Economic value of small-scale sea cucumber fisheries under two contrasting management regimes

Tropical sea cucumbers are commonly exploited by small-scale, poorly managed fisheries. A fundamental problem in managing sea cucumber fisheries is the lack of basic knowledge of important life history characteristics for most species. As a result of plastic body dimensions, biological research on this group of animals becomes exceptionally challenging. To improve our understanding of essential biological parameters, we conducted a study to investigate correlations among various body measurements. We analysed a total of 18 sea cucumber species and more than 6600 individuals collected at Scott Reef in the Timor Sea, north-west Australia. We used hierarchical Bayesian errors-in-variables models to specifically take into account measurement errors that are obviously unavoidable. The measures included three types of weights (wet weight, gutted weight and dry weight) and two body dimensions (length and width). The modelling reveals that using both body length and width as independent variables, wet weight increases approximately linearly with body length, but is a power function (~1.6) of body width, although variability exists among species. Dry weight tends to increase more slowly with body length, but has a similar power function of body width. Linear relationships are established between the three types of weights. On average, ~11% of a live specimen and ~16% of a gutted specimen is processed to the commercially traded dry body wall. Our results can be applied to sea cucumbers in other areas and can be useful for data standardisation and size-based fisheries management.

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Small-scale fishing income and fuel consumption: Fiji’s artisanal sea cucumber fishery

ICES Journal of Marine Science ◽

10.1093/icesjms/fsy036 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 75 (5) ◽

pp. 1758-1767 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Steven W Purcell ◽

Watisoni Lalavanua ◽

Brian R Cullis ◽

Nicole Cocks

Keyword(s):

Gender Equity ◽

Sea Cucumber ◽

Large Scale ◽

Small Scale ◽

Breath Hold ◽

Net Income ◽

Fuel Use ◽

Sea Cucumbers ◽

Deep Water Species ◽

And Gender

Abstract Understanding the income and costs of fishing is fundamental to managing fisheries and planning interventions to improve efficiency and gender equity. Few studies offer data on fisher incomes and fuel use in small-scale fisheries (SSFs), and fewer have assessed factors influencing variation among fishers and between genders. We interviewed 235 artisanal fishers among 34 island villages in an artisanal sea cucumber fishery in Fiji. Linear mixed models were used to determine the effect of geographic and socioeconomic variables on incomes and fuel use from fishing sea cucumbers. Net income of sea cucumbers to fishers, averaging FJ$8, 171 year−1 (US$4, 494 year−1) (range: FJ$0–52,008 year−1), varied among villages and was 47% lower for women than men. On an average, 60% of fishers’ gross annual income came from fishing and selling sea cucumbers, although this proportion varied greatly even within villages. Fishers who practised gleaning, fished less often, or possessing numerous livelihood income streams, were less economically dependent on sea cucumbers. Men tended to estimate higher incomes for an average day of fishing than women when compared with their recall of last sale. Fuel use varied greatly among regions in Fiji but, overall, averaged 428 L fisher−1 year−1, and represented 28% of gross income. More economical fishing strategies by women resulted in lower fuel use than men per fishing day. Breath-hold divers used less fuel (compared to fishers using scuba) and fishers targeting deep-water species used more fuel than other fishers. A best approximation of 8000 t CO2 year−1 for the carbon footprint of the whole fishery suggests that some SSFs, such as the one studied here, can be significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, even compared to many large-scale fisheries globally. Reforms to the management of SSFs should consider regulations that minimize carbon emissions and reduce economic dependency on vulnerable marine resources.

