Evaluation of Economic Effect of Evergreen Forest and Deciduous Forest in the South Western Area of Tokyo

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Crop discrimination and acreage play a vital role in interpreting the cropping pattern, statistics of the produce and market value of each product. Sultan Battery is an area where a large amount of irrigated and rainfed paddy crops are grown along with Rubber, Arecanut and Coconut. In addition, the northern region of Sultan Battery is covered with evergreen and deciduous forest. In this study, the main objective is to evaluate the performance of optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)-optical hybrid fusion imageries for crop discrimination in Sultan Bathery Taluk of Wayanad district in Kerala. Seven land use classes such as paddy, rubber, coconut, deciduous forest, evergreen forest, water bodies and others land use (e.g., built-up, barren etc.) were selected based on literature review and local land use classification policy. Both Sentinel-2A (optical) and sentinel-1A (SAR) satellite imageries of 2017 for Kharif season were used for classification using three machine learning classifiers such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF) and Classification and Regression Trees (CART). Further, the performance of these techniques was also compared in order to select the best classifier. In addition, spectral indices and textural matrices (NDVI, GLCM) were extracted from the image and best features were selected using the sequential feature selection approach. Thus, 10-fold cross-validation was employed for parameter tuning of such classifiers to select best hyperparameters to improve the classification accuracy. Finally, best features, best hyperparameters were used for final classification and accuracy assessment. The results show that SVM outperforms the RF and CART and similarly, Optical+SAR datasets outperforms the optical and SAR satellite imageries. This study is very supportive for the earth observation scientists to support promising guideline to the agricultural scientist, policy-makers and local government for sustainable agriculture practice.</p>

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A distributed snowmelt prediction model in mountain areas based on an energy balance method

Annals of Glaciology ◽

10.3189/1994aog19-1-107-113 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 19 ◽

pp. 107-113 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Takeshi Ohta

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Prediction Model ◽

Deciduous Forest ◽

Balance Method ◽

Evergreen Forest ◽

Snowmelt Runoff ◽

Mountain Areas ◽

Mountain Area ◽

Energy Balance Method ◽

Surface Cover

A distributed snowmelt prediction model was developed for a mountain area. Topography of the study area was represented by a digital map. Cells On the map were divided into three surface-cover types; deciduous forest, evergreen forest and deforested area. Snowmelt rates for each cell were calculated by an energy balance method. Meteorological elements were estimated separately in each cell according to topographical characteristics and surface-cover type. Distributions of water equivalent of snow cover were estimated by the model. Snowmelt runoff in the watershed was also simulated by snowmelt rates calculated by the model. The model showed thai the snowmelt period and snowmelt runoff after timber harvests would be about two weeks earlier than under the forest-covered condition.

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Improved Detection of Inundation below the Forest Canopy using Normalized LiDAR Intensity Data

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs12040707 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 707 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Megan W. Lang ◽

Vincent Kim ◽

Gregory W. McCarty ◽

Xia Li ◽

In-Young Yeo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Forest Canopy ◽

Deciduous Forest ◽

Forested Wetlands ◽

Evergreen Forest ◽

Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽

Inundation Maps ◽

The Face ◽

Moderate Resolution ◽

And Function ◽

Normalization Process

To best conserve wetlands and manage associated ecosystem services in the face of climate and land-use change, wetlands must be routinely monitored to assess their extent and function. Wetland extent and function are largely driven by spatial and temporal patterns in inundation and soil moisture, which to date have been challenging to map, especially within forested wetlands. The objective of this paper is to investigate the different, but often interacting effects, of evergreen vegetation and inundation on leaf-off bare earth return lidar intensity within mixed deciduous-evergreen forests in the Coastal Plain of Maryland, and to develop an inundation mapping approach that is robust in areas of varying levels of evergreen influence. This was achieved through statistical comparison of field derived metrics, and development of a simple yet robust normalization process, based on first of many, and bare earth lidar intensity returns. Results demonstrate the confounding influence of forest canopy gap fraction and inundation, and the effectiveness of the normalization process. After normalization, inundated deciduous forest could be distinguished from non-inundated evergreen forest. Inundation was mapped with an overall accuracy between 99.4% and 100%. Inundation maps created using this approach provide insights into physical processes in support of environmental decision-making, and a vital link between fine-scale physical conditions and moderate resolution satellite imagery through enhanced calibration and validation.

