scholarly journals Pengembangan katalis Kalsium Oksida untuk sintesis biodiesel

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Widdy Andya Fanny ◽  
S Subagjo ◽  
Tirto Prakoso
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Bet Method ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Alternative Energy Resources ◽  
Basic Strength

The Improvement of Calcium Oxide Catalyst for Biodiesel Synthesis The development of industrial’s sector resulted in increasing demand for fuel. Fuel used is obtained from fossil fuel which is limited, and it produces several harmful gases to environment. To overcome these obstacles, the research on alternative energy resources has begun. Biodiesel has become more attractive because of its environmental benefits and it is made from renewable resources. Biodiesel is produced from vegetable oil by transesterification reaction. The aim of this research is development of CaO become super base CaO as heterogeneous for biodiesel synthesis by transesterification. The activities of both catalysts were tested by transesterification reaction in batch reactor at 60–65 oC for 4 hours. Both of those catalysts were characterized; include crystallinity by XRD, strength of base and surface area by BET method. Those solids have the basic strength about 10–11, crystalline structures, and the surface area of super base CaO about 7.7 m2/g and CaO about 9.6 m2/g. The content of methyl ester in biodiesel produced reaches 98.8%. According to SNI (minimal 96.5 %-wt) and ASTM, biodiesel of this reaction can be used as renewable energy source. Keywords: CaO, super base CaO, transesterification, biodiesel Abstrak Berkembangnya industri di dunia mengakibatkan meningkatnya kebutuhan akan bahan bakar. Selama ini bahan bakar yang digunakan diperoleh dari bahan bakar fosil yang jumlahnya terbatas, terlebih lagi hasil pembakaran bahan bakar fosil cenderung tidak ramah lingkungan. Untuk mengatasi berbagai kendala yang ditimbulkan dari penggunaan bahan bakar fosil, penelitian terhadap sumber energi alternatif mulai dilakukan. Biodiesel menarik perhatian dunia karena hasil pembakarannya lebih ramah lingkungan dan berasal dari sumber yang terbarukan. Biodiesel dihasilkan dari minyak nabati melalui reaksi transesterifikasi.Penelitian ini mengembangkan katalis CaO menjadi katalis CaO super basa untuk reaksi transesterifikasi pembentukan biodiesel. Aktivitas katalis CaO dan katalis CaO super basa tersebut diuji melalui reaksi transesterifikasi di dalam reaktor partaian pada suhu 60–65 oC selama 4 jam. Karakterisasi padatan meliputi uji kristalinitas dengan metode XRD, uji kekuatan basa, dan uji luas permukaan dengan metode BET. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa padatan memiliki kekuatan basa berkisar 10–11, bersifat kristalin, dan memiliki luas permukaan sebesar 7,7 m2/g untuk CaO super basa dan 9,6 m2/g untuk CaO. Kadar metil ester biodiesel yang dihasilkan mencapai 98,8%. Kadar metil ester menurut SNI (minimal 96,5 %-b) dan ASTM, biodiesel dari reaksi ini dapat digunakan sebagai sumber energi terbarukan. Kata Kunci: CaO, CaO super basa, transesterifikasi, biodiesel

scholarly journals Biodiesel Synthesis From Waste Cooking Oil Using CaO.SrO Catalyst By Transesterification Reaction In Batch Reactor

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-141
Author(s):  
Nuni Widiarti ◽  
Ismi Arinal Haq ◽  
F. Widhi Mahatmanti ◽  
Harjito Harjito ◽  
Cepi Kurniawan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Catalyst Surface ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
And Shifts

CaO is a very good catalyst for oil transesterification reactions into biodiesel, but requires a reaction time of 2 hours to obtain equilibrium. The time of CaO catalysis reaction can be accelerated by modifying the CaO catalyst with SrO. Synthesis biodiesel of waste cooking oil has been successfully conducted by transesterification reaction that used batch reactor assisted by CaO.SrO catalyst. The aim of this study is to determine the characteristics and catalytic activity of catalyst in the transesterification reaction. Catalysts have been successfully synthesized by coprecipitation method with oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:1, and its calcined at 800oC for 3 hours. Catalyst was characterized by XRD to determine the crystallinity. The smaller catalyst crystallinity obtained as the decline in intensity and shifts diffraction angles of CaO modified SrO catalyst. Surface area of catalyst characterized by SAA, that allow surface area between CaO modified SrO by 10.217 m2/g. Transesterification reaction performed on variation time (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 minutes), and the catalysts amount (1, 2, 4, 6, 8% w/v). The optimum condition of catalytic activity in reaction for 2 hours and the catalyst amount is 1% w/v of reactants that produce yield of biodiesel is 96.4%.

