Effect of traffic pollution on chemical composition of raw elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.)

The natural cosmetics market has grown since consumers became aware of the concept of natural-based ingredients. A significant number of cosmetics have an ecological impact on the environment and carry noxious and chemically potent substances. Thus, the use of natural and organic cosmetics becomes increasingly important since it is clear that topical treatment with cosmeceuticals can help improve skin rejuvenation. A substantial investigation into the benefits that fruits and plants can bring to health is required. Studies have shown that antigenotoxic properties are linked to anti-aging properties. Several studies have shown potential antigenotoxicity in natural ingredients such as Almonds (Prunus dulcis), Elderberry (Sambucus nigra), Olives (Olea europaea), and Grapes (Vitis vinifera). This review presents an overview of research conducted on these natural ingredients, the most common in the Northeast of Portugal. This region of Portugal possesses the most organic farmers, and ingredients are easily obtained. The Northeast of Portugal also has climatic, topographic, and pedological differences that contribute to agricultural diversity.

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Chemical composition of essential oils of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) flowers and fruits

Acta periodica technologica ◽

10.2298/apt2152229v ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 229-237

Author(s):

Milena Vujanovic ◽

Sasa Djurovic ◽

Marija Radojkovic

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Balkan Peninsula ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Oil Composition ◽

Sambucus Nigra ◽

Perennial Plant ◽

Potential Source ◽

Herbaceous Perennial

The majority of essential oils obtained from medicinal plants have been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of different kinds of diseases, and they are increasingly used in the diet. Due to their chemical composition, essential oils are a very interesting product of the secondary metabolism of plants, for both consumers and researchers. Among others, elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) is mostly a woody plant, while it can rarely be found as a herbaceous perennial plant. This plant species has been used in traditional medicine because it is a very rich source of phytochemicals. The aim of this study was to identify and compare the composition of essential oils obtained from flowers and fruits of this plant, collected from the Balkan Peninsula. The oils were obtained using the Clevenger apparatus, and their composition was evaluated by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The oil composition was affected by the part of the plants used: the most abundant bioactive compounds in the essential oil of air-dried elderberry fruits were ?-damascenone (35.70%) and linalyl anthranilate (24.15%). ?-damascenone was the dominant compound in the essential oil of lyophilized elderberry fruits (38.64%), while linalool was detected in the concentration of 32.80%. In the essential oil of air-dried elderflowers, the most abundant compound was carane (13.19%). The essential oils of S. nigra shown substantial chemical composition and could be used as a potential source of natural products in the cosmetics and food industry.

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The Origin of the Moon

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900178209 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

pp. 149-155 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. L. Ruskol

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Solar System ◽

The Moon ◽

The Earth ◽

The Difference ◽

Origin Of The Moon

The difference between average densities of the Moon and Earth was interpreted in the preceding report by Professor H. Urey as indicating a difference in their chemical composition. Therefore, Urey assumes the Moon's formation to have taken place far away from the Earth, under conditions differing substantially from the conditions of Earth's formation. In such a case, the Earth should have captured the Moon. As is admitted by Professor Urey himself, such a capture is a very improbable event. In addition, an assumption that the “lunar” dimensions were representative of protoplanetary bodies in the entire solar system encounters great difficulties.

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On the Inhomogeneity of Chemical Composition over the Surface of 21 Per

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100080659 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 343-349

Author(s):

Yu.V. Glagolevsky ◽

K.I. Kozlova ◽

V.S. Lebedev ◽

N.S. Polosukhina

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Spectral Line ◽

Variable Star ◽

Radial Velocities ◽

Crimean Astrophysical Observatory ◽

Line Intensities ◽

Magnetic Variable

SummaryThe magnetic variable star 21 Per has been studied from 4 and 8 Å/mm spectra obtained with the 2.6 - meter reflector of the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory. Spectral line intensities (Wλ) and radial velocities (Vr) have been measured.

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Structural Studies on Mitotic Spindle Fibres

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100070345 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 615-626

Author(s):

J.R. Mcintosh

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Mitotic Spindle ◽

Structural Studies ◽

Mitotic Apparatus ◽

Chemical Studies ◽

Medical Interest ◽

Spindle Fibres

The mitotic apparatus is a structure of obvious biological and medical interest, but it has proved to be a difficult cellular machine to understand. The chemical composition of the spindle is only slightly elucidated, largely because of the difficulties in preparing useful isolates of the structure. Chemical studies of the mitotic spindle have been reviewed elsewhere (Mcintosh, 1977), and will not be discussed further here. One would think that structural studies on the mitotic apparatus (MA) in situ would be straightforward, but even with this approach there is some disagreement in the results obtained with various methods and by different investigators. In this paper I will review briefly the approaches which have been used in structural studies of the MA, pointing out the strengths and problems of each approach. I will summarize the principal findings of the different methods, and identify what seem to be fruitful avenues for further work.

