scholarly journals The evolution of Turkic modal verbs

1970 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Julian Rentzsch
Keyword(s):  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Structural Types ◽  
Main Verb

This paper investigates the mechanisms underlying the grammaticalization of Turkic modal auxiliary verbs. Special attention is paid to the linking device between main verb and auxiliary, i.e. the segment that corresponds to the infinitive in many Standard Average European modal constructions. Turkic modal constructions display a considerable variation regarding this linking device, which, however, can be reduced to a set of seven structural types, the origin and development of which will be investigated. It will be argued that interacting analogous mechanisms that build on formal and semantic principles contribute to the evolution and distribution of these types

Lemmatization of compound tenses in English

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 71-122
Author(s):  
Maurice Gross
Keyword(s):  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Finite State ◽  
Compound Verbs ◽  
Auxiliary Verb

We generalize the process of lemmatization of verbs to their compound tenses. Usually, lemmatization is limited on verbs conjugated by means of suffixes; tense auxiliaries and modal verbs (e.g. I have left, I am leaving, I could leave) are ignored. We have constructed a set of 83 finite-state grammars which parse auxiliary verbs and thus recognizes the ‘head verb’, that is, the lemma. We generalize the notion of auxiliary verb to verbs with sentential complements which have transformed constructions (e.g. I want to go) that can be parsed in exactly the same way as tense auxiliaries or modal verbs. Ambiguities arise, in particular because adverbial inserts occur inside the compound verbs,. We show how local grammars describing nominal contexts can be used to reduce the degree of ambiguity.

Modal verbs in Han period Chinese Part II: Negative Markers in combination with the modal auxiliary verbs kĕ and kĕ yĭ

2008 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara MEISTERERNST ◽  
Barbara MEISTERERNST
Keyword(s):  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Negative Marker

In this synchronie study of the modal auxiliary verbs kĕ and kĕ yĭ in Han period Chinese, it is shown that they predominantly express root possibility values, while deontic values are mainly restricted to the negated form of the construction. Propositional values (either epistemic or evidential) are almost non- existent and co-occur only with verbs that licence an evidential interpretation. In Part II, the three structures where kĕ combines with a negative marker are discussed. These are the structures: [NEG Vmod VP], [Vmod NEG VP] and [NEGVmod NEG VP], which mainly express the deontic modalities of prohibition but also root possibility.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of French and English Auxiliary Verbs

IJOHMN ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Akintoye, Festu Ayodimeji
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
The Past ◽  
French And English ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
French Grammar ◽  
The Way

Auxiliary verbs in English and French languages are very germane in constructing sentences in both languages. Therefore, this study examines the way auxiliary verbs are used in English and French Languages; and some features where learners of either language may encounter some difficulties in the course of learning. Our attention is drawn to auxiliary verbs because verb is what that makes any sentence functions the way it is. Verb is one of the most important parts of speech in French grammar and also in English .It is through verb that one knows when an action takes place. When a verb helps another verb to form one of its tenses in a sentence, such verb can be said to be auxiliary. This paper also focuses on auxiliary verbs and how verbs are used in the past and present indications. Auxiliary verbs cannot stand or function alone without relying on the main verb in both English and French languages. Finally, we shall concurrently consider in this paper how semi-auxiliary verbs function as modal auxiliary in French.

scholarly journals Verbs of falling in Kazakh language

2020 ◽  
Vol XVI (1) ◽  
pp. 523-544
Author(s):  
A. Kazenkova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Vertical Orientation ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
Corpus Data ◽  
Turn Over ◽  
Auxiliary Verb

The article is devoted to the semantic analysis of verbs of falling in Kazakh language. In particular, the composition of a group of verbs is revealed, their semantic features were described, the usage as part of serial constructions and the main directions of metaphor construction. The article has used the method of analysis, which was created by the Moscow Lexical Typology Group. Data collection was performed through the dictionaries, corpus data, speech observation, a survey of Kazakh speakers, etc. The main verb of falling in Kazakh is the verb құлау. It means falling from above, losing a vertical orientation, crashing down. In contrast to this, the separation of one object from another or the part of a whole is expressed by the verb түсу ‘to descend / fall’, as well as ұшу ‘to fl y’, шығу ‘to go out’. Moreover, the Kazakh language has a number of verbs,which are detailing the process of falling by its nature, the type of subject of falling, etc. The process of falling is detailed by a number of verbs: аударылу ‘to turn over’; ауу ‘to overturn / to tumble/ to turn over / hang on one side’; жығылу ‘to be dumped/ to be dropped’; сүріну ‘to stumble’; төмендеу ‘to lower/ to fall’ etc.In addition, verbs of falling are often found by the type of subject of falling. Viaverbs can be detected various types of precipitation, falling drops, small objects, liquid and loose substances, etc. Kazakh verbs of falling are used as part of serial constructions: in combination with auxiliary verbs қалу ‘to stay’ and кету ‘to go away’, they express the meaning of suddenness, brevity or completeness of action. The verb of falling түсу ‘to go down/ to get down/ to fall’ can also stand out as an auxiliary verb. Verbs of falling develop metaphorical meanings of decrease, the loss of functionality by objects and disability by a person, a sudden and uncontrolled process, etc. At the same time, this or that type of metaphor, as a rule, is expressed by any verb of falling.

