scholarly journals Forms Used to Convey Reported Speech in French Epistolary Novel

2020 ◽  
pp. 100-111
Author(s):  
Olga Rogoza
Keyword(s):  
Honore De Balzac ◽  
Special Structure ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Reported Speech ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Pierre Choderlos De Laclos ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Epistolary Novel ◽  
Henry De Montherlant ◽  
Choderlos De Laclos

The article is focused on the study of forms used to convey reported speech in the French epistolary novel of the 18th–20th centuries. The study is based on the novels Les Liaisons dangereuses by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos, Mémoires de deux jeunes mariées by Honoré de Balzac, and Les jeunes filles by Henry de Montherlant, which are prominent examples of the epistolary novel of the respective epochs. Proceeding from duality of the epistolary novel, i.e., a combination of the form of a letter andthe genre of the novel, the French epistolary novel is defined by its special structure and composition, which determine perception of the information delivered in the novel. The form that conveys reported speech is aligned with writer’s intention. A descriptive variant of presenting dialogues prevails, while the use of direct speech in decisive moments of narration results from the pursuit of credibility. When the credibility is not more important, the reported speech is used to describe the characters and cover their characterisations. Indirect speech is used in an epistolary novel more often, but free indirect speech is virtually absent, which is explained by the absence of narrative speech that is usually interpreted via free indirect speech.

scholarly journals Does reported speech influence listeners’ choice of perspective in the interpretation of spatial prepositions?

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 83-98
Author(s):  
Ariska I. Bonnema ◽  
Vera Hukker ◽  
Petra Hendriks
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Verification Task ◽  
Reported Speech ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Spatial Prepositions ◽  
Linguistic Cues ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Mere Presence

Abstract Linguistic cues can encourage adults to adopt an other-centric rather than an egocentric perspective. This study investigated whether the presence of direct speech compared to indirect speech influences listeners’ choice of perspective when interpreting the Dutch spatial prepositions voor ‘in front of’ and achter ‘behind’. Dutch adults and 10 to 12-year-old children were tested in a sentence-picture verification task. Contrary to expectations, we found no difference between direct and indirect speech (Study 1), nor did we find a difference between reported and non-reported speech (Study 2). Most adult listeners adopted the contrasting perspective of the speaker, irrespective of how the information about the reported speech was expressed. We did find a difference between adults and children: children adopted the other person’s perspective less often than adults did. Overall, the results suggest that the mere presence of a reported speaker already is a cue for taking this speaker’s perspective.

scholarly journals Mowa niezależna wprowadzana przez iże w staropolskich apokryfach. Perspektywa źródłowa

2021 ◽  
Vol LXXVII (77) ◽  
pp. 227-243
Author(s):  
DOROTA ROJSZCZAK-ROBIŃSKA
Keyword(s):  
Intermediate Stage ◽  
Reported Speech ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Polish Language

W polszczyźnie średniowiecznej widoczny jest pewien etap pośredni w procesie kształtowania się mowy zależnej. W tekstach pojawiają się konstrukcje mieszane, w których spójnik że (iż/iże) wyrażający relację podrzędną, typowy dla wprowadzania mowy zależnej, wprowadza mowę niezależną. W artykule analizuję relację tych konstrukcji do źródeł łacińskich na przykładzie staropolskich apokryfów. Pojawiają się często tam, gdzie w danym miejscu w tekście źródłowych obecne były konstrukcje obce językowi polskiemu, jak ACI, a także gdy przytoczenie w źródle było wprowadzone przez quia, które mogło wprowadzać mowę zależną i niezależną lub być częścią samego przytoczenia jako partykuła. Konstrukcje mieszane pojawiają się też tam, gdzie granica kompilacji przebiegała właśnie w miejscu wprowadzania przytoczenia. Problemem dla staropolskich autorów było też przenikanie się poziomów fabuły i rzeczywistości pozafabularnej. Direct speech introduced by iże in Old Polish apocrypha. A source perspective Summary: An intermediate stage of the formation of reported speech can be observed in the Old Polish period. Polish medieval texts include mixed constructions in which the conjunction że (iż/iże), expressing a subordinate relation and typically introducing reported speech, introduces direct speech. Using Old Polish ROBIŃSKAapocrypha as the source of data, the paper examines the relation between these constructions and Latin sources. The analysed constructions often appear in places where in the source text there were constructions unknown to the Polish language, such as Accusativus cum infinitivo, or where the quotation in the source text was introduced by a quia that could introduce indirect and indirect speech or be, as a particle, part of the quotation itself. Mixed constructs also appear in places where the compilation boundary coincides with the introduction of a quotation. Another problem for Old Polish authors was the overlapping of the levels of the plot and the nonfiction reality.

