scholarly journals Depreciation Capital as a Source of Financing of Mining Companies Activities

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-441
Author(s):  
Agata Sierpińska-Sawicz ◽  
Maria Sierpińska
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Effective Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Tax Shield ◽  
Operating Cash Flows ◽  
Global Companies ◽  
Financial Result

The issue discussed in the paper is highly relevant and topical in economic practice because of changes in the recognition of certain assets and their depreciation. The author’s research established that depreciation write-off in financial terms constitute capital comprising two components: depreciation and the tax shield effect. The non-tax shield is more important relative to other tax shields because the vast majority of entities in the raw materials industry own assets which are depreciated for the purposes of balance sheet accounting and tax accounting. As a cost depreciation, on the one hand, reduces the financial result and on the other, generates additional operating cash flows. Depreciable assets account for a large portion of coal companies’ assets. In addition, due to the implementation of IFRS 16 on leasing their share increased as did the amount of depreciation. Hence, its share in operating cash flows in Polish coal companies is slightly higher than in global companies. An overwhelming part of the additional depreciation arising from the inclusion in the assets reported in the balance sheet of assets used based on contracts of lease, lending or rental does not reduce the tax basis and does not constitute a tax shield. Consequently, it creates a disparity between the gross profit/loss and taxable income, thereby increasing the effective tax rate. An increase in the depreciation level in coal companies facilitates maintenance of liquidity and provides financing for investment projects and improves debt servicing, especially in times of declining financial result when coal prices are low.

scholarly journals Hubungan Sinyal Fundamental dan Informasi Arus Kas Terhadap Return Saham Sebelum dan Setelah Konvergensi IFRS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-154
Author(s):  
Ramly SE MSi ◽  
Alamsjah SE
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Effective Tax Rate ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Operating Cash Flows ◽  
Administrative Expenses

Kegagalan laba (earning) merefleksikan harga saham secara penuh menyiratkan terdapat informasi lain yang dapat digunakan untuk berinvestasi. Penelitian bertujuan mencari alternatif informasi non laba (earning) dalam berinvestasi dengan menguji (1) hubungan sinyal-sinyal fundamental (account receivable, inventory, gross margin, sales and administrative expeneses, effective tax rate, labor force dan capital expenditure) terhadap return saham , dan (2) informasi komponen arus kas (operating cash flows,investing cash flows dan financing cash flows) terhadap return saham. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada Bursa Efek Indonesia (IDX) dengan menggunakan data sekunder. Penyampelan dilakukan secara purposif dengan menggunakan data sebelum dan sesudah kovergensi IFRS dari 2009-2015 untuk menemukan bukti empiris setelah adanya konvergensi IFRS. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode analisis linear berganda. Hasil yang diperoleh dari dua hasil regresi menunjukkan bahwa hubungan sinyal fundamental dan informasi arus kas terhadap return saham sebelum konvergensi IFRS memiliki hubungan yang signifikan khususnya pada variabel sinyal fundamental seperti inventory, gross margin, sales and administrative expenses dan capital expenditure dan informasi arus kas tidak memiliki hubungan yang signifikan. Sementara hasil diperoleh setelah Konvergensi IFRS hanya memperlihatkan dua variabel sinyal fundamental yang memiliki hubungan yang signifikan yaitu inventory dan sales and administrative expenses.

Receptiveness of effective tax rate to firm characteristics: an empirical analysis on Indian listed firms

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajaya Kumar Panda ◽  
Swagatika Nanda
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Firm Size ◽  
Manufacturing Firms ◽  
Debt Ratio ◽  
Effective Tax Rate ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Shield ◽  
Dynamic Panel Regression ◽  
Debt Tax Shield

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the factors deriving effective tax rate (ETR) for Indian manufacturing firms in different sectors. The study also tries to analyze the sensitiveness of ETR because of shocks on its key determinants. Design/methodology/approach The study is using Arellano–Bond dynamic panel regression model to identify the key drivers of ETR, and impulse response functions of panel vector auto-regression model to analyze the response of ETR because of one standard deviation (SD) shock to its key determinants. Findings This study concludes that ETR is significantly explained by firm size, profitability, growth rate and non-debt tax shield in most of the sectors, and debt ratio, asset tangibility and age of the firms are impacting ETR differently across sectors. In case of entire manufacturing sector, firm size, profitability, growth and non-debt tax shield are driving ETR positively and asset tangibility is driving ETR negatively. Interest coverage ratio (ICR) and firm age are not significant drivers of ETR. ETR is positively related with firm size, but responses negatively when there is an immediate shock to firm size. Similarly, ETR is negatively related with asset tangibility, but responds positively following an immediate shock to it. Overall, ETR is more sensitive and responses significantly because of shocks in firm size, profitability, growth, asset tangibility and non-debt tax shield whereas, the response is very marginal following shocks to debt ratio, ICR and age of the firm. Research limitations/implications Firm managers may find the study useful to understand the receptiveness of ETRs at each sector level. The empirical findings are not only validating the theoretical developments but also providing a root cause analysis to the firm managers to understand the cause and consequence of ETRs for firms at different sectors. Originality/value Empirically investigating the factors driving ETR and analyzing its sensitiveness because of one SD shock on its key determinants for Indian manufacturing firms from different sectors is the originality of this study. Developing a strong theoretical background and empirically validating it through advanced methodology makes the study unique.

