scholarly journals Mowa niezależna wprowadzana przez iże w staropolskich apokryfach. Perspektywa źródłowa

2021 ◽  
Vol LXXVII (77) ◽  
pp. 227-243
Author(s):  
DOROTA ROJSZCZAK-ROBIŃSKA
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
Reported Speech ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Polish Language

W polszczyźnie średniowiecznej widoczny jest pewien etap pośredni w procesie kształtowania się mowy zależnej. W tekstach pojawiają się konstrukcje mieszane, w których spójnik że (iż/iże) wyrażający relację podrzędną, typowy dla wprowadzania mowy zależnej, wprowadza mowę niezależną. W artykule analizuję relację tych konstrukcji do źródeł łacińskich na przykładzie staropolskich apokryfów. Pojawiają się często tam, gdzie w danym miejscu w tekście źródłowych obecne były konstrukcje obce językowi polskiemu, jak ACI, a także gdy przytoczenie w źródle było wprowadzone przez quia, które mogło wprowadzać mowę zależną i niezależną lub być częścią samego przytoczenia jako partykuła. Konstrukcje mieszane pojawiają się też tam, gdzie granica kompilacji przebiegała właśnie w miejscu wprowadzania przytoczenia. Problemem dla staropolskich autorów było też przenikanie się poziomów fabuły i rzeczywistości pozafabularnej. Direct speech introduced by iże in Old Polish apocrypha. A source perspective Summary: An intermediate stage of the formation of reported speech can be observed in the Old Polish period. Polish medieval texts include mixed constructions in which the conjunction że (iż/iże), expressing a subordinate relation and typically introducing reported speech, introduces direct speech. Using Old Polish ROBIŃSKAapocrypha as the source of data, the paper examines the relation between these constructions and Latin sources. The analysed constructions often appear in places where in the source text there were constructions unknown to the Polish language, such as Accusativus cum infinitivo, or where the quotation in the source text was introduced by a quia that could introduce indirect and indirect speech or be, as a particle, part of the quotation itself. Mixed constructs also appear in places where the compilation boundary coincides with the introduction of a quotation. Another problem for Old Polish authors was the overlapping of the levels of the plot and the nonfiction reality.

scholarly journals O języku dziennika Marii Dąbrowskiej

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-90
Author(s):  
Andrzej Markowski
Keyword(s):  
Reported Speech ◽  
General Attitude ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Stylistic Elements ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
The 1950S

The article puts forwards the thesis that the language in most of Maria Dąbrowska’s diaries was a conscious creation on the part of the writer and was not the result of a spontaneous recording of events and the author’s experiences. It should also be assumed that Dąbrowska wrote the diaries with the view that they would later (probably posthumously) be published and that she consciously used that style and linguistic tricks. The diaries include not only the author’s narrative but also direct and indirect speech, as well as seemingly reported speech. One can only admire Dąbrowska’s mastery of language, whereby she was able to combine various linguistic and stylistic elements in order to create a cohesive whole in specific entries in the diaries. The article also shows the evolution of the style of Maria Dąbrowska’s diaries from the relatively unoriginal, youthful style of the diaries of the 1920s to the mature, original style of the diaries of the 1950s and 1960s. It also shows that the author – depending on the subject and its importance – used vocabularies for various registers of the Polish language: from academic and officialese, through careful standard Polish (most frequently), to colloquial and even vulgar language. Some attention is paid to the author’s awareness of language, as well as her general attitude to both the language of her own works as well as to linguists. This article is only a preliminary study – the language of Maria Dąbrowska’s diaries deserves detailed study.

scholarly journals Does reported speech influence listeners’ choice of perspective in the interpretation of spatial prepositions?

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 83-98
Author(s):  
Ariska I. Bonnema ◽  
Vera Hukker ◽  
Petra Hendriks
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Verification Task ◽  
Reported Speech ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Spatial Prepositions ◽  
Linguistic Cues ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Mere Presence

Abstract Linguistic cues can encourage adults to adopt an other-centric rather than an egocentric perspective. This study investigated whether the presence of direct speech compared to indirect speech influences listeners’ choice of perspective when interpreting the Dutch spatial prepositions voor ‘in front of’ and achter ‘behind’. Dutch adults and 10 to 12-year-old children were tested in a sentence-picture verification task. Contrary to expectations, we found no difference between direct and indirect speech (Study 1), nor did we find a difference between reported and non-reported speech (Study 2). Most adult listeners adopted the contrasting perspective of the speaker, irrespective of how the information about the reported speech was expressed. We did find a difference between adults and children: children adopted the other person’s perspective less often than adults did. Overall, the results suggest that the mere presence of a reported speaker already is a cue for taking this speaker’s perspective.

scholarly journals The effect of genre on reporting speech: conversations and newspaper articles

