Energetic costs of resistance in the Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer, 1989 (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), against spirotetramat, acetamiprid and hexaflumuron

2021 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Marjan Bemani ◽  
Gholamhossein Moravvej ◽  
Hamzeh Izadi ◽  
Hossein Sadeghi Namaghi ◽  
Mehdi Basirat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Energy Allocation ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Cellular Energy ◽  
Resistant Population ◽  
The Common ◽  
Agonoscena Pistaciae ◽  
Susceptible Populations

Abstract: The common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt & Lauterer, 1989 (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), is a key pest found in pistachio orchards in Iran. This pest has a high potential for developing resistance to insecticides due to its short life cycle and high reproductive potential. Intensive application of insecticides leads to excessive selection pressure followed by resistance to synthetic insecticides in some psylla populations. In this research, effects of four concentrations of three extensively used insecticides (spirotetramat, acetamiprid, and hexaflumuron) on energy resources (like sugar, lipid, glycogen, and protein contents), energy consumption, and cellular energy allocation were investigated in resistant and susceptible populations of the common pistachio psylla in the Kerman province of Iran. Energy resource contents in the susceptible population (133 331.2 mj/insect) were significantly more than in the resistant population (96 253.5 mj/insect), whereas energy consumption in the resistant population (38 630.4 mj energy/h/insect) was higher than in the susceptible population (31 276.8 mj energy/h/insect). Additionally, cellular energy allocation in the resistant population (2 400.9 mj energy/h/insect) was higher than in the susceptible population (2 126.13 mj energy/h/insect). Therefore, stress (especially toxicants) causes variations in metabolism, which influences the growth and reproduction of the pest.

A Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) Population Resistant to 2,4-D

Weed Science ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark L. Bernards ◽  
Roberto J. Crespo ◽  
Greg R. Kruger ◽  
Roch Gaussoin ◽  
Patrick J. Tranel
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Synthetic Auxins ◽  
Resistant Population ◽  
Amaranthus Tuberculatus ◽  
Susceptible Populations ◽  
Dose Response Study

A waterhemp population from a native-grass seed production field in Nebraska was no longer effectively controlled by 2,4-D. Seed was collected from the site, and dose-response studies were conducted to determine if this population was herbicide resistant. In the greenhouse, plants from the putative resistant and a susceptible waterhemp population were treated with 0, 18, 35, 70, 140, 280, 560, 1,120, or 2,240 g ae ha−12,4-D. Visual injury estimates (I) were made 28 d after treatment (DAT), and plants were harvested and dry weights (GR) measured. The putative resistant population was approximately 10-fold more resistant to 2,4-D (R:S ratio) than the susceptible population based on both I50(50% visual injury) and GR50(50% reduction in dry weight) values. The R:S ratio increased to 19 and 111 as the data were extrapolated to I90and GR90estimates, respectively. GR50doses of 995 g ha−1for the resistant and 109 g ha−1for the susceptible populations were estimated. A field dose-response study was conducted at the suspected resistant site with 2,4-D doses of 0, 140, 280, 560, 1,120, 2,240, 4,480, 8,960, 17,920, and 35,840 g ha−1. At 28 DAT, visual injury estimates were 44% in plots treated with 35,840 g ha−1. Some plants treated with the highest rate recovered and produced seed. Plants from the resistant and susceptible populations were also treated with 0, 9, 18, 35, 70, 140, 280, 560, or 1,120 g ae ha−1dicamba in greenhouse bioassays. The 2,4-D resistant population was threefold less sensitive to dicamba based on I50estimates but less than twofold less sensitive based on GR50estimates. The synthetic auxins are the sixth mechanism-of-action herbicide group to which waterhemp has evolved resistance.