A Measure of Tax Burden for the Companies Listed on the AeRo Segment of the Bucharest Stock Exchange

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (161) ◽  
pp. 172-190
Author(s):  
Costel ISTRATE ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Tax Burden ◽  
Large Firms ◽  
Official Statistics ◽  
Effective Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Audit Opinion ◽  
Fixed Assets

Tax pressure can be calculated at the macroeconomic level, but also at the microeconomic level, by analysing the data provided by companies in their financial statements, or by authorities giving official statistics. In this study, the authors adapt a formula for the calculation of the effective tax rate, proposing, at the denominator, the taxes reported explicitly by companies in their profits and loss account, to which they added the reconstituted value of social and fiscal contributions of the employees. Also, unlike the literature so far, they divided these tax expenses to the sales (revenues) and not to any other indicators from the profit and loss account. The population analysed is represented by the companies listed on the AeRo market of BSE, in the period 2010- 2019, a total of almost 3,000 observations. The results allowed them to notice a systematic increase in the share of the tax burden in sales, over the period taken into account. In verifying the effects of some variables proposed by the literature on the tax burden, the authors found that large firms have a lower tax burden, more profitable firms are more taxed than others, the tax burden is lower for more leveraged firms, and increasing the share of fixed assets in the balance sheet leads to an increase in the tax burden. In addition to the literature, they introduced a new variable - audit opinion - and found out that firms that receive modified audit opinions have a higher tax burden.

scholarly journals Impact of Tax Effects on Profit Optimisation. Review of International Approaches

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 03016
Author(s):  
Serhiy Lyeonov ◽  
Lucia Michalkova
Keyword(s):  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Homogeneity Test ◽  
Effective Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Shield ◽  
Operating Profit ◽  
Tax Shields ◽  
Industry Affiliation ◽  
Post Hoc

Research background: Deteriorating economic conditions and the risk of an impending crisis underline the need for significant profit optimization, especially in the area of taxation. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to analyse and evaluate the conditions for the creation of a tax shield in the V4 countries on a theoretical level and to confront these findings with the value of the total tax shield in the countries in question. Methods: This study uses the method of two-way analysis of variance with interaction, while also testing the assumptions of the model by normality tests, homogeneity test and post hoc tests (Scheffé and Tukey methods). Findings & Value added: A review of the sources of the tax shield shows that the tax systems in all the countries examined offer similar conditions for the application of tax shields. In a sample of more than 90000 companies, it was found that the level of the total tax shield given as the effective tax rate is similar in all countries examined (except Hungary). The branch of affiliation plays a role only in the environment of Hungarian companies, on the contrary, Slovak companies show homogeneity of the reported effective tax rate. Country and industry affiliation does not have sufficient explanatory power to predict the total tax shield. Conversely, other indicators of financial performance (operating profit) may be suitable indicators of the effective tax rate.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATING THE LEVERAGE COMPOSITION OF PAKISTANI FIRMS THROUGH THEIR DETERMINANTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
FARAH YASSER
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Corporate Culture ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Order Theory ◽  
Agency Cost ◽  
Tax Shield ◽  
Free Cash Flows ◽  
The Capital Structure

To have an ideal mix of debt and equity in a balance sheet of an entity is till to date a very complicated issue for managers as there is no such rule to predict an optimal capital structure. An in-depth understanding is required for the corporate culture, the degree of the development of the capital market and the economy in which the firms operate. This study seeks to investigate the leverage composition of Pakistani corporations through their determinants. Fixed effect regression is used to show the relationship of determinants of capital structure on leverage corporations listed on Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) for the period of 2006 to 2013. The results suggest that agency cost, growth, age, and size are significantly and negatively associated with the capital structure of Pakistan firms, however, collateral value of asset is significantly but positively associated with the capital structure of the firm. On the other hand, free cash flows, non debt tax shield, profitability, business risk and bankruptcy cost are not significantly associated with leverage composition of the firms and are against the signaling theory and peaking order theory. The key importance of this study is that no prior research was done for determinants like agency cost, free cash flows, bankruptcy cost and age as determinants of capital structure for Pakistani firms among other determinants. Further, this study does not confine to a particular sector rather it covers all companies listed by Karachi Stock Exchange.

scholarly journals Review and Restructure of Zambia's 2008 Mining Windfall Tax

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Webby Banda ◽  
Bunda Besa
Keyword(s):  
Resource Curse ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
Effective Tax Rate ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Mineral Wealth ◽  
Income Statement ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Mining Firm ◽  
Over Time