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When starvation challenges the tradition of niche conservatism: On a new speciesof the saxicolous genus Phymaturus from Patagonia Argentina withpseudoarboreal foraging behaviour (Iguania, Liolaemidae)

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.1786.1.4 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 1786 (1) ◽

pp. 48 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

JOSÉ ALEJANDRO SCOLARO ◽

NORA RUTH IBARGÜENGOYTÍA ◽

DANIEL PINCHEIRA-DONOSO

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Phenotypic Variation ◽

Foraging Behaviour ◽

Niche Conservatism ◽

The South ◽

Comparative Analyses ◽

Clear Tendency ◽

Rio Negro ◽

Western Area

The genus Phymaturus is known on the basis of almost twenty species with clear tendency to conserve saxicolous or terrestrial, and herbivorous niche. In this work, we present the description of a remarkable new Phymaturus species, Phymaturus agilis, with the peculiar ability to climb on large shrubs to feed on fresh flowers and fruits. This new species is a member of the Phymaturus patagonicus clade, restricted to Patagonia Argentina. Phymaturus agilis occurs at about 1100m of elevation in a volcanic rocky plateau close to Ingeniero Jacobacci, in the south western area of Rio Negro Province, Argentina. Comparative analyses conducted on morphological and coloration traits revealed substantial differences from Phymaturus spectabilis, the only Phymaturus species living in sympatry with P. agilis. Individuals of both species had recently been recognized as members of a single taxon with broad phenotypic variation.

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The Economic Effect of the South Sea Bubble on the Baltic Sea Trade

Boom, Bust, and Beyond ◽

10.1515/9783110592139-009 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 161-178

Keyword(s):

Baltic Sea ◽

Economic Effect ◽

The South ◽

The Baltic Sea ◽

South Sea ◽

The Baltic

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Estimating seasonal abundance and habitat use of small carnivores in the Western Ghats using an occupancy approach

Journal of Tropical Ecology ◽

10.1017/s0266467414000340 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 30 (5) ◽

pp. 469-480 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Riddhika Kalle ◽

Tharmalingam Ramesh ◽

Qamar Qureshi ◽

Kalyanasundaram Sankar

Keyword(s):

Habitat Use ◽

Deciduous Forest ◽

Forest Type ◽

Camera Trap ◽

Dry Season ◽

Seasonal Abundance ◽

Evergreen Forest ◽

Wet Season ◽

Palm Civet ◽

Leopard Cat

Abstract:Rigorous population studies on many small carnivores are lacking in India. Presence-absence models with habitat covariates were applied to estimate seasonal occupancy and abundance of nine small-carnivore species from camera-trap data in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (2010 and 2011). We deployed 25 camera-trap stations in the deciduous forest, 21 in the semi-evergreen forest and 26 in the dry thorn forest. In total, 7380 trap-nights yielded 448 photographs of small carnivores: jungle cat (n = 72), leopard cat (n = 6), rusty-spotted cat (n = 11), small Indian civet (n = 89), common palm civet (n = 37), brown palm civet (n = 20), stripe-necked mongoose (n = 66), ruddy mongoose (n = 96) and Indian grey mongoose (n = 51). In the dry season, rusty-spotted cat was the rarest carnivore with an average abundance (λmean) of 0.24 ± 0.26, while ruddy mongoose was the most abundant (λmean = 0.90 ± 0.40). In the wet season, leopard cat was the rarest species (λmean = 0.048 ± 0.041) while grey mongoose was the most abundant (λmean = 0.68 ± 0.35). Abundance of jungle cat, common palm civet, ruddy mongoose and grey mongoose increased in the dry thorn forest whereas in the dry season abundance of small Indian civet decreased in this forest type. Abundance of leopard cat and small Indian civet was not influenced by habitat in the wet season. Deciduous forest was positively associated with abundance of rusty-spotted cat. Deciduous and semi-evergreen forests had a positive effect on abundance of stripe-necked mongoose while the latter was a positive predictor of abundance and occupancy for brown palm civet. Improved modelling approaches can account for the spatio-temporal variation in habitat use of small carnivores occupying specialized niches in heterogeneous tropical forests of southern India.

