scholarly journals Use of Nitrate-nitrogen as a Sole Dietary Nitrogen Source to Inhibit Ruminal Methanogenesis and to Improve Microbial Nitrogen Synthesis In vitro

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 542-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Guo ◽  
D. M. Schaefer ◽  
X. X. Guo ◽  
L. P. Ren ◽  
Q. X. Meng
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen

The effect of nitrogen source on the in vitro cellulose digestion of chemically treated oat straw and poplar wood

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. O. A. Adeleye ◽  
W. D. Kitts
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Energy Fraction ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Micro Organisms

The gross energy of forages can be classified into three fractions, namely the unavailable fraction, the digestible energy fraction and the potentially digestible energy (PDE) fraction. The PDE fraction can only be made available by appropriate treatment and supplementation (Pigden & Heaney, 1969). In young forages the PDE fraction is relatively insignificant, but as the plant matures, the PDE fraction increases very rapidly. By treating matured forages with delignifying agents, increased nutrient digestibilities have been demonstrated Chandra & Jackson, 1971; Wilson & Pigden, 1964), but no significant improvement on the voluntary intake was achieved unless the treated material was supplemented with a source of nitrogen (Donefer, Adeleye & Jones, 1969). While Zafren (1960) used ammonium hydroxide (NH40H) as the treatment alkali, with the claim that the ammonium acetate resulting from the neutralization of the excess alkali could serve as an extra source of nitrogen in the treated straw, other investigators (Donefer et al. 1969) have adopted the method of supplementing the treated straw with a source of nitrogen. Since the efficiency with which dietary nitrogen is converted to microbial nitrogen in the rumen has a considerable influence on the efficiency the animal as a whole, studies herein reported were carried out to test the effectiveness with which rumen micro-organisms utilize different nitrogen sources in degrading cellulose in vitro.

In vitro Evaluation of Ammonium Base Sulfite Liquor as an Energy and Nitrogen Source for Ruminants

1976 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 993-1001 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Kromann ◽  
T. R. Wilson ◽  
G. S. Cantwell
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
In Vitro Evaluation

A NEW NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN SOURCE FOR RUMINANTS

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. Milligan ◽  
A. R. Robblee ◽  
J. C. Wood ◽  
W. C. Kay ◽  
S. K. Chakrabartty
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Dietary Supplement ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Production Of Ammonia

The preparation of a polymer of urea and furfural containing 23.2% nitrogen is described. This product was converted by rumen microorganisms in vitro to ammonia at a rate approximately one-seventh that of conversion of urea to ammonia. Use of the polymer as a dietary supplement in a feeding trial with lambs improved nitrogen retention over that of unsupplemented controls by 3.45 g of nitrogen retained per day, while an isonitrogenous quantity of supplemental urea improved nitrogen retention by 0.51 g of nitrogen retained per day. The blood urea pattern, throughout the day, of lambs adapted to control, urea-supplemented and urea–furfural polymer-supplemented rations indicated a slow, prolonged production of ammonia from the latter supplement and very rapid, short-term degradation of urea in vivo.

Effects of explant position and orientation, medium ph and nitrogen sources on micropropagation of blackberry

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 84-92
Author(s):  
Thábata Cristina Faxina de Aguiar ◽  
Ana Paola Negri ◽  
Pedro Boff ◽  
Murilo Dalla Costa ◽  
Mari Inês Carissimi Boff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Original Position ◽  
Multiplication Rate ◽  
Highest Weight ◽  
Explant Position ◽  
Rubus Species ◽  
Position And Orientation ◽  
Ph Level

Composition of the medium and the explant origin are factors that interfere on success of micropropagation of Rubus species. For blackberry cultivar LochNess it was not investigated yet how the position and orientation of explant, pH levels and nitrogen source interfere on micropropagation. In this work, focused on the establishment of in vitro culture, variables were studied on R. fruticosus cv Loch Ness, such as the choice of the explants depending on their original position on the mother plant, pH level and nitrogen sources of the culture medium. For the first time in vitro on Rubus, the downward orientation (capogatto) of shoot tips explants was compared with the normal upward orientation. The highest weight and length values were recorded for the shoots proliferated from basal and nodal explants. For the initiation medium, the best multiplication rate were obtained in pH adjusted to 4.5. Shoot length was influenced by the nitrogen source; when associated with an increased light intensity, the complete substitution of ammonium by nitrate allowed results comparable with those obtained with the control medium containing both sources. The use of aminoacids did not improve the results. Apex orientation did not affect anatomical parameters or rooting rates of wild Rubus, but more efforts should be devoted on in vitro capogatto technique considering that advantages like reduction of plant growth regulators, cultivation on the same medium culture for more time and easily rooting can be established.