The relative competitiveness of atrazine susceptible and resistant populations of Chenopodium album and C. strictum

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 689-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. I. Warwick ◽  
L. Black
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Resistant Population ◽  
Reproductive Biomass ◽  
Susceptible Populations

The total aboveground biomass and reproductive dry weight of one atrazine resistant and one susceptible population from southern Ontario of each of two species of Chenopodium, C. album and C. strictum, were compared. The comparison was made between plants grown under both noncompetitive and competitive conditions. Results from a spaced noncompetitive trial provided evidence for: (1) greater total and reproductive biomass production and earlier flowering of resistant and susceptible populations of C. album as compared with both populations of C. strictum, (2) greater aboveground total and reproductive biomass production of the susceptible population of C. album as compared with the resistant population, and (3) greater total aboveground biomass production (but similar reproductive biomass) of the susceptible population of C. strictum as compared with the resistant population. Results from the competition trials (i.e., plants grown in a de Wit replacement series), provided evidence for inter- and intra-specific differences in competitive ability: (1) the susceptible population of C. album was found to be more competitive than the susceptible population of C. strictum, (2) the susceptible population of C. album was a superior competitor to the resistant population, and (3) the resistant and susceptible populations of C. strictum appeared to be equally competitive.

Energy Statement Analysis of the Representative Green Energy County in Northern China

2014 ◽  
Vol 962-965 ◽  
pp. 1924-1930
Author(s):  
Chao Yu ◽  
Jian Xu ◽  
Yang Li Zhu ◽  
Wei Qin ◽  
Zhen Zhong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Energy Development ◽  
Project Planning ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Common Features ◽  
The Common ◽  
Process Of Urbanization

The socioeconomic status, resources and the actual energy resource demand-supply would be analyzed based on the data of five representative Green Energy County, such as Huanan County, Nong’an County, Gongzhuling County, Changtu County and Hangjinqi County. Then the common features for the counry energy consumption in the process of urbanization were summarized. The common challenges for county energy development were also pointed out in this paper. Several suggestions aimed at the Energy Project Planning for north regime in China were proposed at the end.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of a Field-Derived, Bacillus thuringiensis-Resistant Strain of Diamondback Moth to In Vitro-Activated Cry1Ac Toxin

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 4372-4373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali H. Sayyed ◽  
Roxani Gatsi ◽  
Thaleia Kouskoura ◽  
Denis J. Wright ◽  
Neil Crickmore
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Resistant Strain ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Lethal Concentration ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Resistant Population ◽  
Susceptible Populations

ABSTRACT Resistant and susceptible populations of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) were tested with crystalline, solubilized, and partially and fully activated forms of theBacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac δ-endotoxin. Fully activated toxin greatly reduced the resistance ratio (ratio of the 50% lethal concentration for the resistant population to that for the susceptible population) of the resistant population, suggesting that a defect in toxin activation is a major resistance mechanism.

DISTRIBUSI DAN IDENTIFIKASI POPULASI SINTRONG (Crossocephalum crepidiodes.Benth) RESISTEN PARAKUAT PADA LAHAN JAGUNG (Zea mays) DI KABUPATEN DAIRI

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-161
Author(s):  
Berton Sianturi
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Recommended Dose ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Susceptible Populations

Crassocephalum crepidioides on Cornfields in Dairi Regency had been reported tobecome more difficult to control using paraquat. The objective of the research was todetermine the characteristics and the distribution of C.crepidioides resistant to paraquatin cornfields. The experiment was carried out in two steps, the first step was screeningthe population of C. crepidioides with paraquat at the recommended dose, and the secondstep, dose-response experiment for the resistance level of C. crepidioides population withdose 0, 76, 152, 304,5, 609, 1218, and 2436 g.ai /ha. In the first step experiment, paraquatdichloride was applied at 280 g.ai/ha. The treatments were arranged in a randomized blockdesign with 3 replication. The second step experiment was that the resistant populationsconfirmed in the first experiment were sprayed for their dose-response. The treatmentswere arranged in a randomized complete block design (CRBD). The results showed thatof 30 populations of C. crepidiodes, 19 populations (63.3%) were categorized to beresistant with the mortality ranging from 10.84% to 52.08%, and 11 populations (36.7%),was categorized as high resistance with mortality of 0% to 9.21%. The level ofresistance (R/S) of R-C25, R-C27, and R-C30 populations of C. crepidioides were 12,3,14,86, and 24,83 times consecutively, compared with the susceptible population. Thenumber of C. crepidioides chlorophyl leaves in susceptible populations was significantlylower than that of a resistant populations.

