Search and Destroy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse Berrett
Keyword(s):  
Professional Football ◽  
Individual Player ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Nfl Films ◽  
Search And Destroy

This chapter discusses the impact of the 1960 CBS documentary The Violent World of Sam Huff, which treated professional football as a painful workplace, and NFL Films’ subsequent reshaping of that story to celebrate the sport’s spectacular aspects, ignore its physical toll, and mute individual players’ ability to capitalize on their images. In the hands of Ed and Steve Sabol, professional football, rather than any individual player, was the product on display. NFL Films rendered the sport’s violence impersonal, a matter of technique, and its focus on the skill and expertise necessary to play muted the notion of football as a job. By 1967, thanks to NFL Films, football looked and sounded different on TV than it had in 1957, and it meant different things.

scholarly journals Injury rates decreased in men’s professional football: an 18-year prospective cohort study of almost 12 000 injuries sustained during 1.8 million hours of play

2021 ◽  
pp. bjsports-2020-103159
Author(s):  
Jan Ekstrand ◽  
Armin Spreco ◽  
Håkan Bengtsson ◽  
Roald Bahr
Keyword(s):  
Ligament Injury ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Injury Incidence ◽  
Professional Football ◽  
Muscle Injuries ◽  
Time Loss ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Surveillance Programme ◽  
Individual Player

BackgroundThe UEFA Elite Club Injury Study is the largest and longest running injury surveillance programme in football.ObjectiveTo analyse the 18-season time trends in injury rates among male professional football players.Methods3302 players comprising 49 teams (19 countries) were followed from 2000–2001 through 2018–2019. Team medical staff recorded individual player exposure and time-loss injuries.ResultsA total of 11 820 time-loss injuries were recorded during 1 784 281 hours of exposure. Injury incidence fell gradually during the 18-year study period, 3% per season for both training injuries (95% CI 1% to 4% decrease, p=0.002) and match injuries (95% CI 2% to 3% decrease, p<0.001). Ligament injury incidence decreased 5% per season during training (95% CI 3% to 7% decrease, p<0.001) and 4% per season during match play (95% CI 3% to 6% decrease, p<0.001), while the rate of muscle injuries remained constant. The incidence of reinjuries decreased by 5% per season during both training (95% CI 2% to 8% decrease, p=0.001) and matches (95% CI 3% to 7% decrease, p<0.001). Squad availability increased by 0.7% per season for training sessions (95% CI 0.5% to 0.8% increase, p<0.001) and 0.2% per season for matches (95% CI 0.1% to 0.3% increase, p=0.001).ConclusionsOver 18 years: (1) injury incidence decreased in training and matches, (2) reinjury rates decreased, and (3) player availability for training and match play increased.

scholarly journals Positive Externalities from Professional Football Clubs in the Metropolitan Rhine-Ruhr, Germany: Trickle-Down Effects Associated with Promotion and Relegation

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 8638
Author(s):  
Hyunwoong Pyun ◽  
Jeeyoon Kim ◽  
Torsten Schlesinger ◽  
Luca Matto
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Professional Football ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Football Club ◽  
Positive Externalities ◽  
Football Clubs ◽  
Club Membership ◽  
Sport Events ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Trickle Down

Hosting sport events is costly, but the positive impact of hosting sport events has not been studied well. We consider the promotion of physical activity, known as the trickle-down effect, to be a new dimension of this kind of impact. Using exogenous variations in promotion and relegation in the Bundesliga 1, we test the effect of the presence of a Bundesliga 1 club on local non-profit football club membership. Using German city-level annual non-profit sport club membership data from the metropolitan Rhine-Ruhr, we group cities with experience of either promotion or relegation as treatment cities and other cities as the comparison group. Difference-in-difference analyses show that promotion (using a strict definition of promotion) of local professional football clubs increases non-profit football club membership by 14% while relegation does not affect membership. The presence of Bundesliga 1 clubs in a city increases non-profit football club membership by 11%. Falsification tests support the idea that the impact of promotion on membership results in a net increase in membership.

The influence of the video assistant referee on the Chinese Super League

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 662-668
Author(s):  
Bo Han ◽  
Qiu Chen ◽  
Carlos Lago-Peñas ◽  
Changquan Wang ◽  
Tianbiao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Generalized Linear Model ◽  
Research Result ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Professional Football ◽  
Auxiliary Equipment ◽  
Home Team ◽  
Playing Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Super League

With the development and advancement of technology, various types of high-tech auxiliary equipment have been gradually introduced into football matches to assist referees to officiate the game. The Chinese football Super League (CSL) introduced the video assistant referee (VAR) in the 2018 season. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of the introduction of VAR on football matches and on referees’ performance. This study compared the data of all 240 games without VAR in the season 2017 and all 240 games with VAR in the season 2018 using Generalized Linear Model (GLM) and means comparison. The following match variables were considered: goals, penalties, red cards, yellow cards, fouls, offsides, playing time in the first half, playing time in the second half and total playing time. The study found that: 1) After the introduction of VAR, the number of offsides and fouls in the Chinese Super League dropped significantly (p < .001); 2) the playing time in the first and second half and the total playing time increased significantly(p < .001); 3) after the introduction of VAR, the home team advantage decreased slightly. The research result can help to better understand the impact of VAR on professional football, especially on the Chinese football Super League, it can also help referees to optimize their refereeing strategy.

