Caramel colors in terms of scientific research, with particular consideration of their toxicity

Caramel colors, the most common food additives in the world, are divided into four classes (IIV), marked with the symbols E150 a-d, respectively. Individual classes of caramel colors differ from each other in physico-chemical properties and the method of preparation, which affects the formation of various compounds that are important for the assessment of food safety A number of studies on all caramel classes of have been performed, including toxicokinetic, genotoxic, carcinogenic and reproductive and developmental toxicity studies, which have not shown harmful effects of these additives at doses not exceeding ADI. However, there is an increasing number of scientific reports of the possible toxic effects present in caramels of low-molecular compounds. Currently, three compounds are considered to be toxicologically important and resulting from the possible concentration in the final product: 5-HMF (present in all classes), 4(5)-MeI (present in caramel classes III and IV) or THI (present in caramel class III). 4(5)-MeI has a neurotoxic effect and was considered in 2011 as a possible human carcinogen (class 2B, according to IARC). In the case of THI, studies have confirmed its lymphopenic activity, probably secondary to its immunosuppressive effect. Consequently, in the 1980s, JECFA set acceptable levels 4(5)-MeI and THI, for the caramel classes in which these compounds may be present. The toxicity of 5-HMF has not been confirmed unequivocally, but studies have shown that this compound is not neutral to living organisms. Currently, most international organizations and scientific institutes recognize these additives as safe for consumers, but at the same time scientists emphasize the need for further research.

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Synthesis, Characterization, Applications, and Toxicity of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology ◽

10.2174/1389201022666210521102307 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

Author(s):

João Marcos Pereira Galúcio ◽

Sorrel Godinho Barbosa de Souza ◽

Arthur Abinader Vasconcelos ◽

Alan Kelbis Oliveira Lima ◽

Kauê Santana da Costa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Green Synthesis ◽

Low Cost ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Analytical Techniques ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Synthesis Methods ◽

Methods Of Synthesis ◽

Food Applications ◽

Living Organisms ◽

Harmful Effects

: Nanotechnology is a cutting-edge area with numerous industrial applications. Nanoparticles are structures that have dimensions ranging from 1–100 nm which exhibit significantly different mechanical, optical, electrical, and chemical properties when compared with their larger counterparts. Synthetic routes that use natural sources, such as plant extracts, honey, and microorganisms are environmentally friendly and low-cost methods that can be used to obtain nanoparticles. These methods of synthesis generate products that are more stable and less toxic than those obtained using conventional methods. Nanoparticles formed by titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, silver, gold, and copper, as well as cellulose nanocrystals are among the nanostructures obtained by green synthesis that have shown interesting applications in several technological industries. Several analytical techniques have also been used to analyze the size, morphology, hydrodynamics, diameter, and chemical functional groups involved in the stabilization of the nanoparticles as well as to quantify and evaluate their formation. Despite their pharmaceutical, biotechnological, cosmetic, and food applications, studies have detected their harmful effects on human health and the environment; and thus, caution must be taken in uses involving living organisms. The present review aims to present an overview of the applications, the structural properties, and the green synthesis methods that are used to obtain nanoparticles, and special attention is given to those obtained from metal ions. The review also presents the analytical methods used to analyze, quantify, and characterize these nanostructures.

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Green Plasmonic Nanoparticles and Bio-Inspired Stimuli-Responsive Vesicles in Cancer Therapy Application

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano10061083 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1083 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Valeria De Matteis ◽

Loris Rizzello ◽

Mariafrancesca Cascione ◽

Eva Liatsi-Douvitsa ◽

Azzurra Apriceno ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cancer Therapy ◽

Anticancer Agents ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Dark Side ◽