scholarly journals Reducing the metabolic energy of walking and running using an unpowered hip exoskeleton

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiancheng Zhou ◽  
Caihua Xiong ◽  
Juanjuan Zhang ◽  
Di Hu ◽  
Wenbin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Spring Stiffness ◽  
Spatiotemporal Parameters ◽  
The Common ◽  
Hip Flexion ◽  
Optimal Stiffness ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Background Walking and running are the most common means of locomotion in human daily life. People have made advances in developing separate exoskeletons to reduce the metabolic rate of walking or running. However, the combined requirements of overcoming the fundamental biomechanical differences between the two gaits and minimizing the metabolic penalty of the exoskeleton mass make it challenging to develop an exoskeleton that can reduce the metabolic energy during both gaits. Here we show that the metabolic energy of both walking and running can be reduced by regulating the metabolic energy of hip flexion during the common energy consumption period of the two gaits using an unpowered hip exoskeleton. Methods We analyzed the metabolic rates, muscle activities and spatiotemporal parameters of 9 healthy subjects (mean ± s.t.d; 24.9 ± 3.7 years, 66.9 ± 8.7 kg, 1.76 ± 0.05 m) walking on a treadmill at a speed of 1.5 m s−1 and running at a speed of 2.5 m s−1 with different spring stiffnesses. After obtaining the optimal spring stiffness, we recruited the participants to walk and run with the assistance from a spring with optimal stiffness at different speeds to demonstrate the generality of the proposed approach. Results We found that the common optimal exoskeleton spring stiffness for walking and running was 83 Nm Rad−1, corresponding to 7.2% ± 1.2% (mean ± s.e.m, paired t-test p < 0.01) and 6.8% ± 1.0% (p < 0.01) metabolic reductions compared to walking and running without exoskeleton. The metabolic energy within the tested speed range can be reduced with the assistance except for low-speed walking (1.0 m s−1). Participants showed different changes in muscle activities with the assistance of the proposed exoskeleton. Conclusions This paper first demonstrates that the metabolic cost of walking and running can be reduced using an unpowered hip exoskeleton to regulate the metabolic energy of hip flexion. The design method based on analyzing the common energy consumption characteristics between gaits may inspire future exoskeletons that assist multiple gaits. The results of different changes in muscle activities provide new insight into human response to the same assistive principle for different gaits (walking and running).

Energy Consumption Optimization in Agriculture and Development Perspectives

2021 ◽  
pp. 1505-1525
Author(s):  
Dmitry Tikhomirov ◽  
Andrey Izmailov ◽  
Yakov Lobachevsky ◽  
Anatoly Tikhomirov
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Production Wastes ◽  
Energy Consumption Optimization ◽  
Decentralized Energy ◽  
Supply Systems

In this article, indicators of energy consumption in agriculture for Russian Federation are discussed, starting from the year 1990, and their forecast values for the period up to 2030 with the analysis of the decay in the period from 1991 to 2010 and gradual growth of energy resources consumption started in 2010 and continued to the present day has been analyzed. The outlines of the strategy of rural energy base development and optimization have been considered. Demand, development, and implementation conditions of decentralized energy supply systems have been substantiated, and their features, composition, and application field have been specified. It has been shown that the major energy resource of standalone energy systems is local and renewable energy sources and of agricultural production wastes. Methods and technologies for the conversion of renewable energy sources (RES), biomass, and waste of agricultural production into heat and power have been characterized.

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