THE SOCIAL DYNAMICS AND ECONOMIC INTERACTIONS OF THE HOUSEHOLDS AT GRAMALOTE, A SMALL-SCALE RESIDENTIAL SETTLEMENT DURING THE SECOND MILLENNIUM BC ON THE NORTH COAST OF PERU

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 532-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Economic Productivity ◽  
The North ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Interactions

Excavations at the small-scale domestic settlement of Gramalote between 2010 and 2014 allowed the exploration of the social dynamics and economic interactions in the second millennium BC on the Peruvian North Coast. Detailed excavations and materials recovered during the intervention contribute a unique opportunity to explore domestic aspects of early settlements in the Andes. This study presents new data on the public sectors of Gramalote's settlement, house-to-house differences, and evidence that the extended family was a unit of economic productivity and collective action. This analysis assesses the degree of overlap, and lack thereof, in the economic activities of each house during the Initial Period (1500–1200 cal BC). A new model for social and economic interactions is proposed, with the aim of exploring alternative models from the bottom-up perspective for the emergence and consolidation of social complexity in the Central Andean Region.

The Ethnogenesis of Pescador Identity

2020 ◽  
pp. 247-264
Author(s):  
Richard C. Sutter ◽  
Gabriel Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Genetic Relationship ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Moche Valley ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Peru ◽  
Dental Traits ◽  
North Coast Of Peru

Chapter 9 discusses ethnogenesis on the north coast of Peru from the perspective of bioarchaeology at the Initial Period site of Pampa Gramalote (1500–1200 cal B.C./3450–1350 cal BP) in the Moche valley in northern Peru. The authors examine the genetic relationship between fishing and contemporary, nearby populations using dental traits. They conclude that Gramalote contrasts sharply with preceding maritime populations of the Peruvian Preceramic Period and exchanged mates with farming populations in the adjacent valley. Ethnic identity here is not coterminous with genetics but rather a result of shared economic activities.

scholarly journals MONEY AND SOCIALITY IN SOUTH AFRICA'S INFORMAL ECONOMY

Africa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Neves ◽  
Andries du Toit
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Economic Governance ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Economic Relationships ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTThis article examines the interplay of agency, culture and context in order to consider the social embeddedness of money and trade at the margins of South Africa's economy. Focusing on small-scale, survivalist informal enterprise operators, it draws on socio-cultural analysis to explore the social dynamics involved in generating and managing wealth. After describing the informal sector in South Africa, the article elucidates the relationship between money and economic informality. First, diverse objectives, typically irreducible to the maximization of profit, animate those in the informal sector and challenge meta-narratives of a ‘great transformation’ towards socially disembedded and depersonalized economic relationships. Second, regimes of economic governance, both state-led and informal, shape the terrain on which informal economic activity occurs in complex and constitutive ways. Third, local idioms and practices of trading, managing money and negotiating social claims similarly configure economic activities. Fourth, and finally, encroaching and often inexorable processes of formalization differentially influence those in the informal sector. The analysis draws on these findings to recapitulate both the ubiquity and centrality of the sociality at the heart of economy, and to examine the particular forms they take in South Africa's informal economy.

scholarly journals Formation of raiding parties for intergroup violence is mediated by social network structure

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (43) ◽  
pp. 12114-12119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Glowacki ◽  
Alexander Isakov ◽  
Richard W. Wrangham ◽  
Rose McDermott ◽  
James H. Fowler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
East African ◽  
Nomadic Pastoralists ◽  
Social Network Structure ◽  
The Social ◽  
Total Impact ◽  
Social Network Position

Intergroup violence is common among humans worldwide. To assess how within-group social dynamics contribute to risky, between-group conflict, we conducted a 3-y longitudinal study of the formation of raiding parties among the Nyangatom, a group of East African nomadic pastoralists currently engaged in small-scale warfare. We also mapped the social network structure of potential male raiders. Here, we show that the initiation of raids depends on the presence of specific leaders who tend to participate in many raids, to have more friends, and to occupy more central positions in the network. However, despite the different structural position of raid leaders, raid participants are recruited from the whole population, not just from the direct friends of leaders. An individual’s decision to participate in a raid is strongly associated with the individual’s social network position in relation to other participants. Moreover, nonleaders have a larger total impact on raid participation than leaders, despite leaders’ greater connectivity. Thus, we find that leaders matter more for raid initiation than participant mobilization. Social networks may play a role in supporting risky collective action, amplify the emergence of raiding parties, and hence facilitate intergroup violence in small-scale societies.