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Larval fixation and small scale migration of the sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa

Echinoderms through Time ◽

10.1201/9781003077831-120 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 515-515

Author(s):

J.-F. Hamel ◽

G. Desrosiers

Keyword(s):

Sea Cucumber ◽

Small Scale ◽

Cucumaria Frondosa

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Economic Impacts on Human Health Resulting from the Use of Mercury in the Illegal Gold Mining in the Brazilian Amazon: A Methodological Assessment

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph182211869 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (22) ◽

pp. 11869

Author(s):

Leonardo Barcellos de Bakker ◽

Pedro Gasparinetti ◽

Júlia Mello de Queiroz ◽

Ana Claudia Santiago de Vasconcellos

Keyword(s):

Human Health ◽

Gold Mining ◽

Economic Value ◽

Brazilian Amazon ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Small Scale ◽

Environmental Damage ◽

Statistical Life ◽

Life Years ◽

Methodological Assessment

Artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) in the Amazon results in the dumping of tons of mercury into the environment annually. Despite consensus on the impacts of mercury on human health, there are still unknowns regarding: (i) the extent to which mercury from ASGM can be dispersed in the environment until it becomes toxic to humans; and (ii) the economic value of losses caused by contamination becomes evident. The main objective of this study is to propose a methodology to evaluate the impacts of ASGM on human health in different contexts in the Brazilian Amazon. We connect several points in the literature based on hypotheses regarding mercury dispersion in water, its transformation into methylmercury, and absorption by fish and humans. This methodology can be used as a tool to estimate the extent of environmental damage caused by artisanal gold mining, the severity of damage to the health of individuals contaminated by mercury and, consequently, can contribute to the application of fines to environmental violators. The consequences of contamination are evaluated by dose-response functions relating to mercury concentrations in hair and the development of the following health outcomes: (i) mild mental retardation, (ii) acute myocardial infarction, and (iii) hypertension. From disability-adjusted life years and statistical life value, we found that the economic losses range from 100,000 to 400,000 USD per kilogram of gold extracted. A case study of the Yanomami indigenous land shows that the impacts of mercury from illegal gold mining in 2020 totaled 69 million USD, which could be used by local authorities to compensate the Yanomami people.

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KINERJA KELOMPOK USAHA BERSAMA (KUB) NELAYAN GILLNET DI BARSELA ACEH

Marine Fisheries Journal of Marine Fisheries Technology and Management ◽

10.29244/jmf.8.1.73-86 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 73

Author(s):

Muhammad Rizal ◽

Budy Wiryawan ◽

Sugeng Hari Wisudo ◽

Iin Solihin ◽

John Haluan

Keyword(s):