scholarly journals Ivan Karamazov as a Philosophical Type—but which one?

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 54-75
Author(s):  
Kåre Johan Mjør
Keyword(s):  
Structural Organization ◽  
The Other ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Reported Speech ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Moral Sensibility ◽  
The Brothers Karamazov ◽  
Brothers Karamazov ◽  
The One

The article analyses a set of philosophical statements made by and attributed to Ivan Karamazov in Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov, in order to answer the question as to what kind of philosophy Ivan may be said to express in the novel. My close reading reveals that there is a significant distinction between, on the one hand,  Ivan's most radical statements, that is his rational egoism and the idea that "everything is permitted," which are always given in reported speech, and on the other the “Ivan of direct speech,” a character characterized by far more moral sensibility (e.g. in the Pro et contra part). On the basis of these findings the article seeks to bring together two traditions in the reception of Dostoevsky—the philosophical and the narratological. By letting these approaches inform one another I suggest ways in which the structural organization of the text is itself a bearer of philosophical meaning. Moreover, the article takes seriously Bakhtin's claim that Dostoevsky's heroes are not merely stable representations of ideas, but engage with them through dialogue and encounters with others, as exemplified by Ivan Karamazov himself as well as by other characters' responses to his articulations. 

scholarly journals The effect of genre on reporting speech: conversations and newspaper articles

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fleur Van der Houwen
Keyword(s):  
Reported Speech ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Complexity Hypothesis ◽  
Statistical Results ◽  
Qualitative Analyses ◽  
Newspaper Articles

<p>This study focuses on reported speech in two different genres: spoken conversation and newspaper articles. There are two basic structures that allow language users to report formerly uttered words: direct and indirect speech. Both structures serve to integrate former discourse into the ongoing discourse. In different genres, however, language users draw upon different language tools to meet their communicative aims. This study examines how this might affect the distribution of direct and indirect reports across conversations and newspaper articles. Two of various hypotheses that have been suggested for the different uses of direct and indirect reported speech are examined using qualitative and quantitative analyses: 1) that direct speech would be a &lsquo;less complex' strategy than indirect speech, in the sense that the reporter does not need to make deictic adaptations if we take the &lsquo;original' words as our starting point, and 2) that direct speech is a more involving strategy than indirect speech. While the statistical results confirm both hypotheses, the confirmation of the complexity hypothesis differs for the two genres studied and needs some refinement as will be show with further qualitative analyses.</p>

scholarly journals Speech, Thought and Writing Representation Modes in Jane Austenʼs Novel Sense and Sensibility

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (22) ◽  
pp. 116-142
Author(s):  
Maja Kovacevic ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Jane Austen ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Direct Writing ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Word Analysis ◽  
Speech Representation ◽  
Sense And Sensibility