scholarly journals Reflections on the True Reality of Kim Il-Sung

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (0) ◽  
pp. 167-187
Author(s):  
Joong-Hyung Lee
Keyword(s):  
North Korea ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Kim Il Sung ◽  
Police Station ◽  
The North ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Trend

As the social trend to learn more about North Korea grows, the person and past career of Kim Il-Sung have been thrown into controversy. In this context, Kim Il-Sung's anti-Japanese guerilla activities in Manchuria focused on the raid of Pochonbo Police Station and who is the leader of the Sixth Division of the Anti-Japanese United Army. Also, this article compared two groups of scholars, that is, proKim who is positive side of Kim's Identity and conKim who denied Kim's past to the North Korea's claims. It has been demonstrated conclusively that many anti-Japanese activists used the name of General Kim Il-Sung and the present Kim Il-Sung in North Korea must be one of them. And Kim Il-Sung's anti-Japanese activities were not revolutionary armed resistances but rathcr small scale guerilla activities.

Exploring the Technology and Meaning behind Early Ceramic Figurines from the Casma Valley, Peru

2018 ◽  
pp. 99-130
Author(s):  
Shelia Pozorski ◽  
Thomas Pozorski
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Andean Archaeology ◽  
The North ◽  
Early Ceramic ◽  
North Coast Of Peru ◽  
Stone Carvings ◽  
The Temple

The Sechín Alto Polity, centered in the Casma Valley on the north coast of Peru, constructed the largest mound structures in the New World during the Initial Period (2100–1000 B.C.). The polity united at least six inland sites and three coastal satellites into a political and economically cooperative unit within which different sites and different monumental structures had distinct, but complementary, functions. Prominent among the artifacts that define the Sechín Alto Polity are ceramic figurines. Examples are consistently from domestic or residential contexts; most (more than 350 fragments) were recovered from Sechín Alto site, the polity capital, where they were likely manufactured. Iconography within Andean archaeology of the figurines connects them with warrior figures and victims depicted in the Cerro Sechín stone carvings and by extension with anthropomorphic friezes that adorn the temple mound of Moxeke within the Sechín Alto Polity. These data suggest that the Casma figurines may represent distinct groups of people who in turn reflected sacred vs. secular aspects of Casma Valley society.

Ancient pre-Columbian Peru, Bolivia and Mesoamerica

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Ortloff
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Middle Horizon ◽  
Canal Irrigation ◽  
Late Intermediate Period ◽  
Intermediate Period ◽  
The North ◽  
Early Horizon ◽  
The Many

Irrigation agriculture is a transformational technology used to secure high food yields from undeveloped lands. Specific to ancient South America, the Chimú Empire occupied the north coast of Peru from the Chillon to the Lambeyeque Valleys (Figure 1.1.1) from800 to 1450 CE (Late Intermediate Period (LIP)) and carried canal reclamation far beyond modern limits by applying hydraulics concepts unknown to Western science until the beginning of the 20th century. The narrative that follows examines hydraulic engineering and water management developments and strategies during the many centuries of agricultural development in the Chimú heartland of the Moche River Basin. The story examines how Chimú engineers and planners managed to greatly expand the agricultural output of valleys under their control by employing advanced canal irrigation technologies and the economic and political circumstances under which large-scale reclamation projects took place. The following time period conventions are used in the discussion that follow: Preceramic and Formative Period (3000–1800 BCE) Initial Period (IP) 1800–900 BCE Early Horizon (EH) 900–200 BCE Early Intermediate Period (EIP) 200 BCE–600 CE Middle Horizon (MH) 600–1000 CE Late Intermediate Period (LIP) 1000–1476 CE Late Horizon (LH) 1476–1534 CE. Chimú political power and state development was concentrated in Peruvian north coast valleys. Each valley contained an intermittent river supplied by seasonal rainfall runoff/glacial melt water from the adjacent eastern highlands. Over millennia, silts carried by the rivers from highland sources formed gently sloping alluvial valleys with fertile desert soils suitable for agriculture. An arid environment tied the Chimú economy to intravalley irrigation networks supplied from these rivers; these systems were supplemented by massive intervalley canals of great length that transported water between river valleys, thus opening vast stretches of intervalley lands to farming. The Chimú accomplishments and achievements in desert environment agricultural technologies brought canal-based water management and irrigation technology to its zenith among ancient South American civilizations, with practically all coastal cultivatable intervalley and intravalley lands reachable by canals brought under cultivation.

