Antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus spp. isolated from laying hens of backyard poultry floks

The current study investigated the impact of chicken litter application on the abundance of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus spp. in agricultural soil. Soil samples were collected from five different strategic places on a sugarcane farm before and after manure application for four months. Chicken litter samples were also collected. Enterococci were enumerated using the Enterolert®/Quanti-Tray 2000® system and confirm and differentiated into species using real-time PCR. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolates was determined using the disk diffusion method following the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines. The overall mean bacterial count was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in manure-amended soil (3.87 × 107 MPN/g) than unamended soil (2.89 × 107 MPN/g). Eight hundred and thirty-five enterococci (680 from soil and 155 from litter) were isolated, with E. casseliflavus being the most prevalent species (469; 56.2%) and E. gallinarum being the least (16; 1.2%). Approximately 56% of all the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic tested, with the highest resistance observed against tetracycline (33%) and the lowest against chloramphenicol (0.1%); 17% of E. faecium were resistant to quinupristin-dalfopristin. Additionally, 27.9% (130/466) of the isolates were multidrug-resistant, with litter-amended soil harbouring more multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates (67.7%; 88/130) than unamended soil (10.0%; 13/130). All isolates were susceptible to tigecycline, linezolid and gentamicin. About 7% of the isolates had a multiple antimicrobial resistance index > 0.2, indicative of high antibiotic exposure. Although organic fertilizers are regarded as eco-friendly compared to chemical fertilizers for improving soil fertility, the application of untreated animal manure could promote the accumulation of antibiotics and their residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the soil, creating an environmental reservoir of antimicrobial resistance, with potential human and environmental health risks.

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Bacterial microbiota present in the gallbladder of cattle and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus isolates

Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/1678-41625422 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 66 (3) ◽

pp. 641-647

Author(s):

F.S. Dias ◽

I.F. Santos ◽

R.M. Franco ◽

E.R. Nascimento

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Gallbladder Epithelium ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Bacterial Microbiota ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Enterococcus Spp ◽

Persistent Carrier ◽

Sanitary Conditions

Pathogenic microorganisms can reside transiently or permanently in the gallbladder of cattle. Thus, during slaughter, more attention should be given to the gastrointestinal tract, especially to the accessory organ, the gallbladder. The main aim of this study was to characterize the bacterial microbiota present in bile and gallbladder epithelium of cattle slaughtered in a slaughtering plant under sanitary conditions and to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance in strains of the genus Staphylococcus. Thirty intact gallbladders were collected and the in bile and epithelium were researched for the presence of Aerobic Mesophilic Heterotrophic Bacteria (AMHB), Staphylococcusspp., total Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus spp. and Salmonella spp. The frequency of isolation of the microorganism mentioned above were, respectively: 23.02%, 14.39%, 13.67%, 24.46%, 0% and 24.46%. Concerning both gallbladder environments, the frequency of isolation of the microorganisms in the epithelium was 64.03%, and in the bile 35.97%, with no statistical difference, but with significant difference between the population averages. In antimicrobial susceptibility testing, strains of Staphylococcusfrom both bile and gallbladder epithelium showed sensitivity to the antimicrobials: penicillin G, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol and gentamicin. The observation that the gallbladder supports a high frequency of microorganisms brings us to the possible fact that cattle might be a persistent carrier of pathogens of great importance to public health.

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Antimicrobial Resistance in Enterococcus spp. of animal origin

Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria from Livestock and Companion Animals ◽

10.1128/9781555819804.ch9 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 185-227 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Carmen Torres ◽

Carla Andrea Alonso ◽

Laura Ruiz-Ripa ◽

Ricardo León-Sampedro ◽

Rosa del Campo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Enterococcus Spp

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Genetic Structure and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli and Cryptic Clades in Birds with Diverse Human Associations

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.00861-15 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 81 (15) ◽

pp. 5123-5133 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Michaela D. J. Blyton ◽

Hongfei Pi ◽

Belinda Vangchhia ◽

Sam Abraham ◽

Darren J. Trott ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Wild Birds ◽

Phylogenetic Groups ◽

Treatment Protocols ◽

Content Type ◽

Backyard Poultry ◽

Wildlife Rehabilitation ◽

Wilderness Areas

ABSTRACTThe manner and extent to which birds associate with humans may influence the genetic attributes and antimicrobial resistance of their commensalEscherichiacommunities through strain transmission and altered selection pressures. In this study, we determined whether the distribution of the differentEscherichia coliphylogenetic groups and cryptic clades, the occurrence of 49 virulence associated genes, and/or the prevalence of resistance to 12 antimicrobials differed between four groups of birds from Australia with contrasting types of human association. We found that birds sampled in suburban and wilderness areas had similarEscherichiacommunities. TheEscherichiacommunities of backyard domestic poultry were phylogenetically distinct from theEscherichiacommunities sourced from all other birds, with a large proportion (46%) of poultry strains belonging to phylogenetic group A and a significant minority (17%) belonging to the cryptic clades. Wild birds sampled from veterinary and wildlife rehabilitation centers (in-care birds) carriedEscherichiaisolates that possessed particular virulence-associated genes more often thanEscherichiaisolates from birds sampled in suburban and wilderness areas. TheEscherichiaisolates from both the backyard poultry and in-care birds were more likely to be multidrug resistant than theEscherichiaisolates from wild birds. We also detected a multidrug-resistantE. colistrain circulating in a wildlife rehabilitation center, reinforcing the importance of adequate hygiene practices when handling and caring for wildlife. We suggest that the relatively high frequency of antimicrobial resistance in the in-care birds and backyard poultry is due primarily to the use of antimicrobials in these animals, and we recommend that the treatment protocols used for these birds be reviewed.

