Identity and Cultural Interaction in French Guiana during the Eighteenth Century

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine Loyer Rousselle ◽  
Réginald Auger
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
French Guiana ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Native People ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Cultural Interaction ◽  
The North ◽  
Triangular Trade ◽  
Plantation System

In colonial times, French Guiana, located on the north coast of South America, was part of the circum-Caribbean region and participated in the triangular trade. Beginning with their arrival in 1665, Jesuit missionaries had control over the religious affairs for the colony and gained a very influential position within the colonial population until their expulsion (1763-1768). They also participated in the plantation system, as a way to finance the establishment of their evangelization work among the Native people of South America. With their most iconic plantation, the Habitation Loyola (ca 1720-1768), the Jesuits were the first producers of sugar, coffee, and cocoa; over a century of their exploitation more than a thousand slaves were scattered over all their possessions. In this chapter we seek to explore the social dynamics and cultural interactions between the Jesuits, the enslaved Africans, and the Native populations within the plantation system. We begin with a brief review of the plantation studies in French Guiana and the Caribbean, then we address the questions of cultural interaction studies and the creolization process. Our analysis is based on specific sets of artifacts retrieved mainly from a trash deposit associated with the kitchen and the Great House.

South America—Andes

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
George F. Lau
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Small Worlds ◽  
Fertility Status ◽  
The North ◽  
Form Function ◽  
History Of

This chapter details major figurine developments in the ancient Andes and discusses new understandings based on figurine form, function, and imagery. Great formal diversity characterizes the long history of their use. The most active traditions occurred along the coast, while data from the highlands and eastern slopes are more limited. Certain regions, especially the north coast, show longevity in the use of figurines, especially in household, funerary, and offering contexts. Figurines were important for their role in embodying identity (e.g. gender, fertility, status) as well as alterity. Production and ritual embued them with divine powers and agency. Figurine use and imagery also show dual structures, often manifested in gendered pairs or object sets. Finally, Andean figurines were important for their interactions with other contexts and things, including other figurine-like items: they inspired their own small worlds of sociality.

THE SOCIAL DYNAMICS AND ECONOMIC INTERACTIONS OF THE HOUSEHOLDS AT GRAMALOTE, A SMALL-SCALE RESIDENTIAL SETTLEMENT DURING THE SECOND MILLENNIUM BC ON THE NORTH COAST OF PERU

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 532-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Economic Productivity ◽  
The North ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Interactions

Excavations at the small-scale domestic settlement of Gramalote between 2010 and 2014 allowed the exploration of the social dynamics and economic interactions in the second millennium BC on the Peruvian North Coast. Detailed excavations and materials recovered during the intervention contribute a unique opportunity to explore domestic aspects of early settlements in the Andes. This study presents new data on the public sectors of Gramalote's settlement, house-to-house differences, and evidence that the extended family was a unit of economic productivity and collective action. This analysis assesses the degree of overlap, and lack thereof, in the economic activities of each house during the Initial Period (1500–1200 cal BC). A new model for social and economic interactions is proposed, with the aim of exploring alternative models from the bottom-up perspective for the emergence and consolidation of social complexity in the Central Andean Region.

scholarly journals The Fall of the Moche: A Critique of Claims for South America’s First State

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Quilter ◽  
Michele L. Koons
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Political System ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The North ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
North Coast Of Peru

AbstractThe Moche archaeological culture of the North Coast of Peru has been reified into a political system and claimed as the first state in South America. While some recent scholarship has reduced the size of the proposed state, the idea of Moche as a distinct political, social, or ethnic entity remains. In this article we demonstrate that even by the “classic” neoevolutionary theory of the 1960s—1980s the criteria for Moche statehood were not met. We suggest that neoevolutionary models for one or more Moche states are inadequate for understanding an archaeological culture that endured for more than six centuries, and we offer suggestions for directions for future research.