scholarly journals Implementation of a Coastal Management Model at Kinvara Bay in the North Atlantic Ocean

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Catalin Anton ◽  
Carmen Gasparotti ◽  
Iulia Anton ◽  
Eugen Rusu
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
North Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Management Model ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The North ◽  
The Social ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Multiple Scenarios

Applying a management model to coastal areas is always a challenge because of the multiple scenarios from which they can be addressed. The coastal zone represents a dynamic area, which can be analyzed using physical processes. However, it can also be analyzed from the perspective of land–sea interaction or the socio-economic activities that take place in the area. Last but not least, the coastal area holds great significance for biodiversity, as well as for the communities that live there, their traditions and customs, and their cultural heritage, especially in the context of climate change and sea-level rise. In this context, the present paper aims to analyze the social and economic aspects of environmental protection issues and how these factors, identified by a series of indicators, can coexist together. The target area is Kinvara Bay, which is located south of the Atlantic’s Galway Bay, in the western part of Ireland.

Biodiversity, Social Actors and Networks Enlarging the Dialogues

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávia Charão MARQUES ◽  
Lidiane Fernandes Da LUZ ◽  
Rumi Regina KUBO
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Shared Beliefs ◽  
The North ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
The Social ◽  
Coast Region

This paper presents an analysis of the social actors networking towards the feasibility of using native biodiversity for food production based on an empirical study conducted in South Brazil. Specifically, the North Coast Region has had a series of environmental problems resulting in conflicts on the use of resources. The search for solutions and public debate brought together farmers’ organizations, social movements, NGOs, government agencies, and academic groups. Recently, some of these actors established a common platform to raise food production based on native species of fruits giving rise to the ‘agrobiodiversity network’ in part by the activation of pre-existing networks but also requiring the entry of new players. On the other hand, forming agreements between different actors to consolidate the network has been difficult especially about the issue of rules that limit the access to native species and those that regulate food processing. The analysis has shown that the involved actors are amplifying the dialogues and collective learning processes thus building a common ground and shared beliefs.

scholarly journals KARAKTERISTIK PERIKANAN TERI (ENGRAULIDAE) DI PANTAI UTARA JAWA-MADURA

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
ACHMAD ZAMRONI ◽  
Heri Widiyastuti ◽  
Suwarso Suwarso
Keyword(s):  
North Coast ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fishing Gear ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
Catch Per Unit Effort ◽  
Fishing Season ◽  
The North ◽  
Fishing Vessels ◽  
Landing Sites