Bakhtin’s views (1980:127-130) on the importance of studying speech representation and its interaction with authorial context incited prolific research in various disciplines. The research presented in this paper is based on Bakhtin’s crucial claims about speech representation, and on the theoretical framework of linguistic stylistics (Kovačević 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015; Katnić-Bakaršić 2001) and representology (Kovačević 2015:253-254). The aim of this paper is twofold—to identify the types of speech, thought and writing representation employed in the novel Sense and Sensibility and to describe their interaction with the authorial context. The method applied is‘word by word’ analysis, where in the first stage the modes of speech, thought and writing representation are identified; in the next stage their interaction with authorial context is described. The modes of speech are classified and differentiated by combining the classifications of representation modes in Serbian and English (Leech and Short 2007; Semino and Short 2004; Kovačević 2013). The results of the analysis prove that Jane Austen employs the following modes to repоrt speech, thought and writing: indirect speech/thought/writing, narrator’s report of speech act/ thought act/writing act, expressive indirect speech/thought, free indirect speech/thought, direct speech (monologue, dialogue, polylogue), free direct speech, line of dialogue, fragmental quote, hypothetical speech, direct thought, free direct thought, direct writing, embedded speech/thought. Predominantly, the line of interaction between authorial speech and direct speech involves the former being parenthetically embedded into foregrounded direct speech, amalgamating with the free indirect thought/speech or having as an attachment a ”package” of different embedded modes of speech/thought/writing representation. Primarily indirect thought, free indirect thought, direct thought, and free direct thought are the modes employed to characterise Elinor Dashwood, while on the other side the modes of direct speech, free direct speech, free indirect speech and direct writing combined with numerous mimetic markers prevail in depicting her sister Marianne. It is through the stylistically effective transitions between these modes and their interaction with the authorial context that the total antithetical effect regarding the sense and sensibility principles is obtained on the syntactic-stylistic level.

scholarly journals The advantage of story-telling: children's interpretation of reported speech in narratives

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 541-557
Author(s):  
FRANZISKA KÖDER ◽  
EMAR MAIER
Keyword(s):  
Information Transmission ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Reported Speech ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Transmission Setting ◽  
Referent Selection ◽  
Processing Effort ◽  
Dutch Children ◽  
Speech Reports

AbstractChildren struggle with the interpretation of pronouns in direct speech (Ann said, “I get a cookie”), but not in indirect speech (Ann said that she gets a cookie) (Köder & Maier, 2016). Yet children's books consistently favor direct over indirect speech (Baker & Freebody, 1989). To reconcile these seemingly contradictory findings, we hypothesize that the poor performance found by Köder and Maier (2016) is due to the information-transmission setting of that experiment, and that a narrative setting facilitates children's processing of direct speech. We tested 42 Dutch children (4;1–7;2) and 20 adults with a modified version of Köder and Maier's referent selection task, where participants interpret speech reports in an interactive story book. Results confirm our hypothesis: children are much better at interpreting pronouns in direct speech in such a narrative setting than they were in an information-transmission setting. This indicates that the pragmatic context of reports affects their processing effort.

scholarly journals Students’ Ability at Changing Direct into Indirect Speech and Indirect into Direct Speech

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-185
Author(s):  
Muhammad Dalimunte ◽  
Maryati Salmiah
Keyword(s):  
Reported Speech ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
English Grammar ◽  
Learning English

Reported speech is one of difficult topics in learning English grammar, especially in changing the form from direct into indirect or reverse. Descriptive quantitative was used to find out the students’ ability in changing direct into indirect speech and reverse. There were five sentences that were changed by the students for two kinds of test. First, the test consisted of five direct sentences and the second, it consisted five indirect sentences.  As the conclusion of the students’ answers, the students found difficulties in changing those two kinds of sentences.  

scholarly journals French reportive comme clauses

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Desmets ◽  
Laurent Roussarie
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Reported Speech ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Central Notion ◽  
Puzzling Problem ◽  
Different Levels