Gap Analysis ◽

Economic Value ◽

Development Program ◽

Economic Aspect ◽

Small Scale ◽

Cultural Economic ◽

Environmental Aspect ◽

Purposive Sampling ◽

Strategic Issues ◽

Cultural Aspects

ABSTRACTNowadays, the development of fisheries strategic issues is related to poverty and welfare of fishermen. In 2010 - 2014, Ministry of Marine and Fisheries implemented Business Development Program of Rural Area by creating a Joint Business Group (JBG) to help traditional and small scale fishermen who categorized as poor. This study aimed to determine the performance of JBG of gillnet fishermen and to identify the attributes of performance (aspects of institutional, socio-cultural, economic, environmental and policy) in Barsela Aceh. Data was collected by purposive sampling method from 13 JBG of gillnet fishermen. IPA analysis and gap analysis were performed to measure each attribute and attribute's performance. The results showed that the value of the gap in the aspect of the institution of 1.87, and socio-cultural aspect of 1.91, which are categorized as good enough. Furthermore, the value of the economic aspect (2,12), environmental aspect (2,43) and policy aspect (2.21) are categorized as less good. The attributes which categorized as a top priority (in quadrant A) are the aspect of institution, namely; human resources quality of JBG, the level of utilization of information technology and marketing, participation in training event, frequency of training held by related agencies and traditional institutions and the effectiveness of PPTK. Socio-cultural aspects are the desire to be independent culture, work ethic culture, group cohesiveness, and JBG assets are jointly managed. In economic aspect are active savings and loan activities, the level of turnover development of JBG and the level of market opportunities for JBG fishermen's business. Environmental aspects are the effectiveness of target fish species catch, high economic value of fish and environment-friendly technologies. Policy aspects are sanctioned policies for fictitious JBG, policies about who can become a member of JBG, policy management in preparing a joint business plan and sanctions for members who violate the rules.Keywords: Barsela Aceh, JBG, gillnet fishermenABSTRAKPerkembangan isu strategis perikanan saat ini adalah kemiskinan dan kesejahteraan nelayan. Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan Tahun 2010-2014 melaksanakan Program Pengembangan Usaha Mina Perdesaan (PUMP) dengan membuat Kelompok Usaha Bersama (KUB) untuk membantu nelayan tradisional dan kecil yang masih tergolong miskin. Penelitian ini bertujuan yaitu mengetahui kinerja KUB nelayan gillnet dan mengidentifikasi atribut kinerjanya (aspek lembaga, sosial budaya, ekonomi, lingkungan dan kebijakan) di Barsela Aceh. Metode pengambilan data purposive sampling, dimana data diambil secara sengaja pada 13 KUB nelayan gillnet. Analisis data yang digunakan yaitu analisis IPA untuk menilai setiap atribut dan analisis kesenjangan (gap) untuk menilai kinerja setiap atribut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai kesenjangan pada aspek lembaga (1,87) dan aspek sosial budaya (1,91) yaitu katagori cukup baik. Selanjutnya nilai pada aspek ekonomi (2,12), aspek lingkungan (2,43) dan aspek kebijakan (2,21) yaitu katagori kurang baik. Serta atribut yang prioritas yaitu posisi atribut kuadran A (diprioritaskan) pada aspek lembaga adalah kualitas SDM KUB, tingkat pemanfaatan akses informasi teknologi dan pemasaran, keikutsertaan kegiatan pelatihan, intensitas pembinaan dari instansi terkait dan lembaga adat dan keefektifan PPTK. Aspek sosial budaya adalah budaya ingin mandiri, budaya etos kerja, kekompakan kelompok, dan aset KUB dikelola secara bersama. Aspek ekonomi adalah aktifnya kegiatan simpan pinjam, tingkat perkembangan omset KUB dan tingkat peluang pasar untuk usaha KUB nelayan. Aspek lingkungan adalah efektivitas jenis ikan target yang tertangkap, ikan ekonomis tinggi dan teknologi ramah lingkungan. Aspek kebijakan adalah aturan sanksi bagi KUB fiktif, kebijakan tentang yang bisa menjadi anggota KUB, kebijakan manajemen dalam menyusun rencana usaha bersama dan aturan sanksi bagi anggota yang melanggar.Kata kunci: Barsela Aceh, KUB, nelayan gillnet

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Sustainable Environmental Management and Valorization Options for Olive Mill Byproducts in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr8060671 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 671

Author(s):

Adnan Khdair ◽

Ghaida Abu-Rumman

Keyword(s):

Olive Oil ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Economic Value ◽

Oil Production ◽

Small Scale ◽

Waste Streams ◽

Mena Region ◽

Important Benefit ◽

Olive Trees ◽

Olive Mill

Cultivation of olive trees and olive oil production have been considered as a legacy for the Mediterranean region. This custom represents a very important benefit for many nations in terms of wealth and health. However, huge amounts of by-products and waste are generated during olive oil production. This represents a serious environmental impact on land and water bodies if not properly handled. Olive oil extraction generates two waste streams, a solid waste called pomace and olive mill wastewater (OMWW), which has been considered as highly pollutant and phytotoxic waste. These wastes have high disposal costs and predominantly generated from small-scale enterprises that have limited financial resources to treat them properly before discharge to the environment. Besides being a serious environmental problem, OMWW has potential economic value that remains to be utilized such as: fertilizers, valuable antioxidants agents and fatty acids needed in human diet. Also, Olive pomace is a valuable renewable energy source with an energy density of 23 MJ/kg and has become an inexpensive alternative for fossil fuels. Aiming at adding value to the olive production sectors and potential valorization options for byproducts in the MENA region, international practices applied in olive mills wastes management’s and treatment methods used in major oil producing countries are presented.