Perikanan teri berkembang sangat pesat khususnya di perairan utara Jawa Madura pada tahun terakhir ini. Kajian tentang karakteristik perikanan teri (Engraulidae) di sepanjang pantai utara Jawa-Madura dilaksanakan pada tahun 2017-2018, meliputi sebaran usaha perikanan, tipe armada-alat penangkapan ikan, aspek operasional penangkapan, hasil tangkapan-kelimpahan dan musim penangkapan ikan teri. Pengumpulan data pendaratan ikan teri dilakukan melalui survey di 11 lokasi pendaratan ikan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 12 lokasi tempat pendaratan utama ikan teri di sepanjang pantai utara (pantura) Jawa dan Madura. Dua jenis alat dominan digunakan untuk penangkapan teri adalah pukat cincin dan payang; perikanan bersifat skala kecil, melakukan trip harian, dengan armada kapal penangkap berukuran dibawah 20 GT. Jaring umumnya menggunakan waring dengan mata jaring kecil (3/8 inch) di bagian kantong. Daerah penangkapan di perairan pantai yang dangkal, dekat dengan basis perikanan. Musim penangkapan ikan teri bervariasi, di wilayah bagian barat (Pulolampes, Larangan, Morodemak) berlangsung sekitar musim timur/tenggara (Mei Juli), sedangkan di wilayah bagian timur berlangsung pada awal musim timur dan berjalan cukup lama hingga bulan November (musim peralihan 2). Hasil tangkapan per unit upaya (CPUE, sebagai indek kelimpahan) diduga makin ke arah timur semakin rendah namun disertai musim penangkapan ikan lebih lama. Anchovy fishery has grown rapidly, especially in the northern waters of Java-Madura in the last year. The study on the characteristics of the anchovy fishery (Engraulidae) along the northern coast of Java-Madura was carried out in 2017-2018, covering the distribution of fisheries effort, types of fishing gear, operational aspects of fishing, catch-abundance and fishing season. The collection of anchovy landing data was carried out through a survey at 11 fish landing sites. The results showed that there were 12 main anchovy landing sites along the north coast (pantura) of Java and Madura. Two types of dominant fishing gear used for anchovies are purse seine and payang; Fisheries are small-scale, undertaking daily trips, with a fleet of fishing vessels under 20 GT. The nets generally use “waring” with small mesh (3/8 inch) in the codend. Fishing area in shallow coastal waters, close to the fishing base. The fishing season for anchovy varies, in the western region (Pulolampes, Larangan, Morodemak) it takes place around the east / southeast season (May-July), while in the eastern region it takes place at the beginning of the eastern season and lasts quite a long time until November (transition season 2) . The catch per unit effort (CPUE, as an abundance index) is thought to be getting lower eastward but accompanied by a longer fishing season.

scholarly journals ADAPTASI ARSITEKTUR VERNAKULAR KAMPUNG NELAYAN BUGIS DI KAMAL MUARA

NALARs ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Primi Artiningrum ◽  
Danto Sukmajati
Keyword(s):  
Physical Environment ◽  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Architectural Form ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
The North ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
The Village

ABSTRAK.Masyarakat Bugis terkenal sebagai pelaut ulung di Indonesia yang telah menjelajahi seluruh wilayah nusantara.Oleh karena itu permukiman masyarakat Bugis dapat ditemukan di hampir seluruh wilayah Indonesia, terutama di kawasan pesisir.Di pantai Utara Jakarta juga terdapat satu kampung nelayan Bugis, yaitu di wilayah Kamal Muara.Karakter fisik dari permukiman ini menunjukkan ciri-ciri arsitektur vernacular Bugis yang dapat dilihat dari bentuk rumah-rumahnya.Akan tetapi, kondisi lingkungan yang berbeda dengan di tempat asalnya memaksa masyarakat kampung Bugis tersebut untuk beradaptasi baik terhadap lingkungan fisik maupun lingkungan sosial budayanya.Adaptasi tersebut menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan-perubahan pada bentuk dan pola perkampungannya.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan pengaruh adaptasi terhadap bentuk rumah dan pola kampung yang dibandingkan dengan arsitektur Bugis yang asli.Metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif.Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi lapangan dan wawancara kepada informan kunci termasuk beberapa pemilik rumah.Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah teridentifikasinya adapatasi bentuk arsitektur dan pola kampung terkait dengan kondisi lingkungan dan sosial budaya. Kata  kunci : adaptasi, vernakular, arsitektur, nelayan, kampung ABSTRACT.Bugis people are famous as the best sailor in Indonesia who have sailed all over the archipelago. Their settlements can be found all over the country especially in the coastal area. Kamal Muara is one of the Bugis fishermen village located in the North coast of Jakarta. The physical character of this settlement demonstrates Bugis vernacular architecture which is especially noticeable in the form of its houses. However, the new place has forced the people to adapt to the physical environment as well as to the social and cultural environment. Consequently, the adaptation caused changes of architectural shapes and the pattern of the village. This objective of this research was to find out the influence of the adaptation to the house form and village pattern that was compared to its original Bugis Architecture. The method of this research was qualitative descriptive research. The data was collected through field study, observation, and interview to the key informants including the owner of the houses. The outcomes of this research is the identification of the adaptation in architectural form and village pattern related to the environmental condition and the sociocultural problem. Keywords:  adaptation, vernacular, architecture, fishermen, village

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