Melamine as a Dietary Nitrogen Source for Ruminants

1978 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1338-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Newton ◽  
P. R. Utley
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen

scholarly journals The eutT Gene of Salmonella enterica Encodes an Oxygen-Labile, Metal-Containing ATP:Corrinoid Adenosyltransferase Enzyme

2004 ◽  
Vol 186 (17) ◽  
pp. 5708-5714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole R. Buan ◽  
Sang-Jin Suh ◽  
Jorge C. Escalante-Semerena
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Complete Loss ◽  
Cell Extracts ◽  
Mutant Strains ◽  
Catalytic Role ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

ABSTRACT The eutT gene of Salmonella enterica was cloned and overexpressed, and the function of its product was established in vivo and in vitro. The EutT protein has an oxygen-labile, metal-containing ATP:co(I)rrinoid adenosyltransferase activity associated with it. Functional redundancy between EutT and the housekeeping ATP:co(I)rrinoid adenosyltransferase CobA enzyme was demonstrated through phenotypic analyses of mutant strains. Lack of CobA and EutT blocked ethanolamine utilization. EutT was necessary and sufficient for growth of an S. enterica cobA eutT strain on ethanolamine as a carbon and energy or nitrogen source. A eutT+ gene provided in trans corrected the adenosylcobalamin-dependent transcription of a eut-lacZ operon fusion in a cobA strain. Cell extracts enriched for EutT protein contained strong, readily detectable ATP:co(I)rrinoid adenosyltransferase activity. The activity was only detected in extracts maintained under anoxic conditions, with complete loss of activity upon exposure to air or treatment with the Fe2+ ion chelator bathophenanthroline. While the involvement of another metal ion cannot be ruled out, the observed sensitivity to air and bathophenanthroline suggests involvement of Fe2+. We propose that the EutT protein is a unique metal-containing ATP:co(I)rrinoid adenosyltransferase. It is unclear whether the metal ion plays a structural or catalytic role.

Integration of in vitro parameters by mechanistic modelling to predict recycling of microbial nitrogen in the rumen

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 158-160
Author(s):  
J. Dijkstra ◽  
J. France ◽  
S. Tamminga
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Protein ◽  
Protein Breakdown ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Evaluation Systems ◽  
Microbial Nitrogen ◽  
Substrate Conversion ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Protein Supply

In protein evaluation systems for ruminants, the microbial protein supply is calculated from the amounts of rumen degradable organic matter and nitrogen (N) using empirical equations. A variable part of the rumen synthesized microbial protein does not reach the duodenum but is recycled within the rumen (review Firkins, 1996). Since energy is required for its re-synthesis and degraded microbial protein is subject to deamination, the efficiency of substrate conversion into microbial protein in the rumen is affected by microbial recycling. Rumen protozoa have a major impact upon this recycling through engulfment of micro-organisms and autolysis. In vitro, bacterial protein breakdown is proportionately reduced by some 0·9 upon removal of protozoa (Wallace and McPherson, 1987). Defaunation of the rumen increases the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in vivo significantly (review Jouany et al., 1988).

SOME GENETIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF UREASE-DEFECTIVE STRAINS OF NEUROSPORA CRASSA

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 256-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Haysman ◽  
H. Branch Howe Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Group ◽  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Urease Activity ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Sole Nitrogen Source ◽  
Group V ◽  
Group I ◽  
Mutant Strains

Fourteen mutant strains have been isolated which differ from wild type with respect to urease activity: Seven strains lack detectable activity in vivo and in vitro, B1, C21 and allele 601, D1 and allele D3, D2, and W2, and fail to grow with urea as sole nitrogen source; seven have activity in vivo and varying amounts in vitro, A7, E3, E7, R2, S3, and temperature-sensitive strains C5 and K3. Strains D1 and D3 are allelic to Kolmark's ure-1; W2, to Kolmark's ure-2. Strain D2, which is either allelic or closely linked to ure-1, complements none of the strains lacking urease activity nor three of the strains having defective activity, and may be a regulatory mutant. Strains B1, C21 and allele 601 represent two previously unreported loci in linkage group I. Only two of the seven swains having defective urease activity have been mapped, A7 and S3, and have been assigned to linkage group V. These seven strains grow readily on Vogel's medium modified by having urea as sole nitrogen source but not on W-M medium similarly modified; growth is restricted on modified Vogel's medium as well, however, if the initial concentration of nitrogen, as urea, is suitably adjusted to exceed that of phosphorus.

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