In this paper, we present a surface-based analysis of a specific type of French parenthetical adjunct clauses introduced by the adverb comme (similar to as in English). The construction we focus on belongs to the domain of reported speech, and we call it reportive-comme clause (RCC). The set of data we consider exhibits a large amount of notable properties that can only be fully explained under the assumption of constructional constraints. Therefore, following Sag (1997) and Abeillé et al. (1998), we base our approach on the central notion of "construction". We claim that RCCs are adverbial extraction contexts. We integrate them in a cross-classified typed hierarchy as a subtype of relative clauses, and a subtype of head-adjunct and head-filler phrases. Semantic specifications of RCCs are expressed with constraints on different levels. We draw a general distinction between head-modifier adjuncts and parenthetical adjuncts in order to account for the fact that parenthetical adjuncts do not contribute the referential content of the head phrase they selected for. We posit two subtypes of RCCs determined by a Direct speech (and quotative) vs. Indirect speech distribution of properties. The two sets of defining constraints allow to characterize the restricted classes of verbs possible in the different RCCs, the syntactic realization (gap or pronominal affix) of their object argument and its anaphoric semantics. This treatment constitutes a more general proposal for direct speech or quoted argument selection, which is known as a puzzling problem of the syntax-semantic interface. It innovates in presenting a formalized account of reported speech phenomena and present a typed-based classification of the semantic relations of reported speech predicates.

scholarly journals БИЛВОСИТА НУТҚ — “ЛОЛАЗОР” РОМАНИДА БЕВОСИТА ПСИХОЛОГИЗМ КЎРИНИШЛАРИДАН БИРИ СИФАТИДА

2019 ◽  
pp. 195-203
Author(s):  
Mavlon Bobokhonov
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Inner Speech ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Inner World

Мақолада ўзиники бўлмаган кўчирма гапнинг персонаж ички оламини тасвирлашдаги ўрни ўрганилган. Психологизм бевосита кўриниши ҳисобланадиган ички нутқнинг роман қаҳрамонлари руҳиятини очишдаги роли аниқланган. Ўзиники бўлмаган кўчирма гап адабиётшуносликда билвосита муаллиф нутқи сифатида қўлланилишига изоҳ берилиб, соҳа мутахассисларининг бу борадаги фикрларига муносабат билдирилган. Билвосита нутқнинг “Лолазор” романида бевосита психологизм кўринишларидан бири сифатида келиши исботланган. В статье изучается место несобственно-прямой речи в изображении внутреннего мира персонажа. Раскрывается роль этого вида внутренней речи, являющегося разновидностью психологизма. Разъясняется, что несобственно-прямая речь используется в литературоведении как косвенная речь, даётся собственная точка зрения по поводу того, как специалисты отностятся к этому явлению. Утверждается, что косвенная речь является разновидностью прямого психологизма в романе “Край, покрытый тюльпанами”. The article examines the place of indirect speech in the image of the character's inner world. The role of this type of inner speech, which is a kind of psychologism, is revealed. It is explained that improperly direct speech is used in literary criticism as indirect speech, and given own point of view about how specialists relate to this phenomenon. It is argued that indirect speech is a kind of direct psychologism in the novel “The Edge Covered with Tulips”.

On types of reported speech in English and Serbian newspaper discourse

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 165-182
Author(s):  
Vera VUJEVIĆ ĐURIC
Keyword(s):  
Potential Functions ◽  
Reported Speech ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Short Account ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Objective Representation

The paper aims to investigate and classify certain types of reported speech in English and Serbian newspaper discourse. After a short account of the most relevant theoretical reflections related to the phenomenon of reported speech, the paper presents an exemplified classification of the types of reported speech present in English and Serbian newspapers, as well as a description of their potential functions. Predominant forms of reported speech are direct and indirect speech, which can be explained by the overall tendency of newspapers to present a valid and objective representation of actual events. Other less frequently found types of reported speech are free indirect and free direct speech, yet their usage differs between English and Serbian. Although the mentioned types of reported speech are rare, the fact that they do appear occasionally raises the issue of the functions they are supposed to perform and the effect they are supposed to have on the reader.

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