scholarly journals The Impact of Circadian Misalignment on Athletic Performance in Professional Football Players

SLEEP ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 1999-2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger S. Smith ◽  
Bradley Efron ◽  
Cheri D. Mah ◽  
Atul Malhotra
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Professional Football ◽  
Circadian Misalignment ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL INDUSTRY: TRENDS ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (36) ◽  
pp. 471-480
Author(s):  
V. Reikin
Keyword(s):  
Annual Reports ◽  
Professional Football ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Academic Field ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Football Clubs ◽  
Theoretical Generalization ◽  
European Football ◽  
Football Industry ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of the study is the analysis of financial and economic aspects and assessment of current trends and prospects for the development of professional football industry as an independent academic field. In this article the following general scientific and applied methods were used: analysis and comparison — to determine the main trends in the development of top professional football clubs in the context of globalization; generalization — to establish the influence of institutional factors on the economic results of football clubs activity; expert assessments — to determine the market value of players in the global transfer market; abstract and logical methods — for theoretical generalization of the obtained results, forecasting the prospects for the development of European professional football and formulating conclusions of the study.  The article deals with the analysis of financial and economic results of  European football top clubs functioning in the pre-crisis period (before COVID-19). The author emphasizes the dualistic origins of modern professional football, which combines sports and commercial components. It is analyzed the impact of «Bosman case» and the rules of «financial fair play» on the professional football industry development in the context of globalization. The sources and structure of football top clubs income are also analyzed. The main focus is on European football, where current trends are most clearly manifested. The source of information was the annual reports of audit firms, specialized analytical laboratories and FIFA data. As a result of globalization processes, the author predicts the creation of full-fledged «SuperLeague» championship of top clubs with the greatest financial opportunities, as well as the appearence of polycentrism phenomenon in the world football industry. The forecast scenarios of  football industry perspectives, formulated by the author, to substantiate the financial and economic aspects of clubs and players transfer market functioning, can be used in practice to assess the potential and formulate strategies for professional football leagues and clubs.

scholarly journals Sponsorship sales is not only a sport, but an institutional business as well: evidence from two professional football clubs in Latin-America.

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
José Francisco Navarro Picado
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Role Model ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Professional Football ◽  
Learning Behaviors ◽  
Football Clubs ◽  
Narrative Methodology ◽  
Marketing Tool ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this paper is to identify the impact of institutionalization, legitimacy, learning behaviors, and other organizational characteristics on the efforts made by sport clubs signing sponsorship contracts. An exploratory comparison of two professional football clubs, playing in the First Division, of Costa Rica and Chile was performed. Using a narrative methodology, the Costa Rican team was analyzed through observation during a two-year collaboration period, and the Chilean team was analyzed through in-depth interviews and an analysis of the historical literature. The analysis revealed that organizational behaviors impact the clubs’ amount of sponsorship contracts and multi-season contracts. It also revealed that institutionalization and legitimacy work as a first latter in the relationship, and that by themselves it should be considered a marketing tool. Additionally, it was observed that both learning behaviors and resource seeking strategies contribute to successfully sign sponsorship contracts, but a baseline level of legitimacy and institutionalization should exist. Drawing on Institutional Theory, Ecology, and Organizational Learning a clear role model was evidenced within the ecosystem of two professional football clubs, each on a different Latin American country. These behaviors, which up to our knowledge has never being analyzed before, yielded and sustained legitimacy, while showing a direct effect on sponsorship single-season and multi-season contracts.

scholarly journals Animal Spirits in the Beautiful Game. Testing social pressure in professional football during the COVID-19 lockdown

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Cueva
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Social Pressure ◽  
Professional Football ◽  
Large Dataset ◽  
Animal Spirits ◽  
Almost All ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic forced almost all professional football matches worlwide to be played in empty stadiums. This large-scale natural experiment offers a unique opportunity to assess the impact of social pressure on decision making and behavior. In particular, I investigate the effect of the home crowd on match outcomes and referee decisions. Using a large dataset from 41 professional football leagues in 30 different countries, I find that the home advantage in match outcomes drops by around one half and that referee bias against away teams completely disappears following the lockdowns. My results therefore suggest that social pressure exerted by home crowds has an important effect on the behavior of referees and on game outcomes.

Creating and Sustaining America’s Game

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Travis Vogan
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
American Football ◽  
Tourist Attraction ◽  
Professional Football ◽  
White Middle Class ◽  
Television Exposure ◽  
Image Consciousness ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Nfl Films

This chapter charts the National Football League's (NFL) meteoric rise, thanks to NFL Films' unwavering designation of pro football as a unique and unifying reflection of America. Fueled by a combination of sport and media's increasingly profitable symbiosis and Commissioner Pete Rozelle's image-consciousness, the NFL enhanced its marketing efforts during the 1960s and began to diversify aggressively, creating branded products that reached out to audiences beyond the white, middle-class men who composed its typical fan base. The Rozelle-era NFL solidified its prominence in American culture through its merger with the American Football League and subsequent development of the Super Bowl. This chapter examines how the NFL made connections to as many potential fans as possible by establishing national television exposure, branding various items, organizing athletic events for kids, donating to charitable causes, and creating a tourist attraction. It looks at one production that codified NFL Films' signature aesthetic practices, They Call It Pro Football, and how it situates professional football as “the sport of our time.”

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