Zambia is richly endowed with mineral wealth. However, it is still encapsulated in the resource curse conundrum. This is because the benefits of mineral wealth have not translated into public development. This has sparked a lot of debate among the Zambian citizenry as to whether the mineral fiscal policies instituted over time have been robust in capturing mining revenue. One issue has always stood out in these mineral taxation debates and this is the reintroduction of the 2008 mining windfall tax. Though this is the case, the Zambian citizenry has not been informed of the various issues leading to its revocation. This paper tries to undertake a critical review and restructure of this tax instrument to rectify the inherent technical lapses in its design. This has been realized by treating the payable amount of this tax as a deductible expense in the income statement and by indexing the trigger prices for inflation. The results of this research indicate that the restructured tax instrument has the potential of maximizing the capture of windfall gains without imposing a higher than normal average effective tax rate and marginal effective tax rate on a mining firm’s pre-tax cash flows. This in turn retains capital to the mining firm for further exploration and other mine developmental activities. However, this tax needs to be balanced with other tax instruments for greater efficiency and effectiveness in its application. Advancing this cause calls for a sound judgement on the part of policy formulators.

Multi-component complex ores: Special aspects of using ad valorem and specific mineral extraction tax rates

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1297-1314
Author(s):  
T.A. Loginova
Keyword(s):  
Krasnoyarsk Krai ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Rent Extraction ◽  
Effective Tax Rate ◽  
Mineral Extraction ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Significant Differentiation ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Ad Valorem

Subject. This article discusses the issues related to the taxation for multi-component complex ores and commercial components using ad valorem and specific mineral extraction tax (MET) rates. Objectives. The article aims to assess some results of the application of specific MET rates in the Krasnoyarsk Krai and ad valorem rates in other subjects of the Russian Federation, taking into account the specifics of the current taxation procedure for multi-component complex ores and their commercial components. Methods. For the study, I used a comparative analysis, synthesis, and the method of extrapolation. Results. The article shows that the change in the type of MET rate for multi-component complex ores and commercial components has led to a significant increase in the effective tax rate. This led to an increase in the corresponding MET revenues in the Krasnoyarsk Krai. The article also substantiates that the introduction of specific rates in other Russian regions requires a significant differentiation of specific MET rates. However, this is risk-bearing concerning unfair distribution of the tax burden and the complexity of tax administration. Conclusions. The issue of identifying multi-component complex ores and their commercial components is controversial. Extending specific MET rates to other regions may complicate the mechanism of rent extraction.

MENGELOLA RESIKO DENGAN PRODUK DERIVATIF

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dandes Rifa
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Value At Risk ◽  
Foreign Currency ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Market Risks ◽  
Hedging Strategies ◽  
Operational Hedging ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
Derivative Products

The main objective of risk management is to minimize the potential for losses (risk) arising from unexpected changes in currency rates, credit, commodities and equities. One of the risks faced by companies is market risk (value at risk). This article aims to explain that risk management can be one of them by using derivative products. Derivative transactions is very useful for business people who want to hedge (hedging) against a commodity, which always experience price changes from time to time. There are three strategies that can be used to hedge the balance sheet hedging strategy, operational hedging strategies and contractual hedging strategies. Staregi contractual hedging is a form of protection that is done by forming a contractual hedging instruments in order to provide greater flexibility to managers in managing the potential risks faced by foreign currency. Most of these contractual hedging instrument in the form of derivative products. The management can enhance shareholder value by controlling risk. -Party investors and other interested parties hope that the financial manager is able to identify and manage market risks to be faced. If the value of the firm equals the present value of future cash flows, then risk management can be justified. 

A Study of Perceived Ethicality of Low Corporate Effective Tax Rates

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Todd DeZoort ◽  
Troy J. Pollard ◽  
Edward J. Schnee
Keyword(s):  
Mediation Analysis ◽  
General Public ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Perceived Fairness ◽  
Effective Tax Rate ◽  
Effective Tax Rates ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Policy Practice ◽  
Participant Group

SYNOPSIS U.S. corporations have the ability to avoid paying domestic taxes to achieve an effective tax rate that is much lower than the statutory federal tax rate. This study evaluates the extent that individuals differ in their attitudes about the ethicality of corporations avoiding domestic taxes to achieve low effective tax rates. We also examine the extent to which the specific tax avoidance method used by corporations to access a low effective tax rate affects perceived ethicality. Eighty-two members of the general public and 112 accountants participated in an experiment with two participant groups and three tax avoidance methods manipulated randomly between subjects. The results indicate a significant interaction between participant group and tax avoidance method, with the general public considering shifting profits out of the country to achieve a low effective tax rate to be highly unethical, while the accountants find tax avoidance from carrying forward prior operating losses to be highly ethical. Further, mediation analysis indicates that perceived fairness and legality mediate the effects of participant type on perceived ethicality. Mediation analysis also reveals that sense of fairness and legality mediate the link between tax avoidance method and perceived ethicality. We conclude by considering the study's policy, practice, and research implications.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document