The Cretaceous crinoid Uintacrinus socialis from Jamaica and its significance for global correlation

2009 ◽  
Vol 146 (6) ◽  
pp. 937-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
SIMON F. MITCHELL
Keyword(s):  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
First Record ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Latitudinal Distribution ◽  
The North ◽  
Global Correlation ◽  
Potential Marker ◽  
The Caribbean

AbstractThe late Cretaceous crinoid Uintacrinus socialis Grinnell, which is a potential marker for the base of the Upper Santonian Substage, is reported from the Inoceramus Shales of St Ann's Great River Inlier on the north coast of Jamaica. This is the first record of this species from the Caribbean region and marks its lowest latitudinal distribution reported to date. The Inoceramus Shales are a deep-water clastic mudstone unit which extends the palaeoecological distribution of this crinoid. Uintacrinus socialis proves that the Inoceramus Shales are of Santonian age and will help constrain correlations between the shallow-water platform carbonate/volcaniclastic facies found in the arc successions of the Caribbean and the international chronostratigraphy.

Dedication and Termination Rituals in Southern Moche Public Architecture

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Gamboa Velásquez
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Place Making ◽  
The North ◽  
Huacas De Moche ◽  
North Coast Of Peru ◽  
Public Architecture

This paper assesses a set of ideological practices related to the growth and abandonment of ceremonial and administrative buildings from the southern Moche area of the north coast of Peru. The archaeological record at Huacas de Moche, El Brujo, and Guadalupito, three of the main settlements in the region, includes evidence for the deposition and manipulation of animal and human bodies, burning, and the alteration of wall iconography. These activities took place in the period between A.D. 300-750, and were related to either the construction and renovation of structures or the abandonment of monumental built spaces. The analysis of this data contributes to a better understanding of Moche ritual dedicatory behavior, contextualizing it in a broader perspective on place making and the marking of time in precolumbian South America.

scholarly journals Termites of the West Indies: The Bahamas, and Bermuda

1969 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Snyder
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
West Indies ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Island ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The West ◽  
The Bahamas ◽  
The North ◽  
Large Island

Many of the termites of the West Indies are endemic, and so far as known, have a very limited distribution, often recorded from only a few islands. Kalotermes mona Banks is endemic to Mona Island and is found nowhere else. By contrast, many of the termites occuring in Cuba are also found in the United States, those of Jamaica in Panamá and Central America, and those of Trinidad in South America. The truly tropicosmopolitan Cryptotermes brevis (Walker) and Nasutitermes costalis (Holmgren) readily become established in new localities, islands or countries in which the environmental conditions are at all suitable. The comparatively large island of Trinidad, close to the mainland of South America and mostly with a continental fauna, has the largest number of species of termites of any of the West Indies: 31. The island of Curacao, also near the coast of South America, but small and arid has but 2, and none is recorded from Aruba, Margarita or the other smaller islands off the north coast of Venezuela. The comparatively small island of Tobago, northeast from Trinidad, has 8 species of termites recorded, and Barbados 7, but none is listed from St. Vincent, and most of the other Lesser Antilles have at most but 3 or 4. None is reported from Nevis, Saba, or St. John, but St. Croix of the U. S. Virgin Islands has 10, St. Thomas 5, and Culebra and Vieques 1 each. Fifteen species of termites are recorded from Puerto Rico, and 4 from Mona. In the large island of Hispaniola, only 8 species of termites are recorded from the eastern portion: the Dominican Republic, while 18 are known from Haiti. Sixteen species of termites are known in Jamaica, and 9 from the widely dispersed islands of the Bahamas. The large island of Cuba, closest of any to continental North America, has 22; the comparatively minute, and most distant Bermuda has 4. All recorded species may be identified by means of keys based on the characters of the soldiers, or of the winged adults.

scholarly journals Efecto sobre la producción de carne de la aplicación de tecnologías de renovación de praderas de Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A. Camus en la Costa Norte Colombiana

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 213
Author(s):  
Yasmín Socorro Cajas-Girón ◽  
Wilson Andrés Barragán Hernández ◽  
Wilson Andrés Barragán Hernández ◽  
Carlos Arreaza-Tavera ◽  
Carlos Arreaza-Tavera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
The North ◽  
Applied Technology