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Diurnal Temperature Range Variability due to Land Cover and Airmass Types in the Southeast

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology ◽

10.1175/2009jamc2322.1 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 49 (5) ◽

pp. 879-888 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Kelsey N. Scheitlin ◽

P. Grady Dixon

Keyword(s):

Land Cover ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Diurnal Temperature Range ◽

Deciduous Forest ◽

Mixed Forest ◽

Evergreen Forest ◽

Climatic Data ◽

Air Masses ◽

Diurnal Temperature ◽

Temperature Range

Abstract This study examines the relationship between diurnal temperature range (DTR) and land use/land cover (LULC) in a portion of the Southeast. Temperature data for all synoptically weak days within a 10-yr period are gathered from the National Climatic Data Center for 144 weather stations. Each station is classified as one of the following LULC types: urban, agriculture, evergreen forest, deciduous forest, or mixed forest. A three-way analysis of variance and paired-sample t tests are used to test for significant DTR differences due to LULC, month, and airmass type. The LULC types display two clear groups according to their DTR, with agricultural and urban areas consistently experiencing the smallest DTRs, and the forest types experiencing greater DTRs. The dry air masses seem to enhance the DTR differences between vegetated LULC types by emphasizing the differences in evapotranspiration. Meanwhile, the high moisture content of moist air masses prohibits extensive evapotranspirational cooling in the vegetated areas. This lessens the DTR differences between vegetated LULC types, while enhancing the differences between vegetated land and urban areas. All of the LULC types exhibit an annual bimodal DTR pattern with peaks in April and October. Since both vegetated and nonvegetated areas experience the bimodal pattern, this may conflict with previous research that names seasonal changes in evapotranspiration as the most probable cause for the annual trend. These findings suggest that airmass type has a larger and more consistent influence on the DTR of an area than LULC type and therefore may play a role in causing the bimodal DTR pattern, altering DTR with the seasonal distribution of airmass occurrence.

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Allocation of endogenous nutrients for reproduction in the lesser long-nosed bat ( Leptonycteris yerbabuenae ) in central Mexico

Journal of Mammalogy ◽

10.1093/jmammal/gyv149 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 97 (1) ◽

pp. 23-31 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gustavo Ramírez Hernández ◽

L. Gerardo Herrera M.

Keyword(s):