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fleur Van der Houwen
Keyword(s):  
Reported Speech ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Complexity Hypothesis ◽  
Statistical Results ◽  
Qualitative Analyses ◽  
Newspaper Articles

<p>This study focuses on reported speech in two different genres: spoken conversation and newspaper articles. There are two basic structures that allow language users to report formerly uttered words: direct and indirect speech. Both structures serve to integrate former discourse into the ongoing discourse. In different genres, however, language users draw upon different language tools to meet their communicative aims. This study examines how this might affect the distribution of direct and indirect reports across conversations and newspaper articles. Two of various hypotheses that have been suggested for the different uses of direct and indirect reported speech are examined using qualitative and quantitative analyses: 1) that direct speech would be a &lsquo;less complex' strategy than indirect speech, in the sense that the reporter does not need to make deictic adaptations if we take the &lsquo;original' words as our starting point, and 2) that direct speech is a more involving strategy than indirect speech. While the statistical results confirm both hypotheses, the confirmation of the complexity hypothesis differs for the two genres studied and needs some refinement as will be show with further qualitative analyses.</p>

scholarly journals The advantage of story-telling: children's interpretation of reported speech in narratives

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 541-557
Author(s):  
FRANZISKA KÖDER ◽  
EMAR MAIER
Keyword(s):  
Information Transmission ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Reported Speech ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Transmission Setting ◽  
Referent Selection ◽  
Processing Effort ◽  
Dutch Children ◽  
Speech Reports

AbstractChildren struggle with the interpretation of pronouns in direct speech (Ann said, “I get a cookie”), but not in indirect speech (Ann said that she gets a cookie) (Köder & Maier, 2016). Yet children's books consistently favor direct over indirect speech (Baker & Freebody, 1989). To reconcile these seemingly contradictory findings, we hypothesize that the poor performance found by Köder and Maier (2016) is due to the information-transmission setting of that experiment, and that a narrative setting facilitates children's processing of direct speech. We tested 42 Dutch children (4;1–7;2) and 20 adults with a modified version of Köder and Maier's referent selection task, where participants interpret speech reports in an interactive story book. Results confirm our hypothesis: children are much better at interpreting pronouns in direct speech in such a narrative setting than they were in an information-transmission setting. This indicates that the pragmatic context of reports affects their processing effort.

scholarly journals Forms Used to Convey Reported Speech in French Epistolary Novel

2020 ◽  
pp. 100-111
Author(s):  
Olga Rogoza
Keyword(s):  
Honore De Balzac ◽  
Special Structure ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Reported Speech ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Pierre Choderlos De Laclos ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Epistolary Novel ◽  
Henry De Montherlant ◽  
Choderlos De Laclos

The article is focused on the study of forms used to convey reported speech in the French epistolary novel of the 18th–20th centuries. The study is based on the novels Les Liaisons dangereuses by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos, Mémoires de deux jeunes mariées by Honoré de Balzac, and Les jeunes filles by Henry de Montherlant, which are prominent examples of the epistolary novel of the respective epochs. Proceeding from duality of the epistolary novel, i.e., a combination of the form of a letter andthe genre of the novel, the French epistolary novel is defined by its special structure and composition, which determine perception of the information delivered in the novel. The form that conveys reported speech is aligned with writer’s intention. A descriptive variant of presenting dialogues prevails, while the use of direct speech in decisive moments of narration results from the pursuit of credibility. When the credibility is not more important, the reported speech is used to describe the characters and cover their characterisations. Indirect speech is used in an epistolary novel more often, but free indirect speech is virtually absent, which is explained by the absence of narrative speech that is usually interpreted via free indirect speech.

scholarly journals Students’ Ability at Changing Direct into Indirect Speech and Indirect into Direct Speech

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-185
Author(s):  
Muhammad Dalimunte ◽  
Maryati Salmiah
Keyword(s):  
Reported Speech ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
English Grammar ◽  
Learning English

Reported speech is one of difficult topics in learning English grammar, especially in changing the form from direct into indirect or reverse. Descriptive quantitative was used to find out the students’ ability in changing direct into indirect speech and reverse. There were five sentences that were changed by the students for two kinds of test. First, the test consisted of five direct sentences and the second, it consisted five indirect sentences.  As the conclusion of the students’ answers, the students found difficulties in changing those two kinds of sentences.  

scholarly journals French reportive comme clauses

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Desmets ◽  
Laurent Roussarie
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Reported Speech ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Central Notion ◽  
Puzzling Problem ◽  
Different Levels

