scholarly journals German preparations for the war in the light of documents of the Polish military intelligence (1933-1939) – selected aspects

2019 ◽  
Vol 192 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-265
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Nowacki ◽  
Adam Szymanowicz
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
German Society ◽  
Nazi Party ◽  
Military Intelligence ◽  
German Army ◽  
Treaty Of Versailles ◽  
Compulsory Military Service ◽  
Intelligence Services ◽  
New Information

As a result of the Treaty of Versailles the provisions concerning the issue of limitation of the armed forces were imposed on Germany. These provisions were unilaterally terminated by Germany two years after Adolf Hitler had come to power. There was introduced general and compulsory military service. On 21st May 1935, Hitler – as the Fuhrer and Reich Chancellor – signed the secret Reich Defence Law, which gave the Wehrmacht command wide powers to expand the army. Thus, the intensive development of the German army was initiated. After the Nazi Party came to power in Germany, gaining new information by the Polish military intelligence became increasingly difficult. It was connected with the expansion of the German counter-intelligence services, especially the Gestapo, as well as the police supervision over the German society. Through good operational work of the Polish intelligence the Polish side already before the outbreak of the war was relatively well familiarized with the particular phases of the overall German army’s armaments, as well as the German operational doctrine and methods of warfare.

The National People's Army as an Object of (Non) Remembrance: The Place of East Germany's Military Heritage in Unified Germany

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 150-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Leonhard
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Early Retirement ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
German Society ◽  
Politics Of Memory ◽  
General Attitude ◽  
The Past ◽  
East German ◽  
Examination Process

On 3 October 1990, the National People's Army (NVA) of the German Democratic Republic, in which about 2.5 million East German citizens served their country, was dissolved. Its personnel either was removed from military service, placed into early retirement, or integrated into the Bundeswehr after a two-year selection and examination process. Since then, the NVA has turned into an object of history with no immediate significance for contemporary German society—despite efforts of former NVA officers to change the official interpretation of 1989-1990. This article examines the processes of remembering and forgetting with regard to East Germany's military heritage since 1990, contrasting the Bundeswehr's politics of memory and “army of unity” ethos not only with the former NVA soldiers' vision of the past, but also with the East German population's general attitude towards their former armed forces.

MANIFESTATIONS OF CLOSER GERMAN-SOVIET POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND MILITARY RELATIONS, IN THE YEARS 1921-1926, FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE STATE SECURITY, AS ASSESSED BY THE SECOND DEPARTMENT OF THE GENERAL STAFF OF THE POLISH ARMED FORCES

2017 ◽  
Vol 184 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-32
Author(s):  
Tomasz LANDMANN ◽  
Piotr BASTKOWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Military Intelligence ◽  
State Security ◽  
Treaty Of Versailles ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Military Relations ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Source Materials

The article attempts to analyse the practical examples of closer political, economic and military relations between Germany and Soviet Russia, and then the Soviet Union, in the years 1921-1926. The paper lays out the thesis that the closer German-Soviet political, economic and military relations, in the years 1921-1926, posed a significant threat to the security of the Second Polish Republic. To justify the above thesis both the literature and source materials were examined, including first of all the materials held in the Central Military Archives (Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe) in Warszawa-Rembertów. The materials gathered in the groups of records of the Second Department of the Polish Army High Command and the Collections of Russian records were found out to be of key importance. The collected archival materials made it possible to identify different planes of cooperation between the Germans and the Soviets in the discussed period and to establish to what extent the Polish military intelligence was aware of the feasibility and effects of such closer relations, resulting in a direct threat to the security of the Polish state. On the basis of the presented information it can be stated that the Polish military intelligence provided an accurate diagnosis of the examples of German-Soviet cooperation, often anti-Polish in its form and character. In the years 1921-1926, this cooperation was particularly intensified, posing a threat to the security of the Second Polish Republic and leading to negotiations regarding both the western and the eastern borders of Poland established after the Treaty of Versailles and the Treaty of Riga.

The General Headquarters Operational System and Military Intelligence

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pesach Malovany ◽  
Amatzia Baram ◽  
Kevin M. Woods ◽  
Ronna Englesberg
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
Technical Equipment ◽  
Military Intelligence ◽  
Electronic Warfare ◽  
Operational System ◽  
Intelligence Services ◽  
Signal Corps ◽  
Military Security ◽  
Survey System ◽  
The Military

This chapter deals with the Operational system of the Iraqi armed forces. It describes the Operations Division of the General Staff, its missions and responsibilities and its development, especially during the Iran-Iraq war, and the staff directorates subordinated to it—Operations, Planning, Organization and Armament and Equipment. It describes the field corps that were involved in this field—the Signal corps, the Technical Equipment (Electronic Warfare), the computer system and the Military Survey system that was responsible for mapping and their training systems. It deals also with the Military Intelligence and its important role in the operations system, its responsibilities, organization and functioning, especially during the war against Iran. Its cooperation with foreign intelligence services, and the functioning of the Military Security Directorate.