Stable Isotope ◽

Deciduous Forest ◽

Isotope Analysis ◽

Late Summer ◽

Evergreen Forest ◽

Tropical Deciduous Forest ◽

Central Mexico ◽

Body Tissues ◽

Lactating Females ◽

Leptonycteris Yerbabuenae

Abstract In contrast to birds, the contribution of body reserves to sustain reproductive activities of migratory bats has not being examined. We used C stable isotope analysis to track the importance of nutrients stored in body tissues of the lesser long-nosed bat ( Leptonycteris yerbabuenae ) in Central Mexico. The bat migrates seasonally between areas dominated by vegetation types with contrasting C stable isotope values: in spring–summer, it forages in cactus forests before commuting to dry and wet forests, where mating and births occur. We collected breath and whole blood from nonreproductive individuals in a cactus forest in spring–mid-summer, from mating individuals in an evergreen forest in mid-late summer, and from lactating females in winter in a tropical deciduous forest. We also collected hair and milk from lactating females and several tissues from naturally aborted fetus in late autumn. We tested the hypothesis that nutrient reserves accumulated in cactus forest contribute to the maintenance of adults when they commute to their reproductive grounds, to the construction of offspring tissues during pregnancy, and to the production of milk. The importance of energy stores accumulated in cactus forests to fuel oxidative metabolism was marginal for mating males but it was high for some mating females. Nutrient stores accumulated in cactus forests contributed to ~50% of synthesis of fetus tissues but their contribution for milk production was negligible. Female lesser long-nosed bats can be described as capital-income breeders in relation to the development of offspring during gestation and as incomer breeders in relation to lactation. En contraste con las aves, la contribución de las reservas corporales para mantener las actividades reproductivas no ha sido evaluada en los murciélagos migratorios. En este estudio, usamos análisis de isótopos estables de C para reconstruir la importancia de los nutrientes almacenados en los tejidos del murciélago magueyero menor ( Leptonycteris yerbabuenae ) en el centro de México. Este murciélago migra estacionalmente entre áreas dominadas por tipos de vegetación con valores contrastantes de isótopos estables de C: la especie forrajea en bosques de cactáceas en primavera-verano antes de moverse a bosques secos y húmedos donde ocurren el apareamiento y los nacimientos. Se colectaron muestras de aliento y sangre entera de individuos no reproductivos en un bosque de cactáceas en primavera y mediados del verano, de individuos en etapa de apareamiento en un bosque húmedo a mediados y finales del verano, y de hembras lactantes en el invierno en un bosque seco tropical. Además, se colectaron muestras de pelo y leche de las hembras lactantes, y de varios tejidos de fetos a finales del otoño. Se probó la hipótesis de que las reservas de nutrientes acumuladas en el bosque de cactáceas contribuyen al mantenimiento de los adultos cuando se mueven a sus sitios de apareamiento, a la construcción de tejidos de las crías durante la preñez, y a la producción de leche. La importancia de las reservas de energía acumuladas en los bosques de cactáceas fue marginal para los machos y fue alta para algunas hembras durante el apareamiento. Los nutrientes acumulados en los bosques de cactáceas contribuyeron en hasta el 50% de la síntesis de tejidos de los fetos pero su contribución para la producción de leche fue de poca importancia. Las hembras de los murciélagos magueyeros menores siguen una estrategia reproductiva mixta de uso de reservas acumuladas y de nutrientes externos en relación al desarrollo de las crías durante la gestación, y una estrategia de uso de nutrientes externos en relación a la lactancia.

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Germination and development of sown mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) in secondary tropical dry forest habitats in Costa Rica

Journal of Tropical Ecology ◽

10.1017/s0266467400009457 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 275-289 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Karin Gerhardt

Keyword(s):

Costa Rica ◽

Seedling Establishment ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Deciduous Forest ◽

Secondary Forest ◽

Dry Forest ◽

Root Competition ◽

Evergreen Forest ◽

Swietenia Macrophylla ◽

Seedling Mortality

ABSTRACTEffects of irradiance, root competition and water availability on germination and seedling establishment of Swietenia macrophylla King were investigated in tropical secondary dry forests in the Guanacaste Conservation Area, Costa Rica. The fate of seeds sown in the beginning and the middle of the rainy season was studied in abandoned pasture, and in deciduous and semi-evergreen secondary forest. In the pasture, experimental treatments were mown and unmown grass. In the forest sites, thinning to increase light and trenching to reduce root competition were combined in a factorial design. Effects of moisture availability on germination were tested by supplementing natural rainfall in the initial rainy month. Germination at the beginning of the rainy season was not influenced by the supplementary water and was higher in the semi-evergreen forest than in the deciduous forest and pasture. In the forests, germination was little affected by irradiance or root competition. More seeds germinated in unmown than in mown pasture during the initial rains, but were not influenced by mowing when sown in the peak of the rainy season. Seedling mortality was low (>10%) during the initial months, but increased greatly in the dry season. Seedlings germinating early in the rainy season had a higher survival than those germinating later. The relatively slight effects of the different treatments and habitats on seedling establishment suggest that this species is rather insensitive to the large microsite variation in secondary vegetation.

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