scholarly journals Karakterisasi Katalis CaO dan Uji Aktivitas pada Kinetika Reaksi Transesterifikasi Minyak Kedelai

METANA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
Setiarto Pratigto ◽  
Istadi Istadi ◽  
Dyah Hesti Wardhani
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Free Variable ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Base Strength ◽  
Velocity Equation ◽  
High Base ◽  
The Relationship

Penelitian ini akan mengkaji kinetika reaksi transesterifikasi minyak kedelai dengan metanol menggunakan katalis CaO dengan parameter rasio mol reaktan terhadap konversi metil ester yang digunakan untuk menentukan persamaan kecepatan reaksi. Katalis CaO digunakan untuk reaksi transesterifikasi karena memiliki kekuatan basa yang tinggi, ramah lingkungan, kelarutan yang rendah dalam metanol. Kinetika reaksi untuk reaktor batch dihitung saat reaksi berlangsung berdasarkan rejim surface area limited yang menentukan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bentuk persamaan kecepatan reaksi transesterifikasi minyak kedelai dan metanol menggunakan katalis CaO menurut metode differential reactor. Penelitian dilakukan dengan reaksi transesterifikasi minyak kedelai dan metanol dengan katalis CaO dengan variabel bebas perbandingan mol reaktan. Hasil penelitian mengemukakan metanol teradsorpsi di permukaan katalis dan trigliserida tidak teradsorpsi di permukaan katalis menunjukkan mekanisme reaksi katalitik Eley-Rideal. Persamaan kecepatan reaksi dapat digunakan dalam perancangan reaktor, sehingga hubungan antara konversi trigliserida menjadi biodiesel dengan kebutuhan berat katalis dan volume reaktor yang diperlukan dapat diprediksi. This study will examine the kinetics of the transesterification reaction of soybean oil with methanol using a CaO catalyst with the parameters of the mole ratio of reactants to the conversion of methyl esters used to determine the reaction velocity equation. CaO catalyst is used for transesterification reaction because it has high base strength, environmentally friendly, low solubility in methanol. The reaction kinetics for a batch reactor are calculated when the reaction takes place based on a decisive surface area limited regime. The purpose of this study was to determine the shape of the speed equation for the transesterification of soybean oil and methanol using a CaO catalyst according to the differential reactor method. The research was carried out with the transesterification reaction of soybean oil and methanol with a CaO catalyst with a free variable ratio of reactant moles. The results of the study revealed that methanol adsorbed on the surface of the catalyst and triglycerides not adsorbed on the surface of the catalyst showed an Eley-Rideal catalytic reaction mechanism. The reaction speed equation can be used in reactor design, so the relationship between the conversion of triglycerides to biodiesel with the required catalyst weight and the reactor volume required can be predicted.

scholarly journals Energy Production from Forest Biomass: An Overview

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Cristina Gonçalves ◽  
Isabel Malico ◽  
Adélia M.O. Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Forest Sustainability ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Conversion Technologies ◽  
Biomass For Energy

As long as care is taken regarding stand and forest sustainability, forest biomass is an interesting alternative to fossil fuels because of its historical use as an energy source, its relative abundance and availability worldwide, and the fact that it is carbon-neutral. This study encompasses the revision of the state of the sources of forest biomass for energy and their estimation, the impacts on forests of biomass removal, the current demand and use of forest biomass for energy, and the most used energy conversion technologies. Forests can provide large amounts of biomass that can be used for energy. However, as the resources are limited, the increasing demand for biomass brings about management challenges. Stand structure is determinant for the amount of residues produced. Biomass can be estimated with high accuracy using both forest inventory and remote sensing. Yet, remote sensing enables biomass estimation and monitoring in shorter time periods. Different bioenergy uses and conversion technologies are characterized by different efficiencies, which should be a factor to consider in the choice of the best suited technology. Carefully analyzing the different options in terms of available conversion technologies, end-uses, costs, environmental benefits, and alternative energy vectors is of utmost importance.

scholarly journals PENGARUH RASIO MOLAR MINYAK JELANTAH DENGAN METANOL DAN SUHU REAKSI DALAM REAKSI TRANSESTERFKASI TERKATALIS CaO/ZEOLIT ALAM TERHADAP YIELD BIODIESEL

Jurnal Kimia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Malia ◽  
Putu Suarya ◽  
Ida Ayu Raka Astiti Asih ◽  
I Made Wisnu Adhi Putra
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Co2 Absorption ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Bet Method