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Sailing-Trading Livelihoods in Southeastern Indonesia: Adapting to Change

Asian Journal of Social Science ◽

10.1163/15685314-12341330 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 41 (6) ◽

pp. 543-579 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Michelle Carnegie

Keyword(s):

Asylum Seekers ◽

Sea Cucumber ◽

Local Level ◽

Integrated Approach ◽

First Century ◽

Small Scale ◽

Border Crossings ◽

Adaptive Responses ◽

Drivers Of Change ◽

International Border

Abstract Sailing-trading livelihoods in southeastern Indonesia have undergone significant change during the later half of the twentieth century and into the twenty-first century. This study identifies how geopolitical, economic, legal and technological drivers of change shape sailing-trading livelihoods. Using an integrated approach, it shows how these macro-level drivers articulate with sailor-traders’ individual and group-based responses at the local level. The findings highlight that over the study period, small-scale inter-island trading within Indonesia’s borders became increasingly competitive and monopolised. In response, sailor-traders strategically adopted new opportunities that involve international border crossings, including to Australia to harvest sea cucumber, transport asylum seekers and undertake work while serving prison terms. The concluding remarks are that while aspects of contemporary sailing-trading livelihoods are temporal and unsustainable, the overall ebb and flow of livelihoods reflects a broader pattern of adaptive responses amidst ongoing change.

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Industrial Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries—A Critical Review of Metallurgical Process Routes

Metals ◽

10.3390/met10081107 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1107 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lisa Brückner ◽

Julia Frank ◽

Tobias Elwert

Keyword(s):

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

Economic Value ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Current Status ◽

Small Scale ◽

Metallurgical Process ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Metallurgical Processing ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

High Yields

Research for the recycling of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) started about 15 years ago. In recent years, several processes have been realized in small-scale industrial plants in Europe, which can be classified into two major process routes. The first one combines pyrometallurgy with subsequent hydrometallurgy, while the second one combines mechanical processing, often after thermal pre-treatment, with metallurgical processing. Both process routes have a series of advantages and disadvantages with respect to legislative and health, safety and environmental requirements, possible recovery rates of the components, process robustness, and economic factors. This review critically discusses the current status of development, focusing on the metallurgical processing of LIB modules and cells. Although the main metallurgical process routes are defined, some issues remain unsolved. Most process routes achieve high yields for the valuable metals cobalt, copper, and nickel. In comparison, lithium is only recovered in few processes and with a lower yield, albeit a high economic value. The recovery of the low value components graphite, manganese, and electrolyte solvents is technically feasible but economically challenging. The handling of organic and halogenic components causes technical difficulties and high costs in all process routes. Therefore, further improvements need to be achieved to close the LIB loop before high amounts of LIB scrap return.

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PRODUK SAMPING TANAMAN UBIKAYU SEBAGAI POTENSI BIOEKONOMI UNTUK PERTANIAN MASA DEPAN

SOCA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian ◽

10.24843/soca.2019.v13.i03.p12 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 433

Author(s):

Fahrur Rozi ◽

Quartina Pudjiastuti

Keyword(s):

Swot Analysis ◽

New Technologies ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Economic Value ◽

Development Strategies ◽

Raw Material ◽

Added Value ◽

Small Scale ◽

Integrated Agriculture ◽

By Products

Potential and opportunities for cassava development are still very broad along with development of companies in livestock, processed food, and other industries. Added value of cassava commodities resulting from development of downstream industries (processed products) is far higher than upstream industries (primary products), so that development paradigm in agriculture sector in future should be directed towards product expansion including its waste. This study aims to examine the economic value of cassava as a future crop from direct as well as by-products and their development strategies. Data was collected from small-scale tapioca flour farmers, ranchers and entrepreneurs. SWOT analysis was used to determine relevant development strategies. Analysis shows that cassava has an potential, especially as a raw material for food and feed industry. In short term, developing cassava strategy as an industrial raw material is to use new technologies i.e. varieties and cultivation techniques for planting arrangements. Cassava potential economic value is relatively high in terms of farming aspects, food raw materials, feed and industry. This potential, apart from main product, is also by-product that has been neglected at 29.7% of cassava main value. By-products potensial has not been used optimally and a bioeconomic value of biomass that can support integrated agriculture in the future.

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