Modality and Mood in Sinitic

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary Chappell ◽  
Alain Peyraube
Keyword(s):  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Modal Particles ◽  
Southern Min ◽  
Hong Kong Cantonese ◽  
Verb Compounds ◽  
Asian Languages ◽  
Sinitic Languages

After defining auxiliary verbs as a grammatical category in Sinitic languages, this chapter sets out to analyze the notion of modality as expressed primarily by the Chinese modal verbs. Beginning with a brief sketch of their diachronic evolution, we proceed to treat this category in each of three major Sinitic languages, namely, Standard Mandarin, Hong Kong Cantonese, and Taiwanese Southern Min (Hokkien). It is shown that the main modal verbs possess different sets of polysemy in each of the three languages. Potential verb compounds are also considered, as well as clause-final modal particles coding speaker stance, both being characteristic of East and Southeast Asian languages in general. Although Sinitic languages do not mark mood inflectionally, an important discussion regarding this category is dedicated to sentence types and the role of negation, intimately connected with the expression of the irrealis, the interrogative and the imperative in Sinitic languages.

scholarly journals Investigating Students' Ability in Identifying English Modals

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (118) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
ميساء رشيد عبد المجيد ◽  
فاطمة خضير حسون
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Real Problem ◽  
Basic Requirement ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Modal Auxiliaries ◽  
Modal Verb ◽  
Degree Of Certainty ◽  
Learning English

Modal verbs are also called auxiliary verbs, helping verbs and modal auxiliaries. They are special auxiliary verbs that express the degree /of certainty of the action in the sentence, attitude or opinion of the writer concerning the action. These auxiliary verbs are can, could ,may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would and had better.   Modality is one of the most difficult aspects of learning English, because the form of modals does not follow the conventional rules of grammar, and there are so many meanings of modals that students often get confused about which modal to use. Also, many EFL learners face difficulty in choosing the proper modal verb that fit certain situations because each modal verb has many functions. The present study is conducted to investigate fourth-year-college students’ ability in signifying English modals appropriately and using them correctly. To fulfill the basic requirement of this study, the researchers organized a test, which consists of two questions; the first one is recognition, the second is production. The results show that the students have a real problem in recognizing and using modals.

Verbal analytical constructions in Tuvan folklore: specificity of phonetic transformations

2021 ◽  
pp. 181-198
Author(s):  
Iraida Ya. Selyutina ◽  
◽  
Aziyana V. Bayyr-ool ◽  
Albina A. Dobrinina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Complete Loss ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Relative Independence ◽  
Morphological Status ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
Dynamic Weakening ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Transformation Processes ◽  
Sound Envelopes

The study compared the processes of loss of analyticity by three-verb adverbial participle analytical constructions in two manifestations of the verbal culture of the ethnic group: the language of Tuvan fiction and sounding folklore texts. This comparison revealed their active progress along the path of synthesis and fairly strong positions of analyticity. The complete loss of the external interword pause in the sound envelopes of the constructions in question indicates the active development of constructions along the path of the loss of analyticity. Nevertheless, the preservation in most examples of a strong intersyllable pause as a vestige of the external interword pause indicates the incompleteness of phonetic transformation processes of these constructions. The tendency for three-verb adverbial participle analytical constructions to become synthesized in the Tuvan folklore language, with one marker being the ellipsis of the adverbial indicator -p, is realized with different dynamics in the main verbs and auxiliary verbs. The main verb in the composition of the constructions analyzed tends to preserve relative independence (phonetic, grammatical, lexical), while auxiliary verbs undergo complete or partial desemantization, i.e., they lose their morphological status and sound fragments. The dynamic weakening of the positions of speech pause in the delimitative function in the language of heroic legends is compensated by the stability of the adverbial formant -p of the main verb. The innovative processes of transformation are constrained by the trend towards stability, formulaicity, conservatism, being typical of the epic folklore tradition.

scholarly journals SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF AUXILIARY VERBS IN ARABIC LANGUAGE

2020 ◽  
pp. 141-149
Author(s):  
Malika NASIROVA
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Semantic Classification ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Action Verbs

In Arabic, the verb takes a signifcant place among the parts of speech. Without knowing the morphological features of Arabic verbs, it is impossible to maser many of the rules of other parts of speech. This article is devoted to auxiliary verbs, which, together with the main verb, convey additional meaning to the action of the subject. In Arabic, the topic of auxiliary verbs has attracted the attention of linguiss from the early Middle Ages to the present. The mos recent sudies on this topic are collected in the works of Abbas Hasan, Musafa Galayini, Fuad Nemat, Antoine Dahdakh, Abu Bakr Abdul Ali. In this article, the issue of the semantic classifcation of auxiliary verbs is scientifcally subsantiated. According to it, verbs are divided into such semantic groups as: “verbs of being and becoming”, “beginning verbs”, “verbs denoting the proximity of an action”, “verbs denoting the likelihood of an action” and others that assign the above meanings to the main verb. “ ”كان و أخواتهاare the mos commonly used among others, they perform the function of a linking verb and require the setting of a nominal predicate in the accusative case. And in verb sentences, together with the verb-predicate, they form a complex temporary consruction. The verbs أفعال الشروعrequire the subject in the nominative and the predicate in the accusative and denote the beginning of the action of semantic verbs. The predicate after the verbs أفعال المةاربةcan be a whole sentence. Also, the verbs أفعال المقاربةcan be both semantic and auxiliary. In Arabic, auxiliary verbs are verbs of a wide variety of uses in a sentence. They not only determine the degree and sate, but also the time of action. During the research, it became known that there is another type of auxiliary verbs that demonsrate excitement, desire and feelings

scholarly journals Processing epistemic modality in a second language: a self-paced reading study

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Mifka-Profozic
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Epistemic Modality ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modal Verbs ◽  
Auxiliary Verbs ◽  
Online Processing ◽  
Modal Semantics ◽  
Reading Study

AbstractThe current study brings together two novel perspectives: one is concerned with second language acquisition of complex modal semantics by learners of a Slavic (Croatian) language, and the other relates to online processing of modal auxiliary verbs in L2 English. The study sought to examine how English L2 learners process modal verbs

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