Documents from the Central State Archive of the Udmurt Republic on Establishing a Military Commissariats Network within the Territory of Udmurtia

2018 ◽  
pp. 74-83
Author(s):  
Sergey S. Ashihmin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Central State ◽  
Military Leaders ◽  
Compulsory Military Service ◽  
Udmurt Republic ◽  
The Military

Drawing on materials from the Central State Archive of the Udmurt Republic, the article studies the establishing and functioning of the military commissariats network in the first years of the Soviet power. The outspread of the Civil War and the Allied Intervention therein necessitated calling up citizens, primarily workers and peasants, for compulsory military service. The establishment of the commissariats for military affairs marked the beginning of accounting of able-bodied males and their conscription into the armed forces. Volost, uezd, and gubernia commissariats for military affairs were organized by volost, uezd, and gubernia Soviets of workers', soldiers' and peasants' deputies; commissars and military leaders of volost, uezd, and gubernia commissariats were appointed by volost, uezd, and gubernia Soviets respectively and by the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs. Studying activities of local military authorities is of great importance, as it allows to see beyond central authorities actions, to understand how their decisions were implemented at the local level. Consequently, this allows to evidentiate the process of the Soviet armed forces creation in all its multiformity and complexity. On the territory of Udmurtia, armed hostilities continued from August 1918 to late June 1919, and newly formed military commissariats had to perform many tasks, both peaceful and military. First and foremost, they had to account of and mobilize officers and soldiers returning from the fronts of First World War. Much effort was required to drill recruits who had no military training. The military commissariats were also to prevent the widely spreading desertion. These functions were performed under difficult circumstances of rapidly shifting front lines, as areas and towns of the Vyatka gubernia repeatedly passed from the Reds to the Whites and back again.

scholarly journals RECRUITING GERMAN MIGRANTS FROM THE USSR TO THE GERMAN ARMED FORCES AT THE END OF WORLD WAR II

2020 ◽  
pp. 89-99
Author(s):  
V. L. Martynenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
German Immigrants ◽  
German Army ◽  
German Armed Forces ◽  
General Government ◽  
Red Army ◽  
Ethnic Germans ◽  
The Military

German immigrants who were evacuated by the German authorities in 1943–1944 from the USSR to the territory of Warthegau, Silesia, General Government and Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, became part of the human resources actively used not only in the economy, but also in defensive measures of the Reich. Contrary to the fact that the mobilization of that potential contingent was relatively low, tens of thousands of men were in the ranks of the armed forces of Germany. A significant number of Soviet Germans were replenishment for the SS troops. The initial process of attracting German settlers to military service was not easy and required adherence to a number of formalities related to their naturalization. One of the key factors that also had an effect on solving the issue of ethnic Germans in the internal service was the long-standing contradiction between the Wehrmacht and the SS. The article notes that, in the last months of the war, immigrants from the USSR found themselves in practically no alternative situation, since the military and political leadership of Germany decided to mobilize all men appropriate for military service, regardless of the naturalization. By the end of hostilities in Europe, many Soviet Germans serving in the German army had been captured by the Western allies or the Red Army.

scholarly journals Volunteers and Active Reserve for the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-135
Author(s):  
Milan Sopóci ◽  
Marek Walancik
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Safety System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Financial Costs ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Compulsory Military Service

Abstract The article deals with settlement of Armed Forces in connection with voluntary and compulsory military service in history and present days too. It shows on new tasks of Armed Forces and possibilities their solution with utilization of volunteers and active reserve. The contribution designs a certain way for their preparation, training and service. On the other hand shows on financial costs for creation and service. In conclusion states that solution is new qualitatively change in optimalization of safety system Slovak republic.

RETURNING OF COMPULSORY MILITARY SERVICE – DECISION ADDENDUM

2021 ◽  
pp. 247-262
Author(s):  
MILOVAN SUBOTIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Conscientious Objection ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Individual Life ◽  
Compulsory Military Service ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Media Space ◽  
Full Capacity

The obligation to serve in the Serbian Armed Forces was suspended ending with the last batch of soldiers sent in 2010, and it also referred to recruits who, due to conscientious objection, replaced military service with civilian service. This decision was carried out on 1 January 2011, and since then military service has been based on the principle of voluntariness. Ten years later, judging by the statements of state officials and the extensive media space which this topic occupies, we are never closer to returning to compulsory military service. Recognising the fact that the 'thawing' of military service would have significant counteractions not only on the defense system but also on the broader context of community and individual life, this paper emphasises the importance of a nuanced approach to the problem. The experiences of the countries that have returned to military service are precious, so at the beginning of the paper, all the attention is aimed at that direction. The experiences of countries with a continuous duration of military service are also analysed, on the examples of those who carry out this service at full capacity and those who have formally compulsory military service, but whose armed forces are almost 100% replenished with volunteers. The context of the possible return of compulsory military service in Serbia is viewed from the point of several supremacist aspects important for decision-making, such as the current security situation and several complementary aspects, such as economic, functional and legal. It is important to point out that the authors do not value themselves in this paper, but the key intention of the paper is to understand a number of factors that must be taken into account when deciding on this issue.

Kryzys Bundeswehry po zjednoczeniu Niemiec

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (324) ◽  
pp. 152-165
Author(s):  
Jan Rydel
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
German Society ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
German Army ◽  
Defence Spending ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Marine Vessels ◽  
The Military

The Bundeswehr, the armed forces of the Federal Republic of Germany, which was one of the strongestarmies in NATO during the Cold War, is currently in serious crisis. After the reunification of Germany, thenumber of soldiers was quickly reduced and the defence spending dropped to 1.2 percent of the GDP. In2004, the doctrine of using the Bundeswehr changed too. It was concluded that there was no risk of anattack on the German territory, so general conscription was abandoned and the supplies of weapons andammunition needed for mobilization were liquidated. The army was to specialise in peace and stabilisationmissions in endangered areas of the world. However, at present, Germany has far fewer soldiers on missionsthan, for example, France and Great Britain, and it consistently refrains from joining missions during which itis likely to participate in real combat operations. At present, the German army does not have a single brigadecapable of taking part in a combat, and a small number of Luftwaffe airplanes and helicopters are technicallysound, including Marine vessels. The situation of the Bundeswehr is complicated by the widespread pacifismin German society and the resulting lack of trust in, and aversion to the military.

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