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Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of non-typhoidal Salmonella serotypes isolated from laying hens and broiler chicken farms in N’Djamena, Chad

Veterinary Microbiology ◽

10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.010 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 166 (1-2) ◽

pp. 293-298 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Djim-adjim Tabo ◽

Colette D. Diguimbaye ◽

Sophie A. Granier ◽

Frédérique Moury ◽

Anne Brisabois ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Broiler Chicken ◽

Laying Hens ◽

Salmonella Serotypes

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Prevalence, Persistence, and Antimicrobial Resistance ofCampylobacterspp. from Eggs and Laying Hens Housed in Five Commercial Housing Systems

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease ◽

10.1089/fpd.2017.2404 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (8) ◽

pp. 506-516 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Estefanía Novoa Rama ◽

Matthew Bailey ◽

Deana R. Jones ◽

Richard K. Gast ◽

Ken Anderson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Laying Hens ◽

Housing Systems ◽

Commercial Housing

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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp. and the Major Foodborne Pathogens in Calves in Latvia

Foodborne Pathogens and Disease ◽

10.1089/fpd.2018.2523 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 35-41

Author(s):

Margarita Terentjeva ◽

Madara Streikiša ◽

Jeļena Avsejenko ◽

Jūlija Trofimova ◽

Kaspars Kovaļenko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Foodborne Pathogens ◽

Enterococcus Spp

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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Indicator Organisms Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. Isolated from U.S. Animal Food, 2005–2011

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms8071048 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (7) ◽

pp. 1048 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Beilei Ge ◽

Kelly J. Domesle ◽

Stuart A. Gaines ◽

Claudia Lam ◽

Sonya M. Bodeis Jones ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Animal Feed ◽

The United States ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Indicator Organisms ◽

Pet Food ◽

Animal Food ◽

E Coli ◽

Enterococcus Spp

The role animal food plays in the introduction of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria into the human food chain is not well understood. We conducted an analysis of 1025 samples (647 pet food and 378 animal feed) collected across the United States during 2005–2011 for two indicator organisms (Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp.). The overall prevalence ranged from 12.5% for E. coli to 45.2% for Enterococcus spp., and 11.2% of samples harbored both organisms. Regardless of bacterial genus, animal feed had significantly higher prevalence than pet food (p < 0.001). A general downward trend in prevalence was observed from 2005 to 2009 followed by an upward trend thereafter. Among E. coli isolates (n = 241), resistance was highest to tetracycline (11.2%) and below 5% for fourteen other antimicrobials. Among Enterococcus spp. isolates (n = 1074), Enterococcus faecium (95.1%) was the predominant species. Resistance was most common to tetracycline (30.1%) and ciprofloxacin (10.7%), but below 10% for thirteen other antimicrobials. Multidrug-resistant organisms were observed among both E. coli and Enterococcus spp. isolates at 3.3%. Compared to National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) 2011 retail meat and animal data, the overall resistance for both organisms was much lower in animal food. These findings help establish a historic baseline for the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance among U.S. animal food products and future efforts may be needed to monitor changes over time.

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Influence of Housing Systems on Microbial Load and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Escherichia coli Isolates from Eggs Produced for Human Consumption

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-182 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 75 (5) ◽

pp. 847-853 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

ELENA ÁLVAREZ-FERNÁNDEZ ◽

JESSICA DOMÍNGUEZ-RODRÍGUEZ ◽

ROSA CAPITA ◽

CARLOS ALONSO-CALLEJA

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Housing System ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Aerobic Bacteria ◽

Human Consumption ◽

E Coli ◽

Free Range ◽

Housing Systems ◽

Enterococcus Spp

Microbial counts (aerobic bacteria, psychrotrophs, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, Pseudomonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and molds and yeasts) were obtained for the shells of 240 table eggs in northwestern Spain. Eggs from six sources (40 samples in each) were analyzed: chicken eggs from five different housing systems (conventional battery cages, barn, free range, organic, and domestic breeding) and quail eggs (cages). A total of 120 Escherichia coli strains (20 from each source) were tested by the disk diffusion method for resistance to 12 antimicrobial drugs of veterinary and human health significance. Aerobic plate counts ranged from 1.96 ± 1.0 (barn) to 3.69 ± 0.7 (domestic) log CFU/cm2. Counts for most microbial groups differed significantly between sources. Eggs from domestic production had the highest contamination loads (P < 0.05) for aerobic bacteria, Enterococcus spp., and molds and yeasts and the highest prevalence of E. coli. Twenty-three E. coli isolates (19.17%) were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested, and 80.83% were resistant to one (22.50%) or more (58.33%) antimicrobials. The housing system had a significant influence (P < 0.05) on the average resistance per strain, with the highest resistance in conventional cage (2.85) and barn (3.10) systems followed by free range (1.55) and quail (1.95). Eggs from organic (1.00) and domestic (0.75) production systems had the lowest resistance per strain. The highest prevalence of resistance was observed for the groups of antimicrobials more frequently used on poultry farms. Our results suggest that a relationship exists between the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli strains and the more frequent use of antimicrobials in conventional (cage, barn, and free range) than in domestic and organic chicken housing systems. Education covering good sanitary practices for handling eggs to avoid cross-contamination or inadequate cooking is needed.

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