Synthesis, Characterization, Applications, and Toxicity of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Marcos Pereira Galúcio ◽  
Sorrel Godinho Barbosa de Souza ◽  
Arthur Abinader Vasconcelos ◽  
Alan Kelbis Oliveira Lima ◽  
Kauê Santana da Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Synthesis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Methods Of Synthesis ◽  
Food Applications ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Harmful Effects

: Nanotechnology is a cutting-edge area with numerous industrial applications. Nanoparticles are structures that have dimensions ranging from 1–100 nm which exhibit significantly different mechanical, optical, electrical, and chemical properties when compared with their larger counterparts. Synthetic routes that use natural sources, such as plant extracts, honey, and microorganisms are environmentally friendly and low-cost methods that can be used to obtain nanoparticles. These methods of synthesis generate products that are more stable and less toxic than those obtained using conventional methods. Nanoparticles formed by titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, silver, gold, and copper, as well as cellulose nanocrystals are among the nanostructures obtained by green synthesis that have shown interesting applications in several technological industries. Several analytical techniques have also been used to analyze the size, morphology, hydrodynamics, diameter, and chemical functional groups involved in the stabilization of the nanoparticles as well as to quantify and evaluate their formation. Despite their pharmaceutical, biotechnological, cosmetic, and food applications, studies have detected their harmful effects on human health and the environment; and thus, caution must be taken in uses involving living organisms. The present review aims to present an overview of the applications, the structural properties, and the green synthesis methods that are used to obtain nanoparticles, and special attention is given to those obtained from metal ions. The review also presents the analytical methods used to analyze, quantify, and characterize these nanostructures.

Green Synthesis of Nanocomposites

2022 ◽  
pp. 77-100
Author(s):  
Meenal D. Patil ◽  
Suprimkumar D. Dhas ◽  
Annasaheb V. Moholkar
Keyword(s):  
Green Synthesis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Future Generation ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
New Era ◽  
Methods Of Synthesis ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Negative Impacts

Nanotechnology has been a dynamic research area over the past few decades because it assures the resolution to the problems that hamper progress. Currently, a new era of ‘green synthesis' is an emerging multidisciplinary field in nanotechnology which employs reliable, sustainable, low-cost, non-hazardous, and eco-friendly techniques. Green synthesis is considered a vital tool to reduce the negative impacts accompanying the traditional methods of synthesis for NPs commonly employed in industry and laboratory. This chapter unveils a comprehensive overview of the recent research on available green techniques for the synthesis of various nanocomposites in order to solve future generation challenges. This chapter also focuses on the green synthesis of various nanocomposites, synthesis parameters, potential applications, merits/demerits, and future prospects.

Synthesis of Programmable Mechanisms Using Adjustable Dyads

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Chuenchom ◽  
S. Kota
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Point Theory ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Linkage Mechanism ◽  
Manufacturing Automation ◽  
Multiple Tasks ◽  
High Production

Conventional hard automation such as linkage mechanisms and cam-driven mechanisms provide high speed capability at a low cost, but fail to provide the flexibility required in many industrial applications. On the other hand, for most manufacturing automation applications in high production industries, expensive multi-axis robots are employed for simple repetitive operations that require only limited flexibility. In order to provide a true middle ground between conventional mechanism-based hard automation and overly flexible anthropomorphic robots, we incorporate flexibility in conventional mechanisms, thereby creating “programmable mechanisms” or Adjustable Robotic Mechanisms (ARMs). This paper introduces the concept of ARMs and presents generalized analytical methods for designing adjustable mechanisms based on synthesis of adjustable dyads. The synthesis methods presented here, which are extensions of the well-known Burmester precision point theory, enable one to design multi-purpose mechanisms for multiple sets of precision points, thereby enabling conventional mechanisms to perform multiple tasks. The analytical synthesis method has been implemented in a computer program that generates all adjustable dyad solutions for given sets of precision points. Two or more adjustable dyads are assembled together to form a programmable linkage mechanism that performs multiple tasks. Synthesis formulations and a design example illustrating the analytical and computer-aided synthesis methods are presented.

scholarly journals Legacy and Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Analytical Techniques, Environmental Fate, and Health Effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 995
Author(s):  
Richard A. Brase ◽  
Elizabeth J. Mullin ◽  
David C. Spink
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Fate ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Dimer Acid ◽  
Hexafluoropropylene Oxide ◽  
Polyfluoroalkyl Substances ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Processing Aids