The research of transesterification reaction catalyzed by CaO/natural zeolite has been carried out. This work was aimed to obtain the high yield of biodiesel. The supporting process of CaO on natural zeolite (CaO/ZAA) was done by using wet impregnation method and characterization of CaO/ZAA was performed using XRD, FTIR and the determination of specific surface area of natural zeolite as CaO supporter was performed by BET method. This research aims to study the influence of transesterification reaction which was executed by varying molar ratio of oil to methanol and reaction temperature. Analysis of functional groups and minerals using FTIR and XRD, respectively, showed no significant changes before and after the impregnation of CaO on natural zeolites. CaO supported on natural zeolite was undetected by FTIR. Instead, it was detected by the vibration of carbonate groups as the result of the CO2 absorption by CaO and the result of surface area analysis using BET method showed that the greater the size of natural zeolite, the smaller the specific surface area of catalyst. The result analysis using BET method showed that the spesific surface area of 200 mesh sized natural zeolite as CaO supporter was 9.993 m2/g. The simple gravimetric test revealed that  the amount of CaO supported on 200 mesh sized natural zeolite was 0.2155 g/g. It was concluded that CaO/ZAA 200 mesh was the most suitable catalyst which was then used in the production of biodiesel. The transesterification result showed that the highest biodiesel yield of 98.34% was gained at molar ratio of oil to methanol of 1:15 and at the temperature of 60 oC. The GC-MS analysis indicated that the main components of the biodiesel were methyl palmitate and methyl oleate.

Development and Characterization of Amine-Clay Hybrid Adsorbents for CO2 Capture

2016 ◽  
Vol 1133 ◽  
pp. 547-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali E.I. Elkhalifah ◽  
Mohammad Azmi Bustam ◽  
Azmi Mohd Shariff ◽  
Sami Ullah ◽  
Nadia Riaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Surface Properties ◽  
Molar Mass ◽  
Adsorption Ability ◽  
Stepwise Increase ◽  
Inverse Effect ◽  
Bet Method ◽  
Sodium Form

The present work aims at a better understanding of the influences of the intercalated mono-, di- and triethanolamines on the characteristics and CO2 adsorption ability of sodium form of bentonite (Na-bentonite). The results revealed that the molar mass of intercalated amines significantly influenced the structural and surface properties as well as the CO2 adsorption capacity of Na-bentonite. In this respect, a stepwise increase in the d-spacing of Na-bentonite with the molar mass of amine was recorded by XRD technique. However, an inverse effect of the molar mass of amine on the surface area was confirmed by BET method. CO2 adsorption experiments on amine-bentonite hybrid adsorbents showed that the CO2 adsorption capacity inversly related to the molar mass of amine at 25 ͦC and 101 kPa. Accordingly, Na-bentonite modified by monoethanolammonium cations adsorbed as high as 0.475 mmol CO2/g compared to 0.148 and 0.087 mmol CO2/g for that one treated with di- and triethanolammonium cations, respectively.

scholarly journals Production of High Purity Biosurfactants Using Heavy Oil Residues as Carbon Source

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3557
Author(s):  
Athina Mandalenaki ◽  
Nicolas Kalogerakis ◽  
Eleftheria Antoniou
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Heavy Oil ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Heavy Oil Residues ◽  
Oil Residue ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Heavy Oil Residue

Typically, oil pollution cleanup procedures following first response actions include dispersion. Crude oil is biodegradable, and its bioavailability can be increased when dispersed into very fine droplets by means of chemical surfactants. Although their use is widely spread in many applications, the latter may prove toxic, depending on the extent of use. The use of biological means, such as bioremediation and biosurfactants, has emerged over the past years as a very promising ‘green’ alternative technology. Biosurfactants (BSs) are amphiphilic molecules produced by microorganisms during biodegradation, thus increasing the bioavailability of the organic pollutants. It is their biodegradability and low toxicity that render BSs as a very promising alternative to the synthetic ones. Alcanivorax borkumensis SK2 strain ability to produce BSs, without any impurities from the substrate, was investigated. The biosurfactant production was scaled up by means of a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and a heavy oil residue substrate as the carbon source. The product is free from substrate impurities, and its efficiency is tested on oil bioremediation in the marine environment. The product’s dispersion efficiency was determined by the baffled flask test. The production method proposed can have a significant impact to the market, given the ever-increasing demand for ecologically friendly, reliable, commercially viable and economically competitive environmental cleanup techniques.

scholarly journals Performance of Seawater Activated Battery as Alternative Energy Resources

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Masrufaiyah Masrufaiyah ◽  
Ridho Hantoro ◽  
Gunawan Nugroho ◽  
Totok R Biyanto ◽  
Nur Laila Hamidah
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Alternative Energy Resources
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