<p>Uno de los factores que limitan de manera importante la competitividad y sostenibilidad del sector ganadero de la región Caribe es la degradación de suelos y praderas. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar en fincas del departamento del Atlántico y dedicadas a la de producción de carne, el efecto de las tecnologías de renovación de praderas como la intervención mecánica con labranza vertical, establecimiento de una nueva gramínea, aplicación de un plan de fertilización y pastoreo rotacional, sobre la producción de carne. Se seleccionaron tres fincas en las cuales se estableció una línea base en el año 2007 y posteriormente en los años 2008 y 2009 se evaluó el efecto de la renovación sobre la producción de forraje y carne. Se determinó la disponibilidad de forraje tanto en la pradera renovada como en la pradera sin renovación y cada mes se registró el peso de los animales. Los datos se analizaron empleando un diseño de bloques completos al azar con arreglo factorial. Los resultados mostraron un efecto significativo de la renovación de praderas en la producción de forraje, tanto en época seca como lluviosa (P &lt; 0.05). El efecto fue mayor en la época lluviosa que en la época seca (P &lt; 0.05). Las praderas renovadas tuvieron en promedio 1,5 veces más forraje que la pradera testigo (21,9 vs. 8,9 t de MS ha-1). Durante el período seco, la tecnología de renovación disminuyó el efecto negativo del estrés hídrico, manteniendo una producción promedio de forraje que duplicó la registrada durante el mismo período en la pradera sin intervención (5,2 vs. 2,5 t de MS ha-1). En la producción total de carne también se observó un efecto de renovación de praderas tanto en época seca como lluviosa. El efecto de la tecnología en producción de carne fue mayor en la época de lluvias que en la época seca (353 vs. 163 kg ha-1). El promedio general indicó que la producción de carne por unidad de área fue 4 veces mayor en la pradera renovada que en la pradera testigo (859 vs. 171 kg ha-1).Los resultados mostraron que la aplicación de tecnologías de renovación de praderas a nivel de finca en el departamento del Atlántico se logra aumentos significativos en producción de forraje y producción de carne por unidad de área lo cual tendría repercusiones en los ingresos de los productores. </p><p> </p><p><strong>Effect of the renewal technology pasture of <em>Bothriochloa pertusa </em>(L.) A. Camus on meat production in the North Coast of Colombia </strong></p><p>One of the factors that significantly limits the competitiveness and sustainability of the livestock sector in the Caribbean region is the degradation of soils and pastures. The objective of this study was to assess, on farms engaged in the production of meat in the Atlántico department, the effect of pasture renewal technologies, such as mechanical intervention with vertical tillage, establishment of a new grass, application of a fertilization plan and grazing rotation, on meat production.Three farms were selected in which a baseline was established in 2007 and subsequently, in 2008 and 2009, the effect of the renovation on the production of forage and meat was evaluated. Forage availability was determined in both the renewed and non-renewed pastures; and each month, the weight of the animals was recorded. The data were analyzed using a randomized block design with factorial arrangement. There was a significant effect of the applied technology on pasture production in both the wet season and the dry season (P &lt; 0.05). The effect was greater in the wet season than in the dry season (P &lt; 0.05). The recovered pasture had 1.5 times more forage in comparison with the control pasture (21.9 vs. 8.9 t DM ha-1). In the dry season, the applied technology decreased the detrimental effect of water stress, producing twice the amount of forage than the control pasture in the same period (5.2 vs. 2.5 t DM ha-1). The recovered pasture in the dry and wet seasons also positively affected total beef production. Meat production was higher in the rainy season than during the dry season (353 kg vs. 171 kg ha-1). The overall average indicated that meat production per unit area was 4 times higher in the recovered pasture than in the control pasture (859 kg vs. 171 kg ha-1). The results showed that pasture renewal technologies on farms in the Atlántico department provide significant improvements for forage and meat production per unit area that could have effects on the farmers incomes. </p>

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