Due to their unique chemical properties, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been used extensively as industrial surfactants and processing aids. While several types of PFAS have been voluntarily phased out by their manufacturers, these chemicals continue to be of ecological and public health concern due to their persistence in the environment and their presence in living organisms. Moreover, while the compounds referred to as “legacy” PFAS remain in the environment, alternative compounds have emerged as replacements for their legacy predecessors and are now detected in numerous matrices. In this review, we discuss the historical uses of PFAS, recent advances in analytical techniques for analysis of these compounds, and the fate of PFAS in the environment. In addition, we evaluate current biomonitoring studies of human exposure to legacy and emerging PFAS and examine the associations of PFAS exposure with human health impacts, including cancer- and non-cancer-related outcomes. Special focus is given to short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and ether-substituted, polyfluoroalkyl alternatives including hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA; tradename GenX), 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoic acid (DONA), and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluoroethersulfonic acid (6:2 Cl-PFESA; tradename F-53B).

scholarly journals GREEN SYNTHESIS, GREEN CHEMISTRY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-27
Author(s):  
Mohammad Asif
Keyword(s):  
Green Chemistry ◽  
Green Synthesis ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
By Products

Purpose: The chemistry society has activated to expand new chemistry that is less destructive to the environment and human health. This approach has extensive interest and designated as green chemistry, environmentally friendly chemistry, clean chemistry, and atom economy. Methodology: There is advancement toward involved chemistry with the facts and do not prevent the properties of the target compound or the efficacy of particular solvents or reagents. The use of chemistry in a way that maximizes benefits while reducing adverse effects has come to be green chemistry. Main findings: Reduce the use and formation of harmful products or by-products. Presently maximum pollution to the environment is caused by some chemical industries. So, need to design and develop synthetic methods in such a way that the waste products are lowest and have no effect on the environment and their handy disposal. Applications of the work: Green chemistry plays a vital role in pharmaceuticals for developing new drugs which are less toxic, more effective with low side effects. The novelty of the work: The industries performing manufacturing using green synthesis methods to carrying out their productions have positive impacts on environmental sustainability. This review is looking ahead at longer-term challenges and prospects in research, industrial applications, and education.

scholarly journals Electrochemical Exfoliation of 2D Advanced Carbon Derivatives

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ikram ◽  
Ali Raza ◽  
Sarfraz Ali ◽  
Salamat Ali
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Materials ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Electrochemical Exfoliation ◽  
2D Semiconductors ◽  
Comprehensive Survey

Advanced 2D carbon materials such as graphene and derivatives are basic building blocks for future nanostructured generation in electronics and energy horizons owing to their remarkable physical and chemical properties. In this context, production scalability of 2D materials having high purity with distinctive and multi-functionalities, that facilitate in fundamental research and advanced studies as well as in industrial applications. A variety of techniques have been employed to develop 2D advanced carbon materials, amongst state-of-the-art synthetic protocols, electrochemical is deliberated as a promising approach that provides high yield, great performance, low cost, and excellent up-scalability. Notably, playing with electrochemical parameters not only allows tunable properties but also enhances the content variety from graphene to a wide spectrum of 2D semiconductors. In this chapter, a succinct and comprehensive survey of recent progress in electrochemical exfoliation routes and presents the processing techniques, strategic design for exfoliations, mechanisms, and electrochemistry of graphene.

scholarly journals Nanozyme Applications: A Glimpse of Insight in Food Safety

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Wu ◽  
Shuhong Zhou ◽  
Gonglei Wang ◽  
Yonghuan Yun ◽  
Guozhen Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Food Contaminants ◽  
Electrochemical Assay ◽  
Enzyme Mimicking ◽  
Surface Enhanced Raman ◽  
Food Applications ◽  
Enhanced Raman Scattering ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Nanozymes own striking merits, including high enzyme-mimicking activity, good stability, and low cost. Due to the powerful and distinguished functions, nanozymes exhibit widespread applications in the field of biosensing and immunoassay, attracting researchers in various fields to design and engineer nanozymes. Recently, nanozymes have been innovatively used to bridge nanotechnology with analytical techniques to achieve the high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility. However, the applications of nanozymes in food applications are seldom reviewed. In this review, we summarize several typical nanozymes and provide a comprehensive description of the history, principles, designs, and applications of nanozyme-based analytical techniques in food contaminants detection. Based on engineering and modification of nanozymes, the food contaminants are classified and then discussed in detail via discriminating the roles of nanozymes in various analytical methods, including fluorescence, colorimetric and electrochemical assay, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, magnetic relaxing sensing, and electrochemiluminescence. Further, representative examples of nanozymes-based methods are highlighted for contaminants analysis and inhibition. Finally, the current challenges and prospects of nanozymes are discussed.

