The parameters of those earthquake events, including their epicentral locations and magnitudes, are determined with high accuracy. Meanwhile, total intensity values of 1345 intensity data points have been carefully assessed by survey. With both accurate earthquake parameters and valuable intensity data, a new intensity attenuation equation has been established. The result shows the optimal intensity magnitude MI can be calculated from the mean of Mi=(I−2.1113+0.0412Δi+1.3717lgΔi)/1.1641, in which Δi is the distance between the epicenter and the surveyed seismic point. By adapting the method proposed by Bakun and Wentworth (1997) for determining earthquake source parameters directly from historical intensity data, we have tested retrospectively the new attenuation on the 25 instrumentally recorded earthquakes. Then this attenuation was applied to deal with the parameters of two historical earthquakes, the 26 February 1713 Xundian earthquake and the 11 May 1909 Huaning earthquakes. Our results reduced the uncertainty of previously estimated parameters, which were large. The amended parameters will be valuable for seismic hazard analysis and earthquake disaster reduction.

Catalog of Preinstrumental Earthquakes in Central Mexico: Epicentral and Magnitude Estimations Based on Macroseismic Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 3021-3036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerardo Suárez ◽  
Daniel Ruiz-Barón ◽  
Carlos Chico-Hernández ◽  
F. Ramón Zúñiga
Keyword(s):  
Source Parameters ◽  
Volcanic Belt ◽  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Seismic Intensity ◽  
Source Location ◽  
Macroseismic Data ◽  
Attenuation Relations ◽  
Magnitude Distribution ◽  
Subduction Earthquakes ◽  
Magnitude Range

ABSTRACT We present the first parametric catalog of historical earthquakes in Mexico from 1469 to 1912 composed of 323 historical earthquakes. The historical earthquakes were assigned to specific seismotectonic provinces, and attenuation relations of seismic intensity versus distance were calculated using instrumental earthquakes. The intensity data were inverted using a linear regression for the best-fitting magnitude and source location. From the 323 events identified in the historical record, magnitude and source location were determined for 40 earthquakes from 1568 to 1912. The historical subduction earthquakes are distributed uniformly along the coast. There is, however, a conspicuous absence of subduction earthquakes where the great 1985 Michoacán earthquakes took place. The data also show a large number of earthquakes Mw&gt;7 in the presumed Guerrero gap in the past 320 yr. The source parameters of in-slab earthquakes were obtained for 10 earthquakes that took place in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The analysis of completeness of the historical and instrumental International Seismological Centre-Global Earthquake Model catalogs of subduction earthquakes Mw&gt;7.0 show similar values of the slope of the Gutenberg–Richter relation between 1.62 and 1.95. The large b-values appear to reflect the apparently anomalous large number of earthquakes in the magnitude range Mw 7.4–7.7 and an absence of events Mw∼7. This magnitude distribution suggests that the seismicity in the Mexican subduction zone is dominated by characteristic earthquakes in the magnitude range Mw 7.4–7.7, with larger earthquakes Mw&gt;8 showing longer recurrence times. The catalog of historical subduction earthquakes appears to be complete for Mw&gt;7.5. The catalog of crustal earthquakes in the Trans-Mexican volcanic belt is complete since 1568 for events Mw&gt;6.4. Completeness of the catalog of in-slab earthquakes was not estimated due to the short record for this type of event.

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