Stimuli Responsive ◽

Ag Nps ◽

Au Nps ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Living Organisms ◽

Biological Entities

In the last years, there is a growing interest in the application of nanoscaled materials in cancer therapy because of their unique physico-chemical properties. However, the dark side of their usability is limited by their possible toxic behaviour and accumulation in living organisms. Starting from this assumption, the search for a green alternative to produce nanoparticles (NPs) or the discovery of green molecules, is a challenge in order to obtain safe materials. In particular, gold (Au NPs) and silver (Ag NPs) NPs are particularly suitable because of their unique physico-chemical properties, in particular plasmonic behaviour that makes them useful as active anticancer agents. These NPs can be obtained by green approaches, alternative to conventional chemical methods, owing to the use of phytochemicals, carbohydrates, and other biomolecules present in plants, fungi, and bacteria, reducing toxic effects. In addition, we analysed the use of green and stimuli-responsive polymeric bio-inspired nanovesicles, mainly used in drug delivery applications that have revolutionised the way of drugs supply. Finally, we reported the last examples on the use of metallic and Au NPs as self-propelling systems as new concept of nanorobot, which are able to respond and move towards specific physical or chemical stimuli in biological entities.

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Hygroscopicity of organic compounds as a function of organic functionality, water solubility, molecular weight and organic oxidation level

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-13985 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

shuang han ◽

Juan Hong ◽

Qingwei Luo ◽

Hanbing Xu ◽

Haobo Tan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Functional Groups ◽

Organic Compounds ◽

Water Solubility ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Hygroscopic Properties ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Model Predictions ◽

Hygroscopic Behavior ◽

Molecular Compounds

<p>Hygroscopic properties of 23 organic compounds with different physico-chemical properties including carboxylic acids, amino acids, sugars and sugar alcohols were measured using a Hygroscopicity Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer (HTDMA). We converted our experimental GF data of organics at 90% RH to &#954; to facilitate the comparison and we find that organic compounds with different molecular functionality present quite different hygroscopicity. Compounds with extra functional groups usually show higher hygroscopicity compared to their parental molecular compounds. Moreover, some compounds share the same molecular structure or functionality but vary differently in hygroscopicity. In general, the hygroscopicity of organics increase with functional groups in the following order: (-CH3/-NH2) < (-OH) < (-COOH/C=C/C=O). For highly soluble organics, the hygroscopicity decreases with molecular weight; while for slightly soluble organics which are not fully dissolved in aerosol droplets, their hygroscopicity can be divided into two categories. One is non-hygroscopic compounds, which may not fully deliquesce in the aerosol droplets. The other is moderate hygroscopic compounds, of which the hygroscopicity is mainly limited by their water solubility. Moreover, the hygroscopicity of organic compounds generally increased linearly with O:C ratios, although some of them have the same O:C ratio of but with different hygroscopicity. The experimental determined hygroscopicity are also compared with model predictions using the Extended Aerosol Inorganics Model (E-AIM) and the UManSysProp at 10-90% RH. Both models poorly represent the hygroscopic behavior of some organics, which may due to that the phase transition and intermolecular interactions are not considered in the simulations.</p>

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Impacts of Food Industrial Wastes on Soil and Its Utilization as Novel Approach for Value Addition

Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability - Innovative Waste Management Technologies for Sustainable Development ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-0031-6.ch012 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 226-243

Author(s):

Nowsheeba Rashid ◽

Ifra Ashraf ◽

Shazia Ramzan

Keyword(s):

Waste Product ◽

Food Additives ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Industrial Sector ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Natural Food ◽

Novel Approach ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Chemical Properties Of Soils ◽

Valuable Compounds

Among the various agro-industries, food processing industries are the second prime generator of wastes after domestic sewage. In the current epoch of the rapid budding world, the wastes are mounting, which robustly sway the health of ecosystems and eventually the human population. For that reason, each agro-industrial sector has critical stipulation toward the secure utilization of agro-materials all the way through recycling of wastes. A crude disposal and littering of these waste materials frequently signifies a problem that is additionally provoked by different legal restrictions. Inadequate management of these solid waste constituents could lead to drastic change in physico-chemical properties of soils. The waste product, which is discarded into the environment, is loaded with valuable compounds. They are new, innate, and monetary sources of colorants, protein, dietary fiber, flavoring, antimicrobials, and antioxidants, which can be utilized in the food industry as a basis of natural food additives.