Recent Advances in Ultrasound-assisted Synthesis of Nano-emulsions and their Industrial Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parag Thakur ◽  
Shriram Sonawane ◽  
Irina Potorokob ◽  
Shirish H Sonawane
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Ostwald Ripening ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Colloidal Systems ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted ◽  
Nano Emulsion

Background: Colloidal systems are used in various industrial and medical applications. Nanoparticles have good physio-chemical properties that enhance the performance of the system. Nano-emulsions can be synthesized by the ultrasonication. Ultrasonication is the simplest method than other available methods. The purpose of this article is to review the recent advances in ultrasound-assisted nano-emulsion synthesis and challenges regarding the safety of the nano-emulsion. Methods: Application of the nano-emulsions in the various industrial and medical processes like drug delivery process, food industry, pesticide industry and cosmetics industry are also reviewed. Results: Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of nano-emulsions simple method than other synthesis methods of the nanoemulsions. Nano-emulsions have growing applications in the cosmetic, drug delivery, pesticides and industry. Conclusion: Fabrication of the nano-emulsions is different for each application and product. Physiochemical properties should be strictly monitored in the nano-emulsions as they influence the efficiency of the nano-emulsions greatly. Ostwald ripening is the main phenomenon for the nano-emulsions mechanism.

scholarly journals Multi-Segmented Nanowires: A High Tech Bright Future

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 3908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang ◽  
Mukhtar ◽  
Wu ◽  
Gu ◽  
Cao
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Metal Nanowires ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Nano Materials ◽  
Structured Materials ◽  
Large Effort ◽  
Physical And Chemical

In the last couple of decades, there has been a lot of progress in the synthesis methods of nano-structural materials, but still the field has a large number of puzzles to solve. Metal nanowires (NWs) and their alloys represent a sub category of the 1-D nano-materials and there is a large effort to study the microstructural, physical and chemical properties to use them for further industrial applications. Due to technical limitations of single component NWs, the hetero-structured materials gained attention recently. Among them, multi-segmented NWs are more diverse in applications, consisting of two or more segments that can perform multiple function at a time, which confer their unique properties. Recent advancement in characterization techniques has opened up new opportunities for understanding the physical properties of multi-segmented structures of 1-D nanomaterials. Since the multi-segmented NWs needs a reliable response from an external filed, numerous studies have been done on the synthesis of multi-segmented NWs to precisely control the physical properties of multi-segmented NWs. This paper highlights the electrochemical synthesis and physical properties of multi-segmented NWs, with a focus on the mechanical and magnetic properties by explaining the shape, microstructure, and composition of NWs.

scholarly journals A Review on Green Synthesis, Biomedical Applications, and Toxicity Studies of ZnO NPs

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. N. Kalpana ◽  
V. Devi Rajeswari
Keyword(s):  
Green Synthesis ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Zno Nps ◽  
Synthesis Of Nanoparticles ◽  
Secondary Sources

The advance of reliable and eco-friendly strategies for the development of nanoparticles is a fundamental key to the discipline of nanotechnology. Nanoparticles have been continuously evaluated and have been used in many industrial applications for a decade. In particular, the role of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) has received a great interest because of various properties such as UV filter properties and photochemical, antifungal, high catalyst, and antimicrobial activities. Because of the high rate of poisonous chemicals and the extreme surroundings used within the chemical and physical methods, the green techniques have been adopted using plants, fungi, bacteria, and algae for the synthesis of nanoparticles. Therefore, this paper considers various green synthesis methods to provide the evidence of ZnO NP role to several applications, and in addition, biomedical applications and toxic effect were reviewed. Therefore, the paper used various secondary sources to collect the relevant review articles. From the findings, the green route of synthesis is rather safe and eco-friendly when compared to physical and chemical means of synthesis. On the other hand, its biomedical applications in this sector are increased day by day in various processes including bioimaging, drug delivery, biosensors, and gene delivery. With respect to its toxicity properties, ZnO NPs can act as smart weapons against multiple drug-resistant microorganisms and as a talented substitute for antibiotics.

scholarly journals A Review on the Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Morphologies Studied via TEM

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Protima Rauwel ◽  
Siim Küünal ◽  
Stanislav Ferdov ◽  
Erwan Rauwel
Keyword(s):  
Green Synthesis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Synthesis Of Nanoparticles ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Methods Of Synthesis ◽  
Size And Morphology ◽  
Ecological Methods ◽  
The Cost ◽  
By Products

Silver has been recognized as a nontoxic, safe inorganic antibacterial/antifungal agent used for centuries. Silver demonstrates a very high potential in a wide range of biological applications, more particularly in the form of nanoparticles. Environmentally friendly synthesis methods are becoming more and more popular in chemistry and chemical technologies and the need for ecological methods of synthesis is increasing; the aim is to reduce polluting reaction by-products. Another important advantage of green synthesis methods lies in its cost-effectiveness and in the abundance of raw materials. During the last five years, many efforts were put into developing new greener and cheaper methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles. The cost decrease and less harmful synthesis methods have been the motivation in comparison to other synthesis techniques where harmful reductive organic species produce hazardous by-products. This environment-friendly aspect has now become a major social issue and is instrumental in combatting environmental pollution through reduction or elimination of hazardous materials. This review describes a brief overview of the research on green synthesis of silver metal nanoparticles and the influence of the method on their size and morphology.

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