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Effects of 5-5'-Diphenyl-2-thiohydantoin (DPTH) and Thyroxine on the Ultrastructure and Chemical Composition of Rat Liver

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100066917 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

pp. 570-571

Author(s):

E. A. Elfont ◽

R. B. Tobin ◽

D. G. Colton ◽

M. A. Mehlman

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Rat Liver ◽

Future Study ◽

Mode Of Action ◽

Liver Mitochondria ◽

Rat Liver Mitochondria ◽

Effective Inhibitor ◽

Biochemical Effects ◽

Glycerophosphate Dehydrogenase ◽

Stimulation Of

Summary5,-5'-diphenyl-2-thiohydantoin (DPTH) is an effective inhibitor of thyroxine (T4) stimulation of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase in rat liver mitochondria. Because this finding indicated a possible tool for future study of the mode of action of thyroxine, the ultrastructural and biochemical effects of DPTH and/or thyroxine on rat liver mere investigated.Rats were fed either standard or DPTH (0.06%) diet for 30 days before T4 (250 ug/kg/day) was injected. Injection of T4 occurred daily for 10 days prior to sacrifice. After removal of the liver and kidneys, part of the tissue was frozen at -50°C for later biocheailcal analyses, while the rest was prefixed in buffered 3.5X glutaraldehyde (390 mOs) and post-fixed in buffered 1Z OsO4 (376 mOs). Tissues were embedded in Araldlte 502 and the sections examined in a Zeiss EM 9S.Hepatocytes from hyperthyroid rats (Fig. 2) demonstrated enlarged and more numerous mitochondria than those of controls (Fig. 1). Glycogen was almost totally absent from the cytoplasm of the T4-treated rats.

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Applications of Photoelectron Microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100092499 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

pp. 506-507

Author(s):

William J. Baxter

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Thermal Decomposition ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Ultraviolet Radiation ◽

Thin Layer ◽

Edge Effects ◽

Electron Optics ◽

Surface Layers ◽

Crystalline Orientation ◽

Fluorescent Screen

In this form of electron microscopy, photoelectrons emitted from a metal by ultraviolet radiation are accelerated and imaged onto a fluorescent screen by conventional electron optics. image contrast is determined by spatial variations in the intensity of the photoemission. The dominant source of contrast is due to changes in the photoelectric work function, between surfaces of different crystalline orientation, or different chemical composition. Topographical variations produce a relatively weak contrast due to shadowing and edge effects.Since the photoelectrons originate from the surface layers (e.g. ∼5-10 nm for metals), photoelectron microscopy is surface sensitive. Thus to see the microstructure of a metal the thin layer (∼3 nm) of surface oxide must be removed, either by ion bombardment or by thermal decomposition in the vacuum of the microscope.

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Thermomechanical Treatment of a 4340 Ni-Cr-Mo Alloy Steel

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100098083 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 39 ◽

pp. 314-315 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M.T. Jahn ◽

J.C. Yang ◽

C.M. Wan

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Property ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Alloy Steel ◽

Thermomechanical Treatment ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Good Combination ◽

Thermal Treatments ◽

Low Carbon ◽

4340 Steel ◽

Good Improvement

4340 Ni-Cr-Mo alloy steel is widely used due to its good combination of strength and toughness. The mechanical property of 4340 steel can be improved by various thermal treatments. The influence of thermomechanical treatment (TMT) has been studied in a low carbon Ni-Cr-Mo steel having chemical composition closed to 4340 steel. TMT of 4340 steel is rarely examined up to now. In this study we obtain good improvement on the mechanical property of 4340 steel by TMT. The mechanism is explained in terms of TEM microstructures4340 (0.39C-1.81Ni-0.93Cr-0.26Mo) steel was austenitized at 950°C for 30 minutes. The TMTed specimen (T) was obtained by forging the specimen continuously as the temperature of the specimen was decreasing from 950°C to 600°C followed by oil quenching to room temperature. The thickness reduction ratio by forging is 40%. The conventional specimen (C) was obtained by quenching the specimen directly into room temperature oil after austenitized at 950°C for 30 minutes. All quenched specimens (T and C) were then tempered at 450, 500, 550, 600 or 650°C for four hours respectively.

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