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Physico-Chemical Properties Mediating Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Engineered Nanomaterials

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/092986712803251566 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 19 (26) ◽

pp. 4488-4494 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Luisa Campagnolo ◽

Micol Massimiani ◽

Andrea Magrini ◽

Antonella Camaioni ◽

Antonio Pietroiusti

Keyword(s):

Developmental Toxicity ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Engineered Nanomaterials ◽

Physico Chemical

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Impacts of Food Industrial Wastes on Soil and Its Utilization as Novel Approach for Value Addition

Research Anthology on Food Waste Reduction and Alternative Diets for Food and Nutrition Security ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-5354-1.ch034 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 652-669

Author(s):

Nowsheeba Rashid ◽

Ifra Ashraf ◽

Shazia Ramzan

Keyword(s):

Waste Product ◽

Food Additives ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Industrial Sector ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Natural Food ◽

Novel Approach ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Chemical Properties Of Soils ◽

Valuable Compounds

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Decoration of specific sites on freeze-fractured membranes

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100081565 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 140-141

Author(s):

H. Gross ◽

H. Moor

Keyword(s):

Pure Water ◽

Freeze Fracture ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Surface Forces ◽

Sulfate Pentahydrate ◽

Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Water Of Hydration ◽

Small Container ◽

Binding Forces

Fracturing under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV, p ≤ 10-9 Torr) produces membrane fracture faces devoid of contamination. Such clean surfaces are a prerequisite foe studies of interactions between condensing molecules is possible and surface forces are unequally distributed, the condensate will accumulate at places with high binding forces; crystallites will arise which may be useful a probes for surface sites with specific physico-chemical properties. Specific “decoration” with crystallites can be achieved nby exposing membrane fracture faces to water vopour. A device was developed which enables the production of pure water vapour and the controlled variation of its partial pressure in an UHV freeze-fracture apparatus (Fig.1a). Under vaccum (≤ 10-3 Torr), small container filled with copper-sulfate-pentahydrate is heated with a heating coil, with the temperature controlled by means of a thermocouple. The water of hydration thereby released enters a storage vessel.

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PHYSICO CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NICKEL OXIDE AT HIGH TEMPERATURE

Le Journal de Physique Colloques ◽

10.1051/jphyscol:1976798 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 37 (C7) ◽

pp. C7-438-C7-442 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. FARHI ◽

G. PETOT-ERVAS

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Nickel Oxide ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Physico Chemical

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Physico-Chemical Properties of Recombinant Desulphatohirudin

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1645073 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 63 (03) ◽

pp. 499-504 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

A Electricwala ◽

L Irons ◽

R Wait ◽

R J G Carr ◽

R J Ling ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Gel Filtration ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Alpha Helix ◽

Apparent Molecular Weight ◽

Correlation Spectroscopy ◽

Nmr Studies ◽

Recombinant Hirudin ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Recombinant Molecule

SummaryPhysico-chemical properties of recombinant desulphatohirudin expressed in yeast (CIBA GEIGY code No. CGP 39393) were reinvestigated. As previously reported for natural hirudin, the recombinant molecule exhibited abnormal behaviour by gel filtration with an apparent molecular weight greater than that based on the primary structure. However, molecular weight estimation by SDS gel electrophoresis, FAB-mass spectrometry and Photon Correlation Spectroscopy were in agreement with the theoretical molecular weight, with little suggestion of dimer or aggregate formation. Circular dichroism studies of the recombinant molecule show similar spectra at different pH values but are markedly different from that reported by Konno et al. (13) for a natural hirudin-variant. Our CD studies indicate the presence of about 60% beta sheet and the absence of alpha helix in the secondary structure of recombinant hirudin, in agreement with the conformation determined by NMR studies (17)

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