In this paper, we present a surface-based analysis of a specific type of French parenthetical adjunct clauses introduced by the adverb comme (similar to as in English). The construction we focus on belongs to the domain of reported speech, and we call it reportive-comme clause (RCC). The set of data we consider exhibits a large amount of notable properties that can only be fully explained under the assumption of constructional constraints. Therefore, following Sag (1997) and Abeillé et al. (1998), we base our approach on the central notion of "construction". We claim that RCCs are adverbial extraction contexts. We integrate them in a cross-classified typed hierarchy as a subtype of relative clauses, and a subtype of head-adjunct and head-filler phrases. Semantic specifications of RCCs are expressed with constraints on different levels. We draw a general distinction between head-modifier adjuncts and parenthetical adjuncts in order to account for the fact that parenthetical adjuncts do not contribute the referential content of the head phrase they selected for. We posit two subtypes of RCCs determined by a Direct speech (and quotative) vs. Indirect speech distribution of properties. The two sets of defining constraints allow to characterize the restricted classes of verbs possible in the different RCCs, the syntactic realization (gap or pronominal affix) of their object argument and its anaphoric semantics. This treatment constitutes a more general proposal for direct speech or quoted argument selection, which is known as a puzzling problem of the syntax-semantic interface. It innovates in presenting a formalized account of reported speech phenomena and present a typed-based classification of the semantic relations of reported speech predicates.

On types of reported speech in English and Serbian newspaper discourse

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 165-182
Author(s):  
Vera VUJEVIĆ ĐURIC
Keyword(s):  
Potential Functions ◽  
Reported Speech ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Short Account ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Objective Representation

The paper aims to investigate and classify certain types of reported speech in English and Serbian newspaper discourse. After a short account of the most relevant theoretical reflections related to the phenomenon of reported speech, the paper presents an exemplified classification of the types of reported speech present in English and Serbian newspapers, as well as a description of their potential functions. Predominant forms of reported speech are direct and indirect speech, which can be explained by the overall tendency of newspapers to present a valid and objective representation of actual events. Other less frequently found types of reported speech are free indirect and free direct speech, yet their usage differs between English and Serbian. Although the mentioned types of reported speech are rare, the fact that they do appear occasionally raises the issue of the functions they are supposed to perform and the effect they are supposed to have on the reader.

scholarly journals W stronę badań słowiańskich kontekstów staropolskich apokryfów (2). Sposoby wprowadzania przytoczeń w Životě Krista Pána oraz Żywocie Pana Jezu Krysta Baltazara Opeca

2016 ◽  
pp. 7-27
Author(s):  
Karolina Borowiec
Keyword(s):  
Church Fathers ◽  
Reported Speech ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Polish Text ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Similar Stage ◽  
Different Levels

The aim of the article is to observe the similarities and differences concerning the formation of text by the writers of two Slavic Biblical-apocryphal narrations based on the analyses of the means of introduction of quotations in the Czech Život Krista Pána and in the Polish Żywot Pana Jezu Krysta by Baltazar Opec. The author of the article demonstrates that the texts were written at a similar stage of development of both vernacular languages and, consequently, they include structures at different levels of complexity – indirect speech coexists with direct speech and intermediate forms. The author indicates the differences and similarities in the way the metatext is constructed. For example, she contends that the author of ŽKP used direct speech much more often, introduced quotations serving as a commentary on specific events differently (e.g., from the Bible or Church Fathers), used different patterns when introducing the utterances of the protagonists of the story. Also, the author of the article shows that the quotations intertwined in the story Żywot Pana Jezu Krysta were more expensively modified in comparison to ŽKP. Moreover, the repertoire of structures used for the inclusion of reported speech into the main narration is richer in the Polish text.

scholarly journals Logophoric speech is not indirect: towards a syntactic approach to reported speech constructions

Linguistics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Nikitina ◽  
Anna Bugaeva
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Reported Speech ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Direct Discourse ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Syntactic Approach ◽  
Specific Meaning ◽  
Syntactic Properties

Abstract The distinction between direct and indirect speech has long been known not to reflect the crosslinguistic diversity of speech reporting strategies. Yet prominent typological approaches remain firmly grounded in that traditional distinction and look to place language-specific strategies on a universal continuum, treating them as deviations from the “direct” and “indirect” ideals. We argue that despite their methodological attractiveness, continuum approaches do not provide a solid basis for crosslinguistic comparison. We aim to present an alternative by exploring the syntax of logophoric speech, which has been commonly treated in the literature as representative of “semi-direct” discourse. Based on data from two unrelated languages, Wan (Mande) and Ainu (isolate), we show that certain varieties of logophoric speech share a number of syntactic properties with direct speech, and none with indirect speech. Many of the properties of indirect speech that are traditionally described in terms of perspective follow from its syntactically subordinate status. Constructions involving direct and logophoric speech, on the other hand, belong to a separate, universal type of structure. Our findings suggest that the alleged direct/indirect continuum conflates two independent aspects of speech reporting: the syntactic configuration in which the report is integrated, and language